Analysis and comparison of the tidal gravity observations obtained with LCR-ET20 spring gravimeter

Introduction The tidal variation signals of the solid Earth recorded with the modern measuring techniques can be used to provide effectively the means to cognize the Earths motion, deformation and structure character, especially to monitor the material motion in the Earths interior. In the recent 20 years, the distribution character of the global gravity field has made great progress since the continuous and deep theoretical studies in geophysics and geodesy domains. The successful manufactur…     

LCR-ET20弹簧型潮汐重力仪观测结果的分析和比较

基于武汉国际重力潮汐基准站LCR-ET20弹簧重力仪潮汐观测资料，利用国际标准的数据预处理和分析方法，采用与GWR型超导重力仪同址观测对比方法，较系统研究了ET20仪器特征以及大气和海洋重力信号．数值结果表明，尽管ET20的观测精度要比超导型重力仪的精度低一个量级，弹簧蠕变性导致的仪器漂移十分大，但该仪器仍获得了与超导重力仪相当的潮汐参数，能有效用于重力场的时间变化观测．      

武汉台重力潮汐长期观测结果

采用武汉台超导重力仪(SG C032)14年多的长期连续观测资料,研究了固体地球对二阶和三阶引潮力的响应特征,精密测定了重力潮汐参数,系统研究了最新的固体潮模型和海潮模型在中国大陆的有效性.采用最新的8个全球海潮模型计算了海潮负荷效应,从武汉台SG C032的观测中成功分离出63个2阶潮汐波群和15个3阶潮汐波群信号,3阶潮波涵盖了周日、半日和1/3日三个频段.重力潮汐观测的精度非常高,标准偏差达到1.116 nm·s^-2,系统反映了非流体静力平衡、非弹性地球对2阶和3阶引潮力的响应特征.结果表明,现有的武汉国际重力潮汐基准在半日频段非常精确,但在周日频段存在比较明显的偏差,需要进一步精化.对于中国大陆的大地测量观测,固体潮可以采用Dehant等考虑地球内部介质非弹性和非流体静力平衡建立的固体潮理论模型或Xu 等基于全球SG观测建立的重力潮汐全球实验模型作为参考和改正模型,海潮负荷效应应该采用Nao99作为改正模型.     

Study on tidal gravity observations obtained at stations Zhongshan and Changcheng, Antarctic

IntroductionThe purpose of the studies on the tidal gravity observations on the Earth(s surface is to investigate the properties of the deformation and the tidal gravity variations of the Earth under the action of the luni-solar tidal force. These variations relate to the internal structure, shape and the medium(s rheology properties of the Earth (Wahr, 1981; Dehant, 1987). The theoretical studies and observations indicated that the amplitudes and the tidal parameters, including the amplitud…     

武汉超导重力仪观测最新结果和海潮模型研究

利用武汉台站GWR_C032超导重力仪观测资料,在对原始数据进行有效预处理的基础上作调和分析,获得反映地球内部介质特征的重力潮汐参数.基于卫星测高技术和有限元方法同时考虑验潮站数据作约束条件获得的多个全球海潮模型,利用负荷理论和数值褶积积分技术计算了重力负荷,对周日和半日频段内的重力潮汐参数实施负荷改正,提出了“负荷改正有效性”概念,研究了全球海潮模型适应性.数值结果说明,海潮改正的有效性高达91%（O1,NAO99）和92%（M2,ORI96）.基于11个海潮模型对主波（O1,K1,M2和S2）的负荷改正说明平均有效性为（86%,70%,73%和84%）,振幅因子与理论模型间的差异分别从（212%,155%,116%和080%）降到（031%,039%,034%和008%）,同时还说明利用NAO99和ORI96全球海潮模型能获得比其他模型更佳的负荷改正效果.文章还利用国际地球动力学计划网络其他7个台站的超导重力仪观测研究了全球海潮模型的适定性问题,结果说明不同模型中不同潮波具有明显的区域特点,早期构制的SCW80全球海潮模型仍可作为大地测量研究中的重要参考模型.     

Adaptability of the ocean and earth tidal models based on global observations of the superconducting gravimeters

As the gravity field is the most primary and direct physical quantity reflecting the density variation of the Earth’s interior and its geodynamic properties under various environmental changes and as the knowledge of the fine structure of the Earth’s interior and its geo-dynamics has a strong impact on space research, grav-ity observations become more and more important in Earth sciences. Therefore based on a global network of superconducting gravimeters (SGs), the Global Geo-dynamic Proje…     

Synthetic tidal parameters for gravity over China and its neighbor area

The synthetic tidal parameters with high spatial resolution for gravity over China and its neighbor area are con- structed with Earth’s tidal model and ocean tide loading calculated using TPXO7 global ocean tide model as well as tidal data over China seas. The comparison between synthetic parameters and ones observed by spring gravime- ters at some seismic network stations and Hong Kong station and one observed by super-conducting gravimeter at Wuhan station shows that the average differences in amplitude factors and phases are smaller than 0.005 and 0.5° respectively; and that the discrepancies between observational and synthetic parameters are dependent on gravim- etric technique in that the synthetic parameters are in well agreement with the superconducting gravimetric obser- vations. This also indicates that the synthetic result is a good estimation for tidal gravity, and the numerical results in the present paper not only can provide ground and space gravimetry such as absolute gravimetry with correction model of tidal gravity, but also provide effective tidal parameters over areas where no observation is carried out.     

Study of the Earth’s free core nutation by tidal gravity data recorded with international superconducting gravimeters

By stacking high-precision tidal gravity observations obtained with superconducting gravimeters at six stations in China, Japan, Belgium, France, Germany and Finland, the local systematical discrepancies in the parameter fitting, caused by atmospheric, oceanic tidal loading and the other local environmental perturbations, are eliminated effectively. As a result, the resonance parameters of the Earth’s free core nutation are accurately determined. In this study, the eigenperiod of free core nutation is given as 429.0 sidereal days, which is in agreement with those published in the previous studies. It is about 30 sidereal days less than those calculated in theoretical models (about 460 sidereal days), which confirms the real ellipticity of the fluid core of the Earth to be about 5% larger than the one expected in assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. The quality factor (Q value) of free core nutation is given as about 9543, which, compared with those determined before based on the body tide observations, is much larger, but more close to those obtained using the VLBI observations. The complex resonance strength is also determined as (−6.10×10⁻⁴, −0.01 ×10⁻⁴)°/h, which can principally describe the deformation characteristics of an anelastic mantle.     

贝叶斯算法在拟合自由核章动参数中的应用

用高精度重力技术检测地球自由核章动(FCN)参数(包括周期和Q值等)的难点是资料观测信噪比低,传统的方法是使用最小二乘拟合,但是获得的FCN共振参数精度不理想.本文利用武汉国际潮汐基准站高精度超导重力仪和全球超导重力仪观测的时变重力资料,根据贝叶斯算法拟合地球自由核章动(FCN)参数.我们将贝叶斯拟合方法与传统最小二乘法实施了对比分析,研究了不同台站资料差异.讨论了潮波选择和不同海潮模型等因素对FCN参数的影响.结果表明用贝叶斯算法获得的FCN品质因子与空间大地测量VLBI结果吻合的更好,这说明贝叶斯算法可靠性高,为研究地球深内部构造参数(核幔边界粘滞系数等)提供了有效依据.     

Analysis of the tidal gravity observations in Three Gorges reservoir area

The comparative observations of the tidal gravity in Three Gorges reservoir area, recorded with the LCR-ET20 gravimeter from Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the DZW-9 gravimeter from Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, are introduced. High-accuracy tidal gravity pa-rameters in this area are obtained, and the scale factor of the DZW-9 gravimeter is also estimated at a value of ?(756.06±0.05)×10?8 m?s?2V?1. The observed residuals of the corresponding instruments are investigated. Nu-merical results indicate that the long-term drift of the DZW-9 gravimeter appears a linear characteristic, and the observed accuracy is of the same order comparing with that of the LCR-ET20 gravimeter. The results given in the paper can provide with an effective reference model of the tidal gravity correction to the ground based and space geodesy.     

Earth's free core nutation determined using C032 superconducting gravimeter at station Wuhan/China

The long series tidal gravity observations from 1997 to 2002 recorded with C032 superconducting gravimeter (SG) at station Wuhan/China are used in order to study the Earth's geodynamics. The tidal gravity parameters are determined precisely using Eterna software package after careful data pre-processing. The Earth's free core nutation (FCN) resonant parameters (eigenperiods, quality factors and resonant strengths) are determined accurately. The results show the determined eigenperiod to be 431.0 sidereal days with an accuracy of ±1.81%, the quality factor is a negative one as of −7002, and the resonance strength can be explained by the elastic property of the Earth's mantle. The discrepancy of the eigenperiods when using various ocean models can amount to ±1.8%. The 30 sidereal days difference between the determined eigenperiod in this paper and the one in theoretical computation given by Wahr and Bergen can be explained by the real dynamic ellipticity of the Earth's liquid core, i.e., it is about 5% larger than the one under the hydrostatic equilibrium assumption.     

香港地区重力固体潮和海潮负荷特征研究

介绍了在香港地区重力固体潮合作观测成果, 获得了该地区完整的重力固体潮实测模型. 利用全球和近海海潮模型以及岛屿验潮站数据较系统地研究了海潮负荷特征, 反演了全球海潮模型的适定性. 数值结果说明周日频段内的海潮模型要比半日频段内的模型更加稳定, 实施验潮站潮位高变化改正对精密确定重力固体潮相位滞后起重要作用. 文章还研究了重力观测残差和台站背景噪声水平. 本项研究填补了中国地壳运动观测网络在该地区重力固体潮观测空白, 为地表和空间大地测量提供有效参考和服务.     

Temporal variations in free core nutation period

Based on the nearly diurnal resonance in the tidal gravity observations,the temporal variations in period of the Earth's free core nutation (FCN) are investigated by using the tidal gravity observations of 18-year duration recorded continu-ously with a superconducting gravimeter (SG) at Brussels. The effects of the global oceanic tide loading and local barometric pressure on the SG observations have been removed by using eleven high-precision global digital models of oceanic tides and barometric pressure me...     

临近空间大气扰动变化特性的定量研究

本文利用TIMED/SABER 2002年1月至2013年1月共11年的卫星温度探测数据,通过全球网格化及在网格内作数学统计的方法,得到了20~100km高度上全球网格点上温度的平均值和标准差,实现了对临近空间全球大气扰动进行定量刻画的目的.通过定量分析温度标准差的分布特性,文中得到了临近空间大气扰动的全球分布规律,并讨论了与这些分布规律相关的物理过程.结果表明,在20~70km高度上,温度标准差为1~10K,有显著的冬季/夏季的差异,冬季的温度标准差比夏季大;大气重力波扰动是最主要来源,同时大气传播性行星波引起的扰动也是来源之一.在70~100km高度上,温度标准差常年较强,量值为10~30K,冬季/夏季的差异小,低纬地区的温度标准差高于中高纬度地区,呈现许多局地化的小结构.大气重力波是引起该区域大气总扰动量的主要扰动来源,大气潮汐波、传播性行星波(准2天、准6.5天)也有重要贡献.     

Determination of the Earth＇s free core nutation parameters by using tidal gravity data

The Earth＇s free core nutation （FCN） is a retrograde eigenrnode which is attributed to the interaction between the solid mantle and the liquid core of the rotational elliptical Earth. This mode appears as an eigenmode of nearly diurnal free wobble （NDFW） in a terrestrial reference frame with a period of about one day （XU et al, 2001）. Therefore, the NDFW will lead to an obvious resonance enhancement in the diurnal tidal gravity observations, especially those of the tidal waves with frequencies closed to its eigenfrequency such as P1, K1, ψ1 and Ф1. The FCN resonance parameters can be retrieved accurately by high-precision tidal gravity observations, especially those recorded with the superconducting gravimeters （SG）. The Global Geodynamics Project （GGP） organized by IUGG took it as an important content for determining the FCN resonance parameters by using gravity data. However, the results are affected by many factors such as station location, background noise, the selection of the tide-generating potential tables, ocean tide models, data processing techniques and so on. In our study, the FCN parameters will be retrieved by using the SG observations at Wuhan, and the effects of the choices of various tide-generating potential tables, oceanic models and weight functions on the estimation of the FCN parameters will be discussed in detail,     

南极中山与昭和站重力海潮负荷效应及背景噪声研究

利用南极中山站LCR-ET21重力仪器与昭和站GWR058仪器获得的重力潮汐观测资料,采用最新的三个全球海潮模型(Dtu10,Eot11A和HAM11A)研究了南极地区的海潮负荷效应和背景噪声.结果表明,由三个海潮模型计算的重力负荷均值改正后,中山站O_1和M_2振幅观测残差分别由13.83%和20.55%下降到5.32%和5.95%,昭和站O_1和M_2振幅观测残差分别由10.84%和21.52%下降到1.91%和3.40%,说明海潮负荷改正的有效性.利用加汉宁窗的FFT变换,获得了地震频段的地震噪声等级(SNM),其值分别为1.574(中山站)和1.289(昭和站).而在潮汐频段,中山站的背景噪声比昭和站高一个数量级,主要由不同观测仪器和台站局部环境所致.本文结果可为进一步利用南极重力资料研究局部环境和全球动力学问题提供有效参考.     

GWR超导重力仪潮汐观测标定因子的精密测定

超导重力仪被普遍认为是迄今为止观测精度高、连续性和稳定性最好的相对重力仪，但是在获得真实重力场变化之前，必须利用格值（标定因子）对这类仪器的直接输出量（电压变化）进行标定．研究表明，格值的准确度将影响到观测数据的后续分析和资料的解释，本文利用两期（每期３天）FG５绝对重力仪在武汉国际重力潮汐基准站上的同址测量资料和该台站已知潮汐参数，详细研究了超导重力仪标定因子及其精度．      

Regional ionosphere modeling in support of IRI and wavelet using GPS observations

Dual-frequency global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) observations provide most of the input data for development of global ionosphere map (GIM) of vertical total electron content (VTEC). The international GNSS service (IGS) develops different ionosphere products. The IGS tracking network stations are not homogeneously distributed around the world. The large gaps of this network in Middle East, e.g., Iran plateau, reduce the accuracy of the IGS GIMs over this region. Empirical ionosphere models, such as international reference ionosphere (IRI), also provide coarse forecasts of the VTEC values. This paper presents a new regional VTEC model based on the IRI 2007 and global positioning system (GPS) observations from Iranian Permanent GPS Network. The model consists of a given reference part from IRI model and an unknown correction term. Compactly supported base functions are more appropriate than spherical harmonics in regional ionosphere modeling. Therefore, an unknown correction term was expanded in terms of B-spline functions. The obtained results are validated through comparison with the observed VTEC derived from GPS observations.     

Study of the Earth's free core nutation by tidal gravity data recorded with international superconducting gravimeters

By stacking high-precision tidal gravity observations obtained with superconducting gravimeters at six stations in China, Japan, Belgium, France, Germany and Finland, the local systematical discrepancies in the parameter fitting, caused by atmospheric, oceanic tidal loading and the other local environmental perturbations, are eliminated effectively. As a result, the resonance parameters of the Earth's free core nutation are accurately determined. In this study, the eigenperiod of free core nutation is given as 429.0 sidereal days, which is in agreement with those published in the previous studies. It is about 30 sidereal days less than those calculated in theoretical models (about 460 sidereal days), which confirms the real ellipticity of the fluid core of the Earth to be about 5% larger than the one expected in assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. The quality factor (Q value) of free core nutation is given as about 9543, which, compared with those determined before based on the body tide observations, is much larger, but more close to those obtained using the VLBI observations. The complex resonance strength is also determined as (?6.10(10?4, ?0.01(10?4)(/h, which can principally describe the deformation characteristics of an anelastic mantle.     

大气重力信号的理论计算及其检测

基于标准大气定律和大气圆柱体分布模型,本文引进了大气重力格林函数,用离散格积方法求得了大气对重力场观测的影响,对台站高程、周围地形和地表温度变化等因素的影响问题进行了讨论．结果说明台站近区气压变化是大气重力信号的主要贡献者,考虑大气质量负荷引起的弹性地球形变效应后,对距台站0．5°的区域积分获得的大气重力导纳值为-0．3603μGal／hPa,占全球大气变化引起的总信号的90％以上,这一理论模型结果与超导重力仪实测结果相吻合,并能较有效地用于消除重力观测中的气压干扰成分．