四川盆地中生代地热特征与前陆盆地构造、沉积作用

沉积盆地热体制与油气资源勘探有着密切的联系.基于石油钻井的Ro数据,采用古地温梯度法恢复了四川盆地钻井的最高古地温.结果显示,四川盆地西部、川东南和川东北的钻井,顶部的剥蚀量在3 700 m左右,盆地中部的剥蚀量约3 100 m.钻井古地温梯度在13.2～24.5℃/km之间,古热流在31.2～60.1 mW/m2之间...     

彬县-铜川地区延长组油页岩晚白垩世以来的抬升剥蚀与冷却历史

利用古温标与热年代学数据共同恢复油页岩的隆升冷却历史对于研究油页岩成矿的热背景有着重要的理论意义.利用钻孔ZK900磷灰石（U-Th）/He测年数据,结合已有的永参1井磷灰石裂变径迹资料分别获得铜川地区和彬县地区延长组油页岩晚白垩世以来的古地温、抬升冷却期次、抬升冷却速率及剥蚀厚度等数据,并对比了两个地区油页岩经历的构造热演化史的差异性.ZK900钻孔长6、长9和长10段磷灰石He年龄均值依次为43.83 Ma、31.87 Ma和22.88 Ma.铜川地区油页岩晚白垩世以来经历了97~40 Ma快速抬升、40~8 Ma缓慢抬升和8 Ma以来快速抬升3个阶段,剥蚀厚度及抬升速率分别为600 m、10.5 m/Ma,10 m、0.3 m/Ma和1 290 m、161.3 m/Ma,对应的古温度及冷却速率分别为100~60 ℃、0.70 ℃/Ma,60~50 ℃、0.22 ℃/Ma和50~25 ℃、2.90 ℃/Ma.彬县地区延长组油页岩晚白垩世以来经历了3期抬升冷却过程:97~40 Ma,持续抬升冷却（130~75 ℃）,冷却速率为0.96 ℃/Ma,抬升速率为14.4 m/Ma,剥蚀厚度820 m;40~8 Ma温度基本未变（75~70 ℃）,抬升/冷却速率均很低,分别为1.9 m/Ma与0.16 ℃/Ma,剥蚀厚度60 m;8 Ma以来急剧降温（70~31 ℃）,抬升速率125 m/Ma,冷却速率4.88 ℃/Ma,剥蚀厚度1 000 m.彬县-铜川地区三叠系油页岩晚白垩世以来经历了3个抬升阶段,始新世40 Ma和中新世8 Ma为该套油页岩成矿后期冷却的关键时刻.研究表明,彬县地区和铜川地区抬升冷却和剥蚀历史具有一定的差异性,在今后油页岩成矿及后期改造研究中应区别分析.      

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井热史恢复及其油气勘探意义

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井实测地温剖面和样品热导率测试结果表明:其现今地温梯度为20～24℃/km,热流值为56mW/m²,体现了盆地发育于扬子稳定陆块的大地构造属性。基于7个磷灰石裂变径迹样品和大量镜质体反射率古温标数据进行的热史恢复表明,盆地构造—热演化经历了前印支期的低热流(50～60mW/m²)和小剥蚀量(50～200m),印支期的高热流(约80mW/m²)及燕山期与喜马拉雅期的低热流(50～60mW/m²)与大剥蚀量(1100～2400m)的不同演化阶段,反映了盆地和区域构造演化过程的阶段性。受沉积剥蚀及盆地构造—热演化的控制,生油岩系的生烃阶段与过程具有多期次的特征。     

柴达木盆地东部古生代以来构造-热演化

柴达木盆地是我国西部三大含油气盆地之一,经历了多期叠加与改造。盆地构造-热演化史研究一方面对分析柴达木盆地的构造成因,揭示青藏高原的形成机制和隆升历史有重要的意义,另一方面为盆地进行油气资源评价提供科学依据。采用平衡剖面技术、磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布特征定性分析与径迹长度分布数据定量模拟相结合的方法,分析了柴达木盆地东部古生代以来的构造演化过程,研究表明:柴达木盆地东部在侏罗纪早期构造活动强烈,导致了石炭系抬升、剥蚀;白垩纪末期构造运动相对较弱,表现为早期的弱伸展与晚期北东-南西向的挤压;喜山运动在该区域多期发育,主要为喜山运动早期(41.1~33.6Ma)、喜山运动晚期(9.6~7.1 Ma,2.9~1.8 Ma),其中晚喜山运动造成了先存断裂的再次活化。在埋藏史重建的基础上,对柴达木盆地东部热历史进行了恢复,结果表明柴达木盆地东部热历史总体变现为缓慢降低的特征,古生代末期柴达木盆地东部古地温梯度为38~41.5℃/km,地温梯度平均值为39℃/km;古近纪早期地温梯度降为29~35.2℃/km,平均值为约33.0℃/km,古近纪末地温梯度有所变大,新近纪末趋于现今的热状态。柴达木盆地东部古生代以来构造-热演化特征主要受控于研究区岩浆热事件发育与构造活动的特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起西南缘奥陶系热演化史恢复与生烃史——以麟游-旬邑地区为例

本文应用古地温恢复法及盆地模拟法,恢复鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起西南缘奥陶系最大古地温梯度、热演化史和生烃史。根据钻孔测温曲线求得渭北隆起现今地温梯度为3.12℃/100m。该区在二叠纪和三叠纪进入快速沉降阶段,早侏罗世早白垩世进入缓慢沉降阶段,晚白垩世以来进入抬升剥蚀阶段,剥蚀厚度在1100~1300 m。旬邑地区奥陶系烃源岩在早二叠世约270 Ma进入生油窗,晚三叠世约210 Ma进入成熟生油阶段。晚侏罗世约150 Ma开始大量生气,在早白垩世末期96 Ma左右,地层达到最大埋深及最高古地温,达到生气高峰。热史恢复及模拟结果表明旬邑地区早白垩世地温梯度最高可达到5.0℃/100 m,是主要生气期。     

四川盆地加里东期剥蚀量恢复

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,加里东期剥蚀量是下古生界烃源岩热演化、早期油气藏的形成与演化以及下组合资源量计算等研究中不可缺少的基础参数。考虑到剥蚀量恢复方法固有的局限性和适用条件以及四川盆地早古生代时期的沉积构造演化特征,本文在分析了四川盆地志留系的原始沉积范围和下古生界残留地层分布格局的基础上,提出了"沉积速率比值+古热流反演+古地质图"法恢复四川盆地加里东期的剥蚀量。志留系原始范围广,覆盖了整个四川盆地,现今川中和川西地区志留系缺失是加里东期剥蚀所致,而不是当时没有沉积。利用钻至下古生界的29口探井的分层数据和130口虚拟井的地震数据,恢复了四川盆地加里东期的剥蚀量,并与古地质图结合,约束了剥蚀量的平面变化趋势。四川盆地加里东期剥蚀量主要受川中古隆起控制,古隆起区剥蚀量为700~1 200 m,川东和川南地区的剥蚀量一般为100~200 m,川北地区的剥蚀量为200~500 m。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区盆山构造热演化史

利用磷灰石构造热年代学年龄、有机质成熟度指标、磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟和单井EASY%Ro反演等方法,对新疆库鲁克塔格地区盆山系统开展盆山构造热演化史研究。结果表明,磷灰石年龄记录了早白垩世（99~1244 Ma）、晚白垩世（66~87 Ma）和古近纪（284~63 Ma）3次抬升过程;有机质成熟度指标和磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟反映出海西期构造抬升过程。单井热史模拟表明,孔雀河斜坡下古生界烃源岩在志留纪末-早泥盆世到达最大热演化程度,模拟最大古地温梯度为356 ℃/100 m,侏罗纪末古地温梯度为31 ℃/100 m,焉耆盆地南部凹陷侏罗纪晚期模拟最大古地温梯度达415 ℃/100 m。海西期剧烈的造山运动使孔雀河斜坡由沉积转入剥蚀演化阶段,对油气成藏具有重要意义,晚白垩世隆升使孔雀河斜坡及焉耆盆地侏罗纪烃源岩热演化停止。     

大别造山带与毗邻沉积盆地间剥蚀沉积关系的裂变径迹热史模拟定量对比

通过利用裂变径迹热史模拟来探讨山盆之间剥蚀沉积关系为定量对比山盆之间剥蚀沉积关系提供了一种可能的途径。其原理主要是通过裂变径迹热史曲线,求取造山带区域平均剥露速率,再将其与毗邻盆地沉积速率对比,进而判断山盆之间剥蚀沉积比例关系。通过计算可以得到大别造山带65~25 Ma区域体积平均剥露速率为1189.67 km3/Ma(当古地温梯度为25℃/km时)、1487.08 km3/Ma(当古地温梯度为20℃/km时)。其剥蚀速率至少占到了毗邻盆地古近纪平均总沉积速率的一半以上。其原理主要是通过裂变径迹热史曲线,求取造山带区域平均剥露速率,再将其与毗邻盆地沉积速率对比,进而判断山盆之间剥蚀沉积比例关系。     

西藏冈底斯新生代以来的抬升过程——磷灰石裂变径迹热史模拟的证据

西藏冈底斯南缘中酸性侵入岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在37~25Ma之间,热史模拟过程反映冈底斯经历了3个阶段的抬升演化。40~26Ma的快速冷却抬升阶段:受控于印度-欧亚大陆完全碰撞拼合的影响,并在37~26Ma抬升至现今海拔高度;26~8Ma的剥蚀阶段:受夷平和大型逆冲推覆活动的影响,出现剥蚀和抬升交替过程;8~0Ma的缓慢冷却阶段:受南北向裂谷作用影响,出现内部差异抬升。此外,北部墨竹工卡地区和南部泽当、桑耶地区,西部桑耶地区和东部泽当地区,均具有相似的抬升过程和历史,没有明显差异,暗示冈底斯经历了整体性、较均一的阶段性抬升过程。     

藏北改则康托盆地逆冲推覆构造磷灰石裂变径迹年代学制约

对采自羌塘地块南部改则地区康托盆地的碎屑岩及火山岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试及AFT热历史模拟,获得77±6Ma、62±5Ma、44±3Ma、35±2Ma四组磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,平均径迹长度介于11.6±2.0~13.3±1.9μm之间。AFT热历史模拟结果指示,研究区自晚白垩世至现今主要历经了3次构造抬升冷却过程:晚白垩世(100~65Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,其降温速率和隆升速率分别为1.46~4.26℃/Ma、0.05~0.14mm/a,该事件为新特提斯洋洋壳沿雅鲁藏布江俯冲作用的响应;始新世中期(50~35Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,该阶段降温幅度相对以第一次较小,该构造事件与印度大陆的向北俯冲具有成因联系;20Ma至现今的快速抬升冷却阶段为青藏高原整体拉张走滑构造环境所影响,其隆升速率和降温速率分别为3.25~6.0℃/Ma、0.03~0.2mm/a。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.