南黄海NT2孔沉积物物源研究

用等离子体质谱法(ICP—MS)对苏北岸外南黄海陆架区NT2孔72个沉积物样品的稀土元素(REE)进行了分析,研究了中更新世中、晚期以来苏北岸外南黄海陆架区沉积物物源的变化。相关分析揭示NT2孔粒度和化学风化对REE组成影响较小。判别函数和稀土元素配分模式表明南黄海NT2孔沉积物物源主要为长江源和黄河源。 REE判别图解揭示NT2孔上部0~5.50 m和5.50~19.30 m沉积物以长江源为主,中部19.30~27.00 m沉积物以黄河源为主,27.00~54.60 m沉积物以长江源为主,下部54.60~70.31 m沉积物以黄河源为主。研究表明黄河在中更新世中晚期已开始对南黄海陆架沉积作用有明显影响,而长江从晚更新世早期到现代对南黄海陆架起着主要作用。     

南黄海NT1孔沉积物稀土元素组成与物源判别

为研究黄河、长江以及韩国河流输运的大陆物质对南黄海沉积的贡献,对南黄海中部泥质区NT1孔沉积物做了稀土元素分析和物源判别。研究发现,南黄海NT1孔沉积物物源主要为长江源和黄河源,NT1孔上部0—7．70m沉积物以长江源为主,中部7．70．16．60m和40．00～50．70m沉积物以黄河源为主,其间夹近24m厚的沉积物则以长江源为主,底部50．70～69．76m沉积物以长江源为主。结果表明,长江从晚更新世早期到现代对南黄海中部泥质区沉积起着主要作用,而黄河则在晚更新世晚期的早玉木冰期时已开始对南黄海陆架沉积作用有明显影响。     

晚更新世以来南黄海北部泥质区沉积物元素的分布及来源分析

为研究南黄海北部泥质区元素地球化学特征对于地层划分与物质来源的指示意义,对南黄海北部DLC70-3孔(孔深71.20 m)沉积物作了元素地球化学分析和物源判别。根据元素含量及比值的变化,可将DLC70-3孔岩心划分为5层,它们分别反映了末次间冰期(暖期)晚期以来黄海海面波动以及沉积物物源的变化。运用判别函数、MgO/Na₂O与CIA的散点图等方法分析了DLC70-3孔沉积物的物质来源,结果显示该孔沉积物主要来源于黄河,长江物质对该孔中上部及下部沉积物有较明显影响。DLC70-3孔物源指数反映0~4.50 m和27.80~38.80 m沉积物以黄河源为主,4.50~27.80 m、38.80~55.00 m和55.00~71.20 m沉积物以长江源为主;可见黄河从晚更新世中期到现代对南黄海北部沉积起着重要作用,而长江物质在晚更新世早期开始对南黄海北部沉积就有明显影响。     

东海陆架SFK 1孔微量元素地球化学特征与物源意义

为研究东海陆架微量元素地球化学信息对于地层划分与物源分析的指示意义,对东海陆架西湖凹陷区SFK 1孔沉积物作了微量元素地球化学分析和物源判别。根据微量元素含量及比值的变化,可将SFK 1孔(孔深82.90 m)岩心划分为8层,它们分别反映了末次间冰期(暖期)晚期以来东海海面波动以及沉积物物源的变化。运用因子分析、U /Th与( Zr + Hf) /(Al2O3 + TiO2 )和Th/Co与TiO2/Zr的散点图等方法分析了SFK 1孔沉积物的物质来源,结果显示该孔沉积物主要来源于长江,黄河物质对该孔中部沉积物有较明显影响。不同指标散点图研究表明,在沉积物物质来源不变的情况下,气候和沉积环境的变化对该区域沉积物化学元素组成进行的改造和再分配影响不大。     

黄河源区第四纪地质研究的新进展

通过对黄河源区的钻孔、自然露头的研究, 建立了黄河源区的第四纪地层层序。第四纪地层可划分为下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统。下更新统为河湖相沉积; 中更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物; 上更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物、冰水沉积物、洪积物和河流沉积物; 全新统主要由河流沉积物、洪积物和湖积物构成。黄河源区的冰期可划分为3期, 即末次冰期、倒数第二次冰期、倒数第三次冰期, 末次冰期又可分为2个冰阶。黄河源区的湖泊演化可划分为早更新世、中更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段: 早更新世的湖泊范围小; 中更新世的湖泊范围明显扩大, 在位置上也较早更新世的湖泊南移; 晚更新世的湖泊经历了两次的扩张—收缩变化, 到了全新世, 除现今还发育的几个湖泊外, 大多数地区的湖水已退出, 基本上转变为河流环境。在晚更新世末期到全新世初期, 封闭黄河源区的多石峡被切开, 湖水外泄, 现今的黄河形成了, 同时发生了袭夺长江水系的水流。     

中国东部海域表层沉积物稀土元素赋存特征及物源探讨

通过中国地质调查局近20年对中国东部海域的高精度调查取样,对渤海、黄海和东海表层沉积物中的稀土元素数据进行了系统总结,旨在揭示其赋存特征、分布规律及其控制因素。结果表明,整个中国东部海域大致可以划分为4个稀土含量富集区,分别位于渤海西部泥质区、南黄海中部泥质区、济州岛西南泥质区以及东海内陆架泥质区,富集区内的表层沉积物稀土含量普遍高于180 mg/g;稀土元素的球粒陨石配分模式和UCC配分模式显示出各海域较为一致的总体特征,与中国大陆的稀土元素分配曲线类似,指示了较强的陆源特征。通过对稀土元素各特征参数的相关性分析,发现与中国东部海域稀土元素含量相关性最强的是δEu,呈明显负相关,其次是沉积物的平均粒径,呈明显正相关。利用δEu-(La/Yb) n物源判别图对这4个稀土含量富集区的样品进行判别,结果表明渤海西部泥质区和南黄海中部泥质区的沉积物具有同源性;南黄海东南部的济州岛西南部泥质区除了有来自长江和黄河物质以外,朝鲜半岛东南部的河流输入作用也不可忽视;东海内陆架泥质区北端的沉积物基本来源自长江,而南端则表现出不同的稀土分馏特征,很可能与闽浙沿岸和台湾岛中小河流的输入有关。大型河流和中小河流带来的物源、沉积物粒度以及海域流系格局控制了中国东部海域表层沉积物稀土元素的地球化学特征。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷第四纪年代地层格架的建立及海侵期次探讨——据兴化钻孔ZKJ43

中国东部第四纪海侵期次已成为近年研究的热点之一,而苏北盆地(除滨海平原)关于海侵的研究几乎是空白。根据ZKJ43号孔测年、古地磁、岩性特征等资料,建立苏北盆地高邮凹陷第四纪年代地层框架,依照微体古植物和化学元素含量及其比值变化,首次划分出5次海侵:早更新世早期(170 m左右)、中更新世早期(90~110 m)、晚更新世早期(46.8~58 m)、晚更新世晚期(14.5~22.7 m)、全新世中期(0.8~6.6 m)。该年代地层框架的建立和海侵期次的划分,对整个苏北盆地地层对比、海侵期次与海侵范围的判定具有重要意义。通过化学元素含量与浅海、黄河、长江的对比,可知高邮盆地主要为长江与黄海相互作用形成,黄河作用较小。     

东海陆架晚更新世以来沉积物常量元素的分布及其地质意义

对东海陆架西湖凹陷区SFK-1孔的岩性、粒度、常量元素以及测年数据的综合分析表明:元素地球化学信息对于地层的划分有良好的指示意义。 SFK-1孔沉积物常量元素质量分数平均值分别为SiO₂ 65.35%、Al₂O₃ 12.12%、FeO 1.75%、CaO 3.88%、MgO 2.04%、K₂O 2.63%、 Na₂O 2.04%、 TiO₂ 0.66%、 P₂O₅ 0.12%、 MnO 0.065%、TFe₂O₃ 4.74%、CaCO₃ 5.38%,标准差系数较小,反映SFK-1孔常量元素离散程度较小。SFK-1孔沉积物CaCO₃/TiO₂、CaO/TiO₂和P₂O₅/TiO₂反映了化学风化程度的强弱;TiO₂/Al₂O₃可以作为古水流能量的指标,反映当时河流水动力条件的影响强度;而SiO₂/TiO₂、Na₂O/TiO₂可以用来反映沉积水动力的强度。依据常量元素质量分数垂直变化特征划分的8个层段分别与沉积物粒度、气候变化地层划分界线吻合。研究区自91 ka BP以来沉积环境经历了剧烈变化,它们分别反映了末次间冰期( 暖期) 晚期以来东海陆架区沉积环境的变化。     

南黄海陆架区CSDP-1孔沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄物源判别

南黄海作为东部陆架海的一部分,其沉积物记录了源区、气候及古环境演变等多方面的信息。本文利用激光剥蚀等离子体质谱（LA-ICPMS）的方法,对南黄海西部CSDP-1孔沉积物进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄测定。结果表明,CSDP-1孔沉积物碎屑锆石主要表现出300~100,500~300,1 000~700,2 100~1 700和2 600~2 300 Ma 5组年龄区间。由底部到顶部,钻孔沉积物中除了1 000~700和2 100~1 700 Ma的锆石质量分数变化较大,其他年龄组的锆石质量分数没有明显的变化趋势;长江、黄河、废黄河和淮河作为钻孔区域可能的物质来源,其沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分布存在显著差异,其中长江沉积物以1 000~700 Ma的锆石为特征,黄河沉积物中2 100~1 700 Ma的锆石质量分数最高,废黄河与淮河沉积物中500~300 Ma的锆石质量分数均比黄河和长江沉积物高。通过对CSDP-1钻孔及河流沉积物进行物源判别并结合相关性分析可认为：钻孔沉积物3.20 Ma以来存在多源物质贡献,长江源物质占优势,淮河源次之;淮河从2.16 Ma开始对钻孔区域有影响;0.78 Ma该区开始有黄河源的物质,且以黄河沉积物为主要物质来源;废黄河对钻孔区域几乎没有影响。     

沉积物物源定量识别的非线性规划模型——以东海陆架北部表层沉积物物源识别为例

依据“质量守衡”原理和沉积物物源难以穷尽的认识 ,提出了沉积物物源定量识别的非线性规划数学模型。利用该模型实现了东海陆架北部表层沉积物物源的定量计算 ,阐明了长江、黄河入海物质的大致分布特征。长江沉积物主要分布于 32°N以南、台湾暖流以西的海域 ,黄河沉积物主要分布于 32°N以北、台湾暖流以东的海域。长江、黄河两类沉积物的这种分布格局与本海域的流系分布相吻合。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the