深部探测揭示中国地壳结构、深部过程与成矿作用背景

深部探测技术与实验研究专项(SinoProbe;以下简称"专项")是目前中国实施的规模最大的地球科学研究计划之一,涉及从地表到深部的地质、地球物理和地球化学多学科多领域探测实验。专项自2008年实施以来,完成了全国4°×4°、华北和青藏高原1°×1°的大地电磁阵列观测,建立了全国地球化学基准网(单元大小为160km×160km,含78种元素);完成了青藏高原、华南—中央造山带、华北和东北等多条超长深地震反射与折射剖面联合探测、宽频带地震与大地电磁剖面观测,其中深地震反射剖面约6 160km,成功研究、实验了地壳与地幔深部探测的一系列技术方法,积累了丰富经验,极大地加快了中国深部探测的进度,使中国进入国际深部探测大国的行列。专项在中国东部长江中下游和南岭成矿带开展的矿集区立体探测卓有成效,矿集区三维"透明化"技术不断成熟与完善;揭示了中国东部长江中下游和南岭成矿带深部成矿的动力学背景。专项部署了罗布莎、金川、南岭、庐枞和铜陵矿集区和腾冲火山地热构造带等12口大陆科学钻探实验与异常验证钻孔,在西藏罗布莎等地发现一系列深部地幔物质,在南岭于都-赣县和安徽庐枞矿集区发现深部厚大矿体、矿化异常和重要矿化线索。专项开展了青藏高原东南缘和华北地区的地应力监测网建设,有效提高了地应力测量与监测技术水平,深化了地震与地质灾害链成因研究;岩石圈三维结构与地球动力学数值模拟的能力得到不断提高。专项开展的大陆地壳结构与演化综合研究,加深了对中国中生代以来一系列重要地质问题及其深部动力学机制的认识。专项成功研制的中国首台"地壳一号"万米超深科学钻探钻机,在深部探测仪器装备自主研发方面具有里程碑式意义;同时,成功研制了地面电磁探测(SEP)系统、固定翼无人机航磁探测系统、无缆自定位地震勘探系统、移动平台综合地球物理数据处理与集成系统等深部探测关键仪器装备与软硬件系统。专项实现了技术创新与重大科学发现的并举,适应中国地质地貌条件和岩石圈结构特征,初步形成了针对不同层次、不同尺度、不同精度深部探测问题的技术方法体系,建立了一系列探测试验基地,为组织实施中国地壳探测工程奠定了坚实基础。深部探测已经成为我国地学发展的一个重要趋势。     

庐-枞金属矿集区深地震反射剖面解释结果——揭露地壳精细结构,追踪成矿深部过程

深地震反射剖面揭示了庐枞矿集区全地壳的精细结构,在研究火山岩盆地的深部构造、探讨成矿深部过程等方面取得了新认识。从长江至大别山下,Moho由30km左右加深至33km左右,罗河矿下方Moho错断大约3km。庐枞火山岩盆地是一个沿着罗河断裂向东发育的"耳状"非对称盆地,并不存在另外一半隐伏在红层之下的盆地。罗河铁矿对应Moho错断处,处在构造的转换带上。罗河断裂之下存在近于透明的弱反射区域,可能是地幔流体和岩浆上涌、喷发的通道。郯庐断裂、罗河-缺口断裂、长江断裂是庐枞地区的三个重要断裂。郯庐断裂带为不对称花束状构造,近于直立,切穿地壳。小岭矿与龙桥矿可能产出在一个隆起的火成岩体的两翼。     

中国东北地壳结构的地震层析成像

中国东北地区自晚古生代晚期以来,受古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋、太平洋构造域的叠加作用,壳幔结构极为复杂。本文收集中国东北地区国家地震台网接收的100 980个P波和91 030个S波到时数据,采用地震走时层析成像方法获得了该地区地壳P波和S波速度结构,进而获得了泊松比结构,用以探讨复杂的地壳结构。成像结果显示：中国东北地区地壳地震波速度结构呈明显的横向不均匀性,不同构造单元和构造单元内部都存在不同程度的不均匀性。松辽盆地整体上浅层地壳以低速异常为主,尤其是S波速度,但部分区域分辨率较低,中下地壳存在较大范围高速异常,推测与太平洋俯冲、后撤导致的岩石圈拆沉和热物质上涌等动力学过程有关;北部的大兴安岭重力梯级带和长白山一线主要表现为低速异常,表明具有大范围的岩浆作用,广泛岩浆作用为固体矿产资源的形成提供热源或物源;长白山、五大连池等近代活动的火山下方部分地壳区域均表现了较强低地震波速度和高泊松比异常结构特征,表明仍存在活动的可能。     

铜陵矿集区地壳浅表结构的地震层析研究

为了给铜陵矿集区成矿理论研究提供更多的地壳浅表结构信息 ,以及试验地震层析成像方法在金属成矿区的应用效果 ,利用高精度反射地震资料中的初至波走时数据 ,对铜陵矿集区地壳浅表结构进行了层析成像试验研究。结果显示 :矿集区浅表地壳的速度分布存在着丰富的结构变化特征 ,层析结果给出的速度变化特征与地表观察到的地质、构造、岩体和矿体分布存在着良好的对应关系。研究结果表明 ,初至波走时层析成像方法可以为深部隐伏矿床的勘探研究提供丰富的地壳浅表结构信息。笔者认为 ,今后还应考虑同时采用初至波和反射波走时 (甚至波形 )资料进行层析反演的方法 ,来进一步提高较深部 (>5 0 0m)地质目标的分辨能力。     

华北裂陷盆地不同块体地壳结构及演化研究

通过对华北裂陷盆地内不同块体的深地震测深资料处理 ,得到与构造演化过程相关的、不同性质块体的地壳结构特征。盆地隆起区块体地壳一般呈均匀成层 ,速度随深度逐层增加 ,保留了古大陆地壳块体的稳定结构特征 ;盆地坳陷区块体地壳松散巨厚的表层沉积、通常低速占主导的壳内构造、强反射的下地壳和高低速相间的薄互层壳 幔过渡带 ,反映了上地幔物质上隆、侵入、地壳增温、张裂等塑、脆性变形改造的新生地壳构造。讨论了这两类截然不同块体地壳构造的地球动力学演化及形成。裂陷区内中强地震的孕发和深源矿产、油气生贮存等都与这两类块体地壳结构、构造密切相关。     

湘南骑田岭矿集区的深部构造特征 及其对区域成矿的制约

湘南骑田岭矿集区是我国重要的有色金属基地之一,具有断裂构造异常发育,存在多期次岩浆活动、多类型矿床和矿种组合的特点。为了揭示深部地壳结构对区域成矿特征的制约,本文布置了穿越黄沙坪铅锌矿床和骑田岭花岗岩体的人工地震剖面,数据采集采用了直线多次叠加的技术方法,采取大炮和小炮相结合的激发方式进行实验工作,共完成物理点651个。实验结果表明,骑田岭矿集区深、中、浅部存在着比较明显的地震构造波组,莫霍面深度约为33~38km;在骑田岭岩体深部存在明显的莫霍面不连续性,呈现出类似于"逆断层"的构造特征和无反射波组或弱波组异常;反射速度反演结果也表明骑田岭岩体深部存在着下凹状低速度异常。这些深部构造特征说明区域存在幔源物质上涌和参与成岩成矿作用的通道,该构造通道可对应于茶陵-郴州-临武深大断裂带,暗示地幔物质的混入可能是湘南骑田岭矿集区发生大规模成矿作用的内在原因之一。而且,莫霍面"逆断层"构造特征显示区域上曾遭受较强烈的构造挤压作用,是区域中生代多次构造挤压作用的体现。这种构造挤压作用致使岩石圈增厚,发生较大规模的拆沉作用和深部岩浆上侵活动,为区域成矿作用提供必要的物质和能量。     

长江中下游成矿带岩石圈结构与成矿动力学模型——深部探测(SinoProbe)综述

岩石圈结构和深部过程对理解成矿带和大型矿集区的形成十分重要。岩石圈尺度的地球动力学过程将在地壳中留下各种结构的或物质的"痕迹",这些"痕迹"可以通过地球物理的手段去探测。为深入理解长江中下游成矿带形成的深部动力学过程,作者在国家深部探测专项(SinoProbe)和国家自然科学基金重点项目支持下,在长江中下游成矿带开展了综合地球物理探测。方法包括宽频地震、深地震反射、广角反射/折射和大地电磁测深。数据处理和反演结果取得一系列新发现:(1)成矿带上地幔顶部存在低速体,在中心深度300km处有一向SW倾斜的高速体;(2)S波接收函数证实成矿带岩石圈较薄,只有50~70km;横波分裂结果显示,成矿带上地幔各向异性方向和强度与邻区有较大区别,显示平行成矿带(NE-SW向)的上地幔变形和流动;(3)深反射地震揭示成矿带上地壳曾发生强烈挤压变形,以紧闭褶皱、逆冲和推覆为特征;在宁芜火山岩盆地、长江断裂带和郯庐断裂之下出现"鳄鱼嘴"构造,指示上下地壳在挤压变形过程中解耦;深反射地震证实发生过陆内俯冲和叠瓦,并认为是岩石圈增厚和拆沉的主导机制;(4)广角反射和大地电磁反演给出了跨成矿带地壳剖面的速度和电性结构,速度和电阻率分布总体上与构造单元相吻合。本文分析和解释了这些发现的地质意义,并结合近年在长江中下游地区的地球化学研究进展,提出了成矿带地球动力学模型。该模型认为:中、晚侏罗世陆内俯冲、岩石圈拆沉、幔源岩浆底侵和MASH过程造就了长江中下游世界级成矿带的形成。     

新疆北山地区坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体的岩石学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

新疆北山地区的坡十镁铁-超镁铁岩体在钻孔剖面上主要由辉长岩、纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成,各岩相在矿物含量上具有渐变过渡的关系,主要组成矿物橄榄石、单斜辉石和尖晶石的化学成分显示系统的变化,而底部的二辉橄榄岩中的矿物成分具有“边缘反转”现象.这些特征表明坡十岩体的形成主要受结晶分异作用控制,亦有明显的壳源混染痕迹.以反应边形式出现在辉石边部的角闪石的出现,尖晶石的分解现象,以及角闪石和金云母化学成分剖面上的系统变化揭示该岩体经历了堆晶后自上而下程度减弱的蚀变反应.在早期结晶的矿物相(橄榄石和尖晶石)中发现有硫化物颗粒或细脉产出,表明在岩浆演化的早期阶段确实发生了硫化物熔离的现象.硫化物总与含水矿物(金云母)或蚀变矿物(角闪石和蛇纹石)相伴生的特点显示铜镍硫化物的形成和沉淀不仅与壳源混染有关,而且也与堆晶后的蚀变反应密切相关.     

四川盆地广安构造三叠系深藏杂卤石地质特征及找钾启示

广安构造作为四川盆地重要的隐伏含钾构造之一,下—中三叠统雷口坡组—嘉陵江组杂卤石广泛发育。前人对杂卤石的找钾启示研究较少,杂卤石是否是易溶性钾盐的找矿标志尚无定论。本文通过野外调查、老井复查,结合广安构造ZK1井测录井、岩心样品测试等资料开展杂卤石地质条件及找钾启示研究,以期为广安地区下一步钾盐勘探开发提供参考。ZK1井钻遇杂卤石矿（化）层6层,单层厚度最大为7.03 m,累计厚度可达11.21 m。杂卤石主要呈块状、浸染状与硬石膏共生,少量条带状、簇状、星点状。镜下可见杂卤石呈板状、纤维状、它形粒状、放射状、团块状等。含钾剖面序列为“硬石膏—杂卤石—硬石膏”,KCl最高品位22.9%,平均品位14.57%,石盐层不发育。研究认为ZK1井杂卤石以后生交代成因为主,少量原生成因。在靠近盐湖中心区域,硬石膏层相对较薄的凹陷地段,很可能是易溶性钾盐的找矿突破点。

     

Three-dimensional mineral prospectivity modeling for targeting of concealed mineralization within the Zhonggu iron orefield,Ningwu Basin,China

The Zhonggu iron orefield is one of the most important iron orefields in China, and is located in the south of the Ningwu volcanic basin, within the middle and lower Yangtze metallogenic belt of eastern China. Here, we present the results of new 3D prospectivity modeling that enabled the delineation of areas prospective for exploration of concealed and deep-seated Baixiangshan-type mineralization and Yangzhuang-type mineralization within the Zhonggu orefield; both of these deposits are Kiruna-type Fe-apatite deposits but are hosted by different formations within the Ningwu Basin. The modeling approach used during this study involves 3 steps: (1) combining available geological and geophysical data to construct 3D geological models; (2) generation of 3D predictive maps from these 3D geological models using 3D spatial analysis and 3D geophysical methods; (3) combining all of the 3D predictive maps using logistic regression to create a prospectivity map. This approach integrates a large amount of available geoscientific data using 3D methods, including 3D geological modeling, 3D/2D geophysical methods, and 3D spatial analysis and data integration methods. The resulting prospectivity model clearly identifies highly prospective areas that not only include areas of known mineralization but also a number of favorable targets for future mineral exploration. The 3D prospectivity modeling approach showcased within this study provides an efficient way to identify camp-scale concealed and deep-seated exploration targets and can easily be adapted for regional- and deposit- scale targeting.     

Crustal structure of the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean

A seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection experiment was undertaken in the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean. Two roughly east–west profiles extend from the continental shelf of Israel toward the Levant Basin. The northern profile crosses the Eratosthenes Seamount and the southern profile crosses several distinct magnetic anomalies. The marine operation used 16 ocean bottom seismometers deployed along the profiles with an air gun array and explosive charges as energy sources. The results of this study strongly suggest the existence of oceanic crust under portions of the Levant Basin and continental crust under the Eratosthenes Seamount. The seismic refraction data also indicate a large sedimentary sequence, 10–14 km thick, in the Levant Basin and below the Levant continental margin. Assuming the crust is of Cretaceous age, this gives a fairly high sedimentation rate. The sequence can be divided into several units. A prominent unit is the 4.2 km/s layer, which is probably composed of the Messinian evaporites. Overlying the evaporitic layer are layers composed of Plio–Pleistocene sediments, whose velocity is 2.0 km/s. The refraction profiles and gravity and magnetic models indicate that a transition from a two layer continental to a single-layer oceanic crust takes place along the Levant margin. The transition in the structure along the southern profile is located beyond the continental margin and it is quite gradual. The northern profile, north of the Carmel structure, presents a different structure. The continental crust is much thinner there and the transition in the crustal structure is more rapid. The crustal thinning begins under western Galilee and terminates at the continental slope. The results of the present study indicate that the Levant Basin is composed of distinct crustal units and that the Levant continental margin is divided into at least two provinces of different crustal structure.     

Crustal structure in the Tengchong volcanic area and position of the magma chambers

In this paper, we extract 1500 P receiver functions in the Tengchong volcanic area from 211 teleseismic events recorded at nine digital seismic stations. A common conversion point stacking technique is used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and to get the time delays of the Ps, PpPs, PsPs + PpSs phases within grids of 10 km × 10 km. Finally, the crustal thickness and Poisson’s ratio are calculated. The results show that the crustal thickness ranges from 28 to 40 km and the Poisson’s ratio ranges from 0.28 to 0.36. There exist two mantle-uplifting sites each with a horizontal scale of about 30 km × 30 km, one in Mazhan–Tengchong–Maanshan and the other in Wuhe–Longjiang–Tuantian. The high Poisson’s ratio is consistently located within these two sites. Recorded shocks with Ms > 2.0 reveal that most of the shocks are distributed around the two sites and few are located at the centers. The shocks, the geothermal distribution, and the crustal structure suggest that the magma is still active, and the two mantle-uplifting sites detected may be the positions of two magma chambers in the crust.     

甲玛- 驱龙矿集区地壳结构及成矿指示意义

南拉萨地体位于印度大陆与亚欧板块陆陆碰撞的前缘,发育有大型的铜、钼、金等多金属斑岩型矿床,其地壳深部结构对于研究成矿构造背景和动力学模式有重要的约束作用。基于甲玛- 驱龙矿集区及周边布置的33个宽频带地震台站资料,使用远震P波接收函数方法获得了矿集区的地壳结构和属性信息。地壳厚度和波速比扫描(H- κ扫描)发现矿集区平均地壳厚度为66 km,地壳平均波速比与地壳厚度呈负相关的关系,指示偏长英质物质的相对增加是地壳增厚的主要原因;共转换点叠加(CCP)结果发现矿集区下方没有双层Moho现象,推测矿集区缺失高速的基性下地壳,这也导致了地壳平均属性更偏向于长英质,推测矿集区地壳底部的基性下地壳发生过拆沉作用。新生下地壳是碰撞造山带斑岩铜钼金成矿的重要条件。本研究结果指示新生下地壳的重熔不仅破坏了陆陆碰撞形成的双莫霍面,还使得南拉萨地体地壳进一步分异,下部地壳发生镁铁质矿物堆晶而更偏基性,莫霍面增厚     

Balanced cross-sections and their implications for the deep structure of the northwest Alps

The Mont Blanc massif is one of a chain of basement culminations which crop out along the external French Alps. Its southwestern margin is interpreted as being a major thrust belt which propagated in a piggy-back sequence towards the foreland. These imbricates have developed in the footwall of the high-level Valais thrust. The depth to the floor thrust and shortening within imbricates above this thrust are estimated by a series of partially balanced cross-sections drawn between the ‘synclinal median’ and the Valais thrust. These sections restore to a pre-thrust length of at least 50 km, probably exceeding 100 km, above a floor thrust never deeper than 1 km below the sub-Triassic unconformity. All this thrust displacement is transferred via a series of lateral branch lines onto the Mont Blanc thrust in the Chamonix area. A corollary of this is that the Aiguilles Rouges and the main part of the Mont Blanc massif were separated by probably as much as 100 km prior to Alpine thrusting. Such large shortening estimates imply a hitherto unsuspected Dauphinois stratigraphic consistency in both thickness and lithology.To achieve a balance a restored crustal cross-section must show an equal length of both lower and upper crust. Thus a high-level basal detachment which floors large thrust displacements must overlie a long, undeformed lower crustal wedge. A restored section 100 km long requires such a lower crustal wedge to exist beneath the entire Alpine internal zones. Perrier & Vialon's crustal velocity profile through the western Alps is reinterpreted in these terms. The Ivrea body is considered to be a portion of an external lower crustal wedge which has been uplifted by thrusts after most of the displacement on the external thrust belt.     

鄂尔多斯盆地苏台庙地区砂岩地球化学环境和常量元素特征及对铀成矿的指示意义北大核心CSCD

为研究砂岩型铀矿与古层间氧化带之间的关系,本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地苏台庙地区直罗组下段上亚段砂岩的地球化学环境和常量元素进行规律总结与讨论。将古层间氧化带进一步细分为古氧化残留带、二次还原带、叠置带和原生带等4个亚带,总结了各亚带地球化学环境指标特征,揭示了各亚带常量元素的演化规律,其中Si、Al、Fe和Ca活动性较强,Na、Mg和Ti活动性其次,而K、Mn和P较稳定。研究认为,该地区砂岩依次经历了成岩作用、古氧化作用、主成矿期铀成矿作用、二次还原作用和叠加铀成矿作用等,且未曾经历大幅沉降和显著构造热事件。研究区铀成矿作用与还原介质和Ca含量关系最密切,其次是Si、Fe、Ti,铀矿勘查应以叠置亚带为重点,兼顾二次还原亚带。     

骑田岭花岗岩体的地球化学特征及其对成矿的制约

骑田岭花岗岩体位于湖南省南部 ,在其东北部接触带有骑田岭大型夕卡岩型锡矿 ,南部接触带有新探明的芙蓉超大型锡多金属矿床。本文采用ICP_AES和ICP_MS分析了骑田岭花岗岩全岩的主量、微量和稀土元素含量。其主量元素特征表明 ,骑田岭花岗岩具有富硅富碱富铝、贫镁铁的特点 ,经历了较大程度的结晶分异。稀土元素总量较高 ,轻稀土元素富集 ,重稀土元素亏损。岩石富集大离子亲石元素 ,特别是富集Rb、Th ,推测源岩可能来源于陆壳物质。与相邻的千里山花岗岩比较 ,虽然没有显著的四分组效应 ,但它们的地球化学性质具有很大的相似性。另对岩体的成因、形成时代和成矿作用进行了讨论 ,认为骑田岭花岗岩超大型锡多金属矿床的形成是侏罗纪岩石圈在伸展环境下引起地幔物质上涌使地壳物质发生重熔 ,同时在热液作用参与下金属元素重新富集的结果