脊条褶虾蛄血清及肌肉提取液凝集活性的比较

利用血凝试验及糖抑制试验测定脊条褶虾蛄的血清及肌肉提取液的凝血活性及糖抑制专一性，同时进行热稳定性、pH及Ca^2 影响试验。结果显示：其血清能凝集12种红细胞，且其凝集效价高于肌肉提取液（兔、蛇、鲫鱼除外）。血清对鹌鹑红细胞的凝集可被D－果糖、D－半乳糖和蔗糖所抑制，最小抑制浓度均为200mmol/dm^3，其凝集活性均依赖于Ca^2 ，在pH值为5.0-9.0范围内较稳定，经40℃保温10min后活性完全消失；肌肉提取液不被7种糖抑制，在pH值为4.0-10.0、温度为40－90℃范围内均具活性，说明有很强的耐热性，其凝集性不依赖于Ca^2 。以上结果表明：脊条褶虾蛄血清与肌肉提取液均含有凝集素，且凝集素的种类不同。     

毛蚶血清凝集素的凝集活性

以毛蚶为实验材料,对其血清中的凝集素进行研究.毛蚶血清凝集素对人的A,B,O血型红细胞、鸡和小鼠的红细胞均有凝集作用,凝集效价分别为256,256,8,16,64,同时它还能对白色念珠菌、啤酒酵母、溶藻胶弧菌等微生物具有凝集作用.毛蚶血清凝集素具有一定的pH值稳定性和热稳定性.在选用的12种单糖和寡糖中,L-鼠李糖、L-树胶醛糖、麦芽糖、D-半乳糖、蔗糖对毛蚶血清的凝集活性有明显的抑制作用.用弧菌对毛蚶进行免疫刺激时,其血清对鸡红细胞的凝集效价明显增加.     

甲壳动物血清中凝集素对微生物细胞的凝集性能

用12种甲壳动物血清凝集素提取液，对10种微生物细胞进行凝集试验，发现每种甲壳动物血清至少能凝集3种微生物细胞，酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)细胞对凝集素反应最为敏感。7种甲壳动物血清凝集素对酿酒酵母细胞的凝集可被2种以上的糖所抑制，12种甲壳动物血清凝集素的温度和pH适应范围表现不一，但它们的凝集活性都被EDTA所抑制。     

草鱼血清中一种新的凝集素免疫因子

于1998年5月－2000年3月，在浙江省杭州市采集草鱼，采用硫酸铵盐析和梯度聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，从血清中分离出一种自然凝集素，对其理化和生物学性质进行研究。结果表明，该凝集素能够识别和凝集多种不同的红细胞、细菌和酵母，具有100000g离心不沉降，不被透析，耐热、耐酸、耐碱，抗DNase、RNase、SDS和乙醚，对胰蛋白酶、糖苷酶、糖氧化剂NaIO4和β－巯基乙醇敏感等特性，是一种分子量为67kD、等电点为6．2的糖蛋白分子。其活性能被半乳糖、乳糖、甘露糖和N－乙酰葡糖胺所抑制，其抗原特异性不同于草鱼凝集集抗IgM，表明两者是不同的物质。草鱼凝集素显著地促进巨噬细胞的吞噬、杀菌能力，说明是一种重要的免疫活性因子。     

斑纹鲟凝集素(CFL)的初步研究Ⅱ.CFL的分子组成及性质鉴定

采用生化方法对斑纹鲟(Charybdis feriatus)凝集素进行了初步研究.结果表明,斑纹鲟的血清中有动物红细胞和微生物细胞凝集活性的凝集素(Charybdis feriatuslectin,CFL),其活力表现依赖于Ca2+,并为多种糖所抑制;CFL对40℃以上的温度敏感,其活力在pH6.0~8.0内稳定.经巯基乙醇处理和未经巯基乙醇处理的CFL在SDS-PAGE上均为一条蛋白带,说明斑纹鲟凝集素不含二硫键,且只有一种亚基,分子量为40.8 kDa,CFL氨基酸组成分析表明其富含酸性氨基酸.     

凡纳滨对虾血清凝集素、溶血素的特性研究

对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的血清凝集素和溶血素部分特性的研究结果表明,凡纳滨对虾血清凝集素热稳定性较差,温度高于50℃时,活性呈明显减弱至无活性,其最适温度为25~45℃;最适pH为8~9;盐度为24~48时,凝集活性最强,当盐度超过48或者低于6时,凝集活性较差;凝集素活性能被浓度高于16 mmol/L(包括16 mmol/L)EDTA-Na2,D-葡萄糖,D-果糖及D-半乳糖完全抑制。Cu2 使凝集素的活性完全丧失,而Ca2 和Mg2 能使凝集活性明显增强。45~60℃时,溶血素活性逐渐增强,60℃时达到最高;当pH 6~9时,溶血素的活性较强;盐度为18~36时,能增强溶血素的活性;EDTA-Na2对溶血素的活性几乎无影响;Cu2 使溶血素丧失活性,Mg2 能增强溶血活性,Mn2 对溶血素的活性没有影响,而Ca2 和Ba2 对溶血素有轻微的抑制作用。     

双壳贝类血清中凝集素凝集性能初步研究——对脊椎动物血细胞的凝集作用

在多种贝类血清中发现有可凝集脊椎动物血细胞的因子——凝集素。栉孔扇贝（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｅｒｉ）血清中的凝集素可凝集鸡、鹌鹑、小鼠等多种动物血细胞,但对鳝鱼血细胞不发生作用。该凝集素具有较强的热稳定性,１００℃处理４５ｍｉｎ仍具活性;并具有广泛的ｐＨ范围,可在ｐＨ３～１１进行凝集作用。但其活性可被ＥＤＴＡ强烈抑制,Ｄ－甘露糖和Ｌ－鼠李糖对其活性有明显抑制作用,Ｄ－木糖和蕈糖也有轻微抑制作用。在栉孔扇贝血细胞的细胞膜上未发现有凝集鸡血细胞的活性物质。另外,用大肠杆菌和副溶血弧菌刺激栉孔扇贝后,血清的凝集作用不变。     

经酶修饰和未经酶修饰的鹌鹑红细胞对甲壳动物血清凝集素凝集活性的差异研究

为寻找凝集素作为分子探针提供基础资料,用12种甲壳动物血清抽提液对天然的或经酶修饰的鹌鹑红细胞进行凝集试验。实验结果表明,经蜗牛酶修饰后的鹌鹑红细胞的凝集作用发生了变化,与未经酶处理的鹌鹑红细胞相比,凝集活性提高的有日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponense）等7种,凝集活性下降的有罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergi）等2种。凝集素对动物红细胞的凝集可看作是与这些细胞表面的多糖或糖蛋白——即受体的识别性鲒合,这表明鹌鹑红细胞表面具有12种凝集素的受体,且大多数受体都受到酶修饰的影响,从而在凝集活性上表现出差异。     

利用色谱和飞行时间质谱方法分离并鉴定七鳃鳗血清中凝集素

本研究利用阳离子交换和分子筛的方法成功分离鉴定出分子量为105kDa,以多聚体形式存在七鳃鳗凝集素。实验结果表明,首先运用阳离子交换色谱方法能够将七鳃鳗血清混合组分进行初步分离,结合凝集活性鉴定方法,鉴定凝集活性最强组分存在于第二峰中。其次;利用分子筛方法将具有凝集活性组分进一步分离,最终得到分子量为105kDa左右具有凝集活性组分。结合Native-PAGE和SDS-PAGE结果表明,凝集活性组分以三聚体形式存在。同时,飞行时间质谱方法鉴定结果为凝集素（gi:13094239）。最终,体外鉴定结果表明七鳃鳗凝集素对兔红细胞和山羊红细胞均具有较强的凝集活性。七鳃鳗凝集素的分离纯化对研究七鳃鳗先天免疫防御机制和可变淋巴受体介导的适应性免疫防御机制均具有重要意义。     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)含新型关键识别基序DPY/WTD单结构域C型凝集素PtCTL-6的免疫功能研究

C型凝集素是一类依赖于钙离子的糖识别蛋白超家族,该家族蛋白在海洋无脊椎动物先天免疫系统中的非己识别和对病原微生物的清除过程中起重要作用。本文以三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)含单个糖识别域(CRD)的C型凝集素PtCTL-6为研究对象展开研究。研究表明PtCTL-6的开放阅读框(ORF)编码一条由信号肽、LDLa和CRD组成的多肽链。该C型凝集素的识别关键基序为DPY/WTD(Asp-Pro-Tyr/Trp-Thr-Asp),未见于前人研究。病原相关分子模式(PAMPs)结合活性检测结果表明:PtCTL-6重组蛋白(rPtCTL-6)能结合脂多糖(LPS)、肽聚糖(PGN)和β-葡聚糖(β-glucan),并能结合7种微生物,包括革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌。凝菌活性实验证明, PtCTL-6能选择性地凝集真菌毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)与酿酒酵母(Saccharomycescerevisiae)。以上结果证实PtCTL-6能作为模式识别受体参与机体对微生物的识别,并且该分子具备较广泛的免疫识别谱。最后,本文初步探索了该分子对"非己"物质的识别机制,发现PtCTL-6通过特异性的结合D-甘露糖和D-岩藻糖对"非己"物质进行识别,是一种具备新型糖结合模式的C型凝集素。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.