鄂尔多斯盆地北部中生代中晚期地层碎屑锆石U-Pb定年与物源示踪

本文采用LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石原位微区测年方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区中侏罗统直罗组和下白垩统志丹群进行了砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布及其变化特征研究,统计和对比了前人对该区周缘岩体的同位素年代学结果,结合区域构造背景,系统地研究了盆地北部直罗组及志丹群地层物源及其演变。结果表明:(1)4个直罗组样品和2个志丹群样品锆石年龄总体呈现出270~280Ma、320~340Ma、1800~2000Ma、2300~2500Ma 4个峰值年龄段,在志丹群样品中出现有少量230~240Ma锆石年龄;(2)杭锦旗地区上述砂岩的物源主要来自阴山、大青山—乌拉山的片麻岩、麻粒岩、孔兹岩以及形成于海西期的中酸性侵入岩,同时也有狼山地区岩体、集宁地区孔兹岩的一部分贡献;(3)1800~2000Ma、2300~2500Ma峰值年龄均为华北克拉通基底构造热事件的反映,270~280Ma、320~340Ma两个峰值年龄可能记录了早石炭世—中二叠世古亚洲洋向华北板块北缘的两次快速俯冲事件;(4)下白垩统志丹群样品中出现的230~240Ma的锆石,指示晚侏罗世的燕山运动在盆地北缘引起的强烈逆冲推覆造山作用使得印支期侵入岩被抬升至地表并遭受剥蚀,从而为研究区地层进一步增加了来自蚀源区印支期侵入岩的物源;(5)与中侏罗统直罗组样品相比,下白垩统志丹群样品在2300~2500Ma峰值测点所占比例明显增加,这可能是由于早白垩世时期盆地北部沉积边界较中侏罗世相对扩展,使来自阴山的物源比例增加。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘石岗沟地区直罗组碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学特征及物源区判定

在对鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗统直罗组地层矿产资源的勘探中,于其西缘部分地区的直罗组地层发现油气及铀矿的相关性显示,以此判定其物源区对进一步的勘探开发具有重要作用。应用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究方法准确分析和确定直罗组地层物源区位置,实验样品选取直罗组中碎屑锆石所得年代学结果显示缺少加里东期碎屑锆石,且锆石Th/U比值均0.1,结合CL图像确定锆石均为岩浆成因,测定结果表明其年龄可以分为3个年龄段:1230 Ma~310 Ma年龄段,峰值年龄为268.8 Ma;属于天山-兴蒙褶皱带在晚海西—印支期提供大量沉积物源。2340Ma~400Ma年龄段,峰值年龄为391.2 Ma;碎屑锆石少,海西早期构造热事件不强烈,该时期物源由天山-兴蒙褶皱带供给。31 600 Ma~2 600 Ma年龄段,表现出3个峰值年龄,分别为1 912.9 Ma,2 134.7Ma和2 494.1 Ma;对应吕梁—晋宁时期,存在3期构造热事件,物源来自于华北板块结晶基底及贺兰山杂岩。综上所述,鄂尔多斯盆地西缘直罗组存在3个物源区,以天山-兴蒙褶皱带作为主要的物源区。     

中扬子地区江汉盆地古新统沙市组物源——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学证据

文章利用LA_ICP_MS分析技术,对江汉盆地西南缘古新统沙市组碎屑岩进行了碎屑锆石的U_Pb年代学研究,获得该区沙市组时期碎屑物源的重要信息。97组协和年龄数据产生了12个年龄峰值,分别为2500 Ma、1870 Ma、995 Ma、850 Ma、708~775 Ma、603~640 Ma、505~553 Ma、408~458 Ma、356 Ma、300 Ma、235 Ma和172 Ma。锆石的年龄峰值主要集中于古元古代、新元古代和早古生代,这些年龄峰值与黄陵隆起和江南造山带中的锆石年龄相同。早中生代年龄峰值也较明显,该年龄通常和大别山的高压和超高压变质岩有关,江南造山带也发育印支期花岗岩。结合该时期岩相古地理特征,认为沙市组主要物源来自黄陵隆起以及扬子板块与大别造山带之间的碰撞带,而南部江南造山带的贡献是次要的。黄陵隆起花岗岩含钾量高,其风化可以给盆地带来丰富的成钾物源。     

大兴安岭北部中侏罗统漠河组砂岩LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄:对漠河盆地源区的制约

对大兴安岭北部漠河盆地中侏罗统漠河组砂岩进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测试,获得的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为1425~170 Ma,反映了中侏罗时期漠河盆地源区的复杂性。该时期漠河盆地物源主要有:中元古代变质火山岩,碎屑锆石年龄1425~1064 Ma;新元古代变质侵入岩,碎屑锆石年龄888~550 Ma;寒武—奥陶纪变质表壳岩与深成侵入岩,碎屑锆石年龄517~441 Ma;石炭—二叠纪侵入岩,碎屑锆石年龄327~252 Ma;三叠纪—中侏罗世侵入岩,碎屑锆石年龄250~170 Ma。这一测试数据与盆地现在南缘分布的地质体的时代基本对应,说明盆地的物源主要来自南部的中元古代—中侏罗世地质体,碎屑锆石中最小年龄为170 Ma,反映漠河组沉积下限不早于中侏罗世早期。这一成果对研究漠河盆地源区的物质组成、盆地沉积年代和油气成藏条件提供了新的素材。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩型铀矿直罗组物源分析及其铀成矿意义

鄂尔多斯盆地北部直罗组原生灰色砂岩具有高铀背景值的特征,在层间氧化阶段砂岩同沉积期富集的铀元素遭受氧化迁出构成该区铀成矿的重要铀源。本文对鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿区直罗组砂岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、重矿物和古水流分析,深入分析了该区直罗组的沉积物源,并探讨了富铀砂岩的成因。结果显示:矿区直罗组砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中在251~308Ma,322~354Ma,1529~2182Ma,2200~2632Ma四个年龄区间;富Mn钛铁矿、锆石、磷灰石和榍石的重矿物组合指示物源主要为中酸性岩浆岩;通过与源区对比分析认为铀矿区直罗组物源主要来自盆地之北的乌拉山—大青山地区和狼山东部地区的新太古代、古元古代和晚古生代中酸性岩浆岩及新太古代、古元古代变质岩。结合源区岩体铀含量特征分析,发现晚古生代中酸性岩浆岩相对于源区其它岩体强烈富集铀元素,是研究区直罗组高铀背景值砂岩形成发育的主要原因。晚古生代中酸性岩浆岩的形成与古亚洲洋的演化密切相关,其分布特征可以作为中东亚成矿域内盆地铀资源远景预测的重要依据。     

南盘江盆地北部中三叠统许满组二段浊积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代特征及地质意义

南盘江盆地中三叠世巨厚的复理石建造吸引了诸多地质学者,但对盆地内碎屑岩的物质来源问题仍存在分歧.为弄清盆地内碎屑岩系物源问题,此次选取南盘江盆地北部尾若地区中三叠统许满组2 段浊积岩为研究对象,利用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,探讨其主要物源方向.测试结果显示,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄存在239～340Ma、340～570 Ma、710～990 Ma、990～2300 Ma和2300～2600 Ma等5个年龄阶段,说明南盘江盆地中三叠统许满组碎屑物源复杂.利用碎屑锆石年龄与南盘江盆地周边可能性源区的锆石年龄组成对比,并结合区域性岩相古地理研究及区域构造演化史,认为南盘江盆地内巨厚浊积岩系物源主要来自盆地西南部的Song Ma 缝合带、哀牢山剪切带及盆地东南部包括钦防褶皱带在内的云开地块.     

鄂尔多斯盆地安塞地区三叠系延长组碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

通过统计前人对周缘岩浆岩、变质岩体的年代学成果,对比邻区碎屑锆石年龄结果,结合区域构造背景,运用LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学分析方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地安塞地区三叠系延长组上部砂岩中的碎屑锆石进行系统研究,以探讨延长组长2段地层物质来源。结果表明:1)安塞地区延长组长2段沉积时代不早于230±2 Ma;2)物源来自盆地北部、东北部;3)碎屑锆石中2 600~2 400 Ma的锆石来自于阴山和大青山—乌拉山地区,与2 500 Ma克拉通化形成大规模岩浆事件相对应;2 000~1 800 Ma的锆石来自于大青山—乌拉山、集宁以及阴山地区,与吕梁运动的两幕发生裂陷盆地闭合和非造山岩浆活动和基底抬升相关;显生宙中380~350 Ma、300~250 Ma、250~230 Ma的锆石来自于大青山—乌拉山、阴山地区,记录了古亚洲洋向华北板块北缘的快速俯冲事件,对应了海西期和印支期的岩浆事件。     

西藏尼玛盆地南部古近系物源分析及地质意义

位于羌塘地体与拉萨地体之间的尼玛盆地包含有青藏高原演化过程中重要的沉积记录,恢复该地区的古地理特征及讨论其构造演化过程,具有重要地质意义。尼玛盆地南部古近系由古新世-始新世牛堡组与渐新世丁青湖组构成,主体为一套扇三角洲相与湖泊相碎屑沉积建造。采用沉积学、年代学方法,对该盆地南部古近系查昂巴剖面进行沉积特征、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及古地理研究,以确定其物源区,并分析构造作用对盆地的改造过程。从牛堡组到丁青湖组,稳定碎屑组分逐渐减少而不稳定组分增加,显示古近纪时盆地沉积过程中受到构造活动影响;碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄中存在36~70 Ma,100~130 Ma,500~550 Ma,750~900 Ma,1800~1900 Ma及~2500 Ma等年龄峰值。碎屑岩组分、锆石年龄特征及其他分析显示,拉萨地体、羌塘地体及缝合带内的逆冲带为其物源区,存在多向物源。在古近纪碰撞、挤压的构造条件下,伴随着地壳缩短、逆冲断层及造山系统的活动,尼玛盆地南部演化为一个受构造活动控制的独立沉积中心;挤压及逆冲变形决定了其古地理特征,沉积过程及物源与区域隆升、剥蚀活动联系密切。     

内蒙古西拉木伦河两岸志留-泥盆系碎屑锆石年龄及其构造意义

为了通过碎屑岩的物源对比讨论古亚洲洋的闭合过程,笔者选择西拉木伦河北侧林西双井子地区和南侧奈曼旗下石碑地区的志留纪地层进行碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究。北侧样品LX0831-11为粉砂质板岩,采于西拉木伦河北岸上志留统杏树洼组。碎屑锆石年龄分为三组:385~531Ma(N=52)、872~1097Ma(N=11)、1344~1901Ma(N=11),碎屑锆石的最小年龄限定地层沉积下限为中-晚泥盆世。南侧样品130417-06为石英岩屑砂岩,采于奈曼旗下石碑组顶部砂岩中。碎屑锆石年龄分为四组:370~523Ma(N=34)、884~1481Ma(N=21)、1573~1900Ma(N=6)、2369~2588Ma(N=8),碎屑锆石的最小年龄限定地层沉积下限为晚泥盆世。这两个分别来自西拉木伦河南、北两侧原志留纪样品,显示一致的志留-泥盆纪及晚元古代碎屑锆石年龄谱,表明两者从泥盆纪开始即具有相同的沉积物源;而代表兴蒙造山带的元古代碎屑锆石在奈曼旗地区的出现,说明泥盆纪以来兴蒙造山带的剥蚀物已到达华北板块北缘。因此,本次碎屑锆石年代学研究暗示华北板块与其北部松辽地块在中-晚泥盆世之前已经完成拼合过程,即此时两者间已不存在古亚洲洋。     

大兴安岭中段乐平统-中三叠统沉积物源分析:来自重矿物组合及碎屑锆石年代学证据

黑龙江西部龙江地区位于中亚造山带东段,黑河-贺根山缝合带与西拉木伦缝合带之间,地层记录了两大古板块之间古亚洲洋闭合过程的信息。本文对龙江地区乐平统林西组和下-中三叠统老龙头组的砂岩样品进行碎屑重矿物和碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究。碎屑重矿物组合以锆石+磷灰石+金红石+角闪石+绿帘石+重晶石的组合为特征,表明物源主要来自于中酸性岩浆岩,并有少量变质岩及沉积岩组分。林西组样品最年轻的锆石年龄为278±3Ma,老龙头组样品最年轻的锆石年龄为247±3Ma、243±4Ma及237±3Ma,结合前人的研究,限定了林西组沉积于乐平世,老龙头组沉积于早三叠世-中三叠世。碎屑锆石年龄谱明显分为五组:237～258Ma、270～329Ma、357～558Ma、680～1633Ma及1893～1966Ma。其中237～258Ma的碎屑锆石主要来自与古亚洲洋洋壳消亡前的俯冲增生过程相关的火山活动,270～329Ma的碎屑锆石主要来自大石寨组火山岩及其同期侵入岩,357～558Ma的碎屑锆石来自早古生代-晚古生代早期岩浆弧,680～1633Ma的碎屑锆石可能来自兴安及额尔古纳地块的变质基底,而较古老的～1800Ma的锆石年龄暗示了华北克拉通基底的物源信息。通过研究发现林西组及老龙头组样品前30%年轻的碎屑锆石年龄与地层沉积年龄之差都小于100Ma,结合对砂岩碎屑组成、重矿物组合及盆地与火山弧位置关系的研究,认为研究区乐平世-中三叠世沉积盆地具有汇聚背景,为弧前盆地。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.