深埋隧洞不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆微震信息特征及能量分形研究

基于锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞钻爆法及隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖过程中大量微震监测数据及不同等级的岩爆案例,对不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆的孕育及发生过程的能量释放展开研究,并运用分形几何原理研究微震能量分布的变化规律,得到以下结论：（1）即时型岩爆的孕育及发生过程中,岩爆区围岩岩体处于破坏加速集聚并不断扩展的过程;（2）钻爆法开挖过程中储存在岩体内的弹性应变能消耗于岩体破裂过程大于TBM开挖,而转化为岩体动能小于TBM开挖;（3）钻爆法开挖微震能量分形维度在即时型岩爆的孕育过程不断增加,岩爆临近前会增加到某个临界值以上;（4）TBM开挖即时型高等级岩爆能量分形维度值大于钻爆法开挖,并且其分形维度值可以反映低等级岩爆伴随发生的特征。     

Rock mass damage induced by rockbursts occurring on tunnel floors: a case study of two tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station

Rockbursts occurring on tunnel floors are a special form of failure encountered in tunnel projects, where the failure is characterized by uplift, fracturing, and severe shocks of the tunnel floor. Extremely intense rockbursts were encountered during the excavation of the headrace tunnels 2 and 4 at the Jinping II Hydropower Station. In this study, results of comprehensive analysis conducted using the combination of numerical methods, experiments, and onsite survey to analyze the occurrence and development process of the rockburst are presented. In addition, the degree and extension range of the surrounding rock mass damage were estimated using the failure approaching index and the local energy release rate. The results of the analysis presented in this study are expected to advance the existing knowledge of special rockburst forms and may also serve as a reference for the design of resistant measures for other similar rockbursts.     

Rock burst and slabbing failure and its influence on TBM excavation at headrace tunnels in Jinping II hydropower station

Two headrace tunnels and the drainage tunnel were excavated by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in Jinping II Hydropower Station. During TBM excavation, two types of slabbing failure were encountered in these deep buried marble tunnels. One is rock bursting and the other is non-violent slabbing. In order to study the rock burst and slabbing failure, a unique true triaxial rock burst test was carried out to simulate the rock burst process with different in situ stresses. Four rock samples in different marble layers were obtained in the site, and then four experiments are conducted under the same stressed conditions as the in situ field. The rock burst process and slabbing failure phenomena of the four experiments are in good accordance with the observations of corresponding excavation site. The failure modes of slabbing and rock burst in different rock groups can be predicted based on the experiments. The influence of the slabbing and rock burst failure on TBM excavation is analyzed in depth. Non-violent slabbing is beneficial to the rock breakage process. Rock burst with violent slabbing process greatly affects the tunnel support, cutter and cutterhead damage, gripper movement and force and so on.     

深埋隧洞微震活动区与岩爆的相关性研究

基于锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞和排水洞大量微震监测数据及上百个不同等级岩爆实例,研究了深埋隧洞微震活动区与岩爆之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）微震活动分布范围主要介于掌子面后方3倍洞径至前方1.5倍洞径之间,而岩爆高发区位于掌子面后方3倍洞径以内,表明岩爆高发区与微震事件主要分布范围相吻合;（2）隧洞工程岩爆潜在风险重点关注区域是掌子面后方3倍洞径已开挖范围,以及掌子面前方1.5倍洞径施工范围;（3）微震事件及岩爆分布呈区域性集结特点,其中一部分岩爆发生于微震事件集结区内部,另一部分岩爆发生于微震事件集结区边缘,这是岩体破坏过程中所固有的现象,与微震事件集结区边缘局部应力集中密切相关。     

深埋隧洞极强岩爆段隧道掘进机半导洞掘进岩爆风险研究

深埋隧洞TBM（隧道掘进机）全断面掘进时,在局部超高应力集中的完整硬脆性岩体洞段将直面极强岩爆的风险,设备和人员的安全将遭受极大的威胁。在锦屏II水电站3#引水隧洞极强岩爆段实施了“先半导洞+TBM联合掘进”实验,结合微震实时监测信息对TBM半导洞掘进的岩爆风险开展了研究。监测结果表明,（1）TBM半导洞掘进期间,日平均微震事件数、日平均辐射微震能、微震大事件数及实际岩爆发生次数和强度均远远低于TBM全断面掘进;（2）能量指数对数值和累积视体积的时域演化表明,TBM半导洞掘进强烈岩爆发生的风险远低于TBM全断面掘进,现场实际开挖也证明了这一点;（3）半导洞洞段微震事件的空间集结程度、总数、震级大小与能量辐射均远小于全断面洞段。因此,TBM半导洞掘进的岩爆风险远远低于TBM全断面掘进,在具有施工条件的情况下采用先半导洞预处理,然后TBM半断面掘进极强岩爆段,以期控制岩爆风险的方案是可行的。     

深部地下实验室扩挖岩爆监测与动态防控技术研究

中国锦屏地下实验室二期(CJPL-Ⅱ)扩挖工程建设潜在高等级岩爆风险。为此,建立了深部地下实验室相邻同向短洞室固定式和单侧相向扩挖移动式微震传感器阵列优化布置方法,构建了基于岩爆风险程度的岩爆预警频次优化原则,提出了针对性的CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖岩爆防控措施,实现了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖过程岩爆实时监测、动态预警与防控,岩爆预警与实际情况吻合良好,保障了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖顺利完成。分析了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖各洞段开挖过程微破裂时空演化规律及其差,研究结果表明新增通道微震活动较扩挖段更为活跃,岩爆风险亦更高,扩挖微震活动活跃程度与空间集聚特征受扩挖断面尺寸,扩挖深度以及结构面影响。研究成果可为类似深埋工程安全建设提供借鉴。     

Case Histories of Four Extremely Intense Rockbursts in Deep Tunnels

In the process of excavating seven parallel tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station, several extremely intense rockbursts occurred, killing and injuring construction workers and damaging several sets of equipment. Based on the characteristics and mechanisms of these rockbursts, four typical events were selected and their temporal and spatial characteristics were here described in detail. The geological conditions revealed after the rockbursts were surveyed carefully. The responses of support elements were also analyzed. The details documented in each case provide not only an important reference for understanding the development mechanisms of rockbursts but also a basis for the selection and development of rockburst prevention measures in deep hard rock tunnels.     

Excavation Problem in Mixed Ground Conditions at the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy Metro (Istanbul) Tunnels

Mechanized tunnelling is a well-established tunnel construction method which allows constructing tunnels in various conditions including mixed ground conditions as well as tunnels in vulnerable urban areas. The selection of the excavator suitable for the geological structure is important in terms of realizing an efficient tunnel excavation. Tunnel excavation studies of Istanbul Kabatas–Mecidiyeköy Metro tunnels are implemented as a double tube. Geology in this section is composed of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone interbedded or as separate units along with dyke intrusions. Calcareous clay, clayey limestone, clayey sand are also rarely observed. Between the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy tunnels includes two types of mechanical excavation methods namely tunnel boring machine (TBM) and new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM). Main purpose of this study is mixed ground and their impacts on mechanized tunnelling. At the end, some issues have been presented which seems to be important for the success of TBM and NATM in the mixed grounds. As the tunnel excavation studies continued, the problem of collapse on the ground surface of Barbaros Boulevard in Besiktas station increased the importance of tunnel excavation under mixed ground conditions.     

基于矩张量的深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析

以锦屏二级水电站微震监测数据为基础,将矩张量引入到深埋隧洞岩爆机制分析研究中。对分析过程中遇到的2个关键问题提出了针对性的建议：① 隧洞工程为线性工程,传感器布置空间有限,难以形成良性传感器阵列,矩张量分析结果的可靠性受到很大的影响,为此,提出了数值计算过程中的坐标系空间旋转法。该方法按最优路径旋转隧道坐标系,使对于同一个事件的每个传感器,源-传感器射线到新坐标系的3个方向余弦差值在10倍数值范围以内,在数值计算过程中,可以得到较理想的矩张量结果。②针对Ohtsu使用矩张量分解判断岩石破裂类型的方法中,提出的各分量比重计算公式,仅适用于各分量均为受拉的情况。考虑快速掘进条件下隧洞工程受力方向的不确定性,扩展其分量比重计算公式到更一般适用状态。在此基础上,建立了一套完整的岩爆孕育过程矩张量分析方法。利用该方法对锦屏二级水电站典型岩爆微震数据进行分析,结果表明,该方法可以较好地解释岩爆孕育过程岩石破裂演化机制。     

深埋长隧道TBM施工关键问题探讨

针对深埋长隧道开挖所面临的高水压、高地压、高地温、大变形、难支护等问题,分析总结传统钻爆法开挖与支护技术、全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工技术、TBM导洞扩挖技术应用中的优劣,TBM导洞扩挖法为深埋长隧道开挖提供了新的设计思路。由于深埋长隧道的建设环境与浅埋隧道建设环境存在显著差异,TBM施工将面临3个关键问题--岩爆问题、卡盾（大变形）问题和未准确探测前方地质而发生的施工事故（涌水、突泥等）。为揭示TBM施工过程中卡盾的存在性,分别针对某一特定地质条件下深埋软、硬岩TBM施工进行理论分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,软岩地层TBM施工发生卡盾,而硬岩完整地层TBM施工未发生卡盾。     

软岩浅埋隧道施工工法比选

目前在高速公路软岩浅埋隧道施工中均不同程度地出现了围岩坍塌、地表产生大面积沉降等问题。广福隧道某浅埋段,地质条件复杂,断面大、岩性差,受构造影响比较严重,而且顶板厚度比较薄,易发生坍塌、冒顶现象。为确保浅埋段隧道的施工安全,尽量减少隧道开挖引起的地层沉降和围岩变形,采用FLAC3D对4种施工工法全断面法、短台阶法、单侧壁导坑法和双侧壁导坑法进行模拟,分析了4种工法下地表沉降、隧道围岩周边位移和塑性区的变化特点,选出一种技术可行、经济合理的施工工法,得出一些有意义的结论。     

基于微震信息的硬岩新生破裂面方位特征矩张量分析

为了更清晰直观地了解高应力下硬岩破坏（岩爆、片帮、应力型塌方等）孕育过程中岩石破裂演化过程,根据岩石破裂面的特点,依据微震监测数据的矩张量结果,推导并得到了岩体破裂面空间方位计算方法,在此基础上给出了根据运动夹角? 来判断岩石破裂类型的确定方法。借助此方法,在实例研究中进一步证明了深埋隧洞矩张量分解判断破裂类型分析方法的可靠性。依托锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞这一典型工程,依据破裂面的方位角、倾角特征和岩爆宏观破坏情况,初步探究了即时性应变-结构面滑移型岩爆的孕育过程：在岩爆孕育初期,以张拉破裂为主,由于硬性结构面的存在,在开挖扰动应力调整初期,破裂面由岩体浅层往岩体较深层硬性结构面扩展,张拉破裂面尖端接近硬性结构面时,硬性结构面上发生剪切滑移,若较深层岩体内部还有其他硬性结构面存在,则在该硬性结构面尖端,除随着岩体浅层切向应力的持续增大,往开挖面扩展外,继续以张拉破裂面型式往深层扩展,至较深层硬性结构面上剪切破裂产生,最终以剪切滑移面为破坏面边界往开挖面发展,并最终将岩体抛掷而出。     

Mechanical response of surrounding rock of tunnels constructed with the TBM and drill-blasting method

There are two kinds of excavation methods in underground engineering: the tunnel boring machine (TBM) and the drill-blasting method. A large number of studies have shown that the deformation and failure, the degree of disturbance, the stability and the reinforcement measures of surrounding rock using the TBM and drill-blasting method vary from each other. To accurately master these macroscopic damages, it is necessary to focus on the investigation of the micro-mechanical responses of the surrounding rock. Scanning electron microscopy tests, acoustic emission tests and tunnel acoustic detection tests were carried out to analyze the mechanical response of surrounding rock of tunnels, which were excavated in marble by, respectively, the TBM and the drill-blasting method. The tests results showed that most of the rock fractures cut by TBM is wipe along the crystal, and the failure mechanism is mainly cutting, while most of the rock fractures induced by the TBM coincide with crystal planes, its mechanism is mainly tensile. The stress–strain curves of rocks cut by the TBM method are rather flat around the peak strength, which means a strong resistance to deformation around the peak load. The response of AE for the rock cut by the TBM method appears after larger strains than the response of the rock constructed by the drill-blasting method. This suggests that the resistance to damage is higher under TBM excavation conditions. The relaxation depths of the tunnel excavated by the drill-blasting method are larger than the tunnel excavated by the TBM method. The research can provide more insight into tunnel failure mechanisms and provide a framework for reinforcement measures.     

Excavation of the Aica-Mules pilot tunnel for the Brenner base tunnel: information gained on water inflows in tunnels in granitic massifs

The construction of the Aica-Mules tunnel, completed in 2010, provides a relevant case history for improving the knowledge of hydrogeological issues related to the excavation of deep tunnels in granitic massifs. The Aica-Mules tunnel is a 10 km-long structure, forming part of the high-speed railway connection between Austria and Italy across the Alpine chain, located at an average depth of 500–1,000 m below the surface. Prior to and during the construction, intense hydrogeological monitoring was set up, allowing the collection of abundant data concerning: (1) the evolution of water inflows into the tunnel; (2) the chemistry and temperature of drained groundwater; and (3) the influence of tunnel drainage on springs. Based on detailed analysis of geological/hydrogeological data, this article provides an insight into the permeability distribution in granitic rocks affected by relevant brittle tectonic deformation, and the consequences of water inflow during excavation. The available time series from the principal water discharges in the tunnel have been used in order to test the reliability of some of the most commonly applied analytical methods for the forecast of water inflows into tunnels.     

Some Attempts for Estimating Rock Strength and Rock Mass Classification from Cutting Force and Investigation of Optimum Operation of Tunnel Boring Machines

Summary. Tunnel face and wall collapse are common during excavations performed by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) due to the difficulty of correctly identifying the properties of the excavated rock. This identification, however, can be simplified by using the cutting force to estimate rock strength, a method that has already proved quite successful in Japanese tunnel excavations. This paper summarizes knowledge relating to the cutting force obtained through tunnel excavation experience, and the relationship between rock strength and TBM operation is discussed. Although TBM operators rely on intuition to set the cutter head speed appropriately, this decision process represents a logical method of operation that takes advantage of the variable speed capability of the cutter head. Selection of appropriate support methods for the excavated face is also a critical issue in tunnel excavation. This selection process is based on the condition of the rock, which is difficult to determine quickly and accurately during tunnel excavation. The present paper uses the excavation of two tunnels to demonstrate that it is possible to assign rock mass classifications accurately based on rock strength when boring a uniform rock type. It is also shown that the rock mass can be classified from the rock strength normalized by the uniaxial compressive strength when boring through mixed rock types.     

爆破扰动下TBM隧洞时滞型岩爆特征及影响机制研究

时滞型岩爆的发生通常具有很强的随机性,会对施工安全造成巨大的威胁,而开挖扰动、爆破扰动等均会对潜在时滞型岩爆区产生不同程度的影响。依托某隧道掘进机（TBM）引水隧洞,采用理论分析和对比分析法研究了拆机洞爆破开挖期间K54+000—K54+700段发生的5次时滞型岩爆,发现：（1）强烈岩爆和中等岩爆区位于缓倾断层附近,围岩发育短小隐节理和含充填的细密节理,轻微岩爆距断层远或位于正断层附近,除含充填的细密节理外,均至少发育1条含充填物的倾向SW的陡倾结构面;（2）TBM法开挖隧洞时滞型岩爆滞后爆破时间更长,滞后工作面距离更远,且爆破对TBM隧洞的扰动作用相对较小;（3）爆破扰动使得潜在时滞型岩爆区围岩失稳变得容易,从而加速了时滞型岩爆的进程。研究成果可为TBM隧洞时滞型岩爆的预警与防控提供参考。     

Evaluation of superficial settlements in low overburden tunnel TBM excavation: Numerical approaches

In this paper the problem of the superficial settlements related to tunnel mechanised excavation is analysed considering a low overburden application example. The excavation of tunnels in urban areas has actually important diffusion. This kind of work always implies to guarantee the safety and the stability of the existing superficial structures. The use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) represents a good method in these conditions and the estimation of the induced settlement represents a difficult engineering problem. The study shows the differences between three different numerical approaches; the results, function of the same loss of volume, evidence from a quantitative point of view, the ground settlement.     

考虑邻近土洞影响的盾构掘进速度控制

盾构机穿越邻近土洞区域是在岩溶区修建的地铁隧道常常遇到的问题,为降低盾构掘进对土洞的扰动,以防止盾构突陷、偏离轴线或发生地面塌陷,需对穿越时盾构的掘进参数进行优化控制。针对当前主要根据经验选取掘进参数的不足,根据弹性力学Mindlin解建立了盾构穿越邻近土洞的力学模型,在此基础上,以掘进速度为控制变量,以掘进引起土洞顶部能量密度变化为指标函数,提出了穿越时的掘进速度最优控制问题,并利用梯度法进行了数值求解,最后将该方法运用于广州地铁九号线花-马区间盾构穿越邻近土洞问题的分析中。结果表明:该模型能有效反映盾构掘进时正面推力对土洞顶部的扰动;在该模型上建立的掘进速度最优控制问题,能对掘进速度的控制策略进行优化,优化结果与工程经验相符,具有一定工程应用价值。     

Combined early warning method for rockburst in a Deep Island,fully mechanized caving face

Rockbursts annually cause hundreds of casualties and huge economic losses in China. The possibility of rockbursts occurring in a deep island, fully mechanized caving coal face is much higher than in a normal face. To predict and prevent rockbursts in this type of coal face, a comprehensive approach based on multi-instrument monitoring, including microseismic (MS) monitoring, electromagnetic emission (EME) monitoring, and the drilling cutting method (DCM), has been proposed. The case of working face 1304 in the Yangcheng coal mine in Shandong Province, China, was analyzed to test the combined early warning method. In situ investigations showed many early warning precursors before a rockburst, such as a period of silence in MS activity, persistent rising of EME intensity values and pulse numbers, and a large jolt of EME. Based on the quantitative early warning indexes, the combined early warning method for rockbursts in coal face 1304 was established, which mainly includes three rockburst risk judgment conditions and one rockburst risk identification condition. This method has been applied to rockburst forecasting in the Yangcheng coal mine. The application showed that this comprehensive approach could accurately identify potential rockburst risks and trigger early warnings. The case study demonstrated that the likelihood of a rockburst occurring can be forecasted by the combined early warning method based on multi-instrument monitoring.