利用远震接收函数探测四川盆地及周边地区的地壳结构

青藏高原东南缘的龙门山断裂两侧具有陡峭的地形特征,在约50~100 km的水平距离内,地形高程从2000 m增加到4000 m,该区强烈的壳幔变形特征及地球动力学模式一直是研究的热点问题.本文从四川地区49个固定台站记录的远震资料提取了P波接收函数,获得了四川盆地及周边的地壳厚度和泊松比,并以此构建反演的初始模型.在线性反演的基础上,引入了分别拟合低频和高频接收函数的两步反演技术,用以反演台站下方的地壳S波速度结构.数字试验表明,该方法可以有效抑制接收函数反演的不唯一性,为了得到最优解,最后用Bootstrap重采样技术估计解的不确定性.结果表明,四川盆地的地壳厚度在40~46 km,松潘-甘孜块体北部的地壳厚度为46~52 km,而南部增厚到50~60 km.从四川盆地向西跨过龙门山断裂,地壳厚度增加了10~15 km.在四川盆地及周边地区,地壳泊松比在0.26~0.32之间,呈块体分布特征,高泊松比（0.28~0.32）主要沿龙门山断裂以及安宁河-小江断裂分布.地壳S波速度结构表明,来自青藏高原中部的中下地壳低速层可能受到了坚硬的四川盆地阻挡,改变原来的运动方向并沿龙门山断裂展布,由于低速层的囤积导致该区地形陡峭和下地壳增厚.     

青藏高原东缘及四川盆地的壳幔导电性结构研究

自从2008年M_S8.0级汶川大地震发生以来,青藏高原东缘便成为地质与地球物理研究的热点区域.该区域的龙门山断裂带标志着青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的边界.汶川地震即发生于龙门山断裂带内的映秀-北川断裂上.该地区现有的研究工作多集中于青藏高原东缘及四川盆地的西部,对四川盆地东部构造情况的研究目前较少.在SinoProbe项目的资助下,完成了一条跨越青藏高原东缘及整个四川盆地的大地电磁测深剖面.该剖面自西北始于青藏高原内部的松潘-甘孜地块,向东南延伸穿过龙门山断裂带、四川盆地内部及四川盆地东部的华蓥山断裂,最终止于重庆东南的川东滑脱褶皱带附近.维性分析表明剖面数据整体二维性较好,通过二维反演得到了最终的电性结构模型.该模型表明,从电性结构上看,沿剖面可分为三个主要的电性结构单元,分别为:浅部高阻、中下地壳低阻的松潘-甘孜地块,浅部低阻、中下地壳相对高阻的四川盆地,以及华蓥山以东整体为高阻特征的扬子克拉通地块.龙门山断裂带在电性结构上表现为倾角较缓、北西倾向的逆冲低阻体,反映了青藏高原东缘相对四川盆地的推覆作用.其在地下向青藏高原内部延伸,深度约为20 km左右.在标志逆冲推覆滑脱面的低阻层下存在一电性梯度带,表征着低阻的青藏高原中下地壳与高阻的扬子地壳之间的电性转换.位于四川盆地东边界的华蓥山断裂在电性结构上表现为一倾向为南东向的低阻体插入高阻的扬子克拉通结晶基底,切割深度约为30 km左右.这一结构反映出华蓥山向西的推覆作用.在电性结构模型的基础上,进一步讨论了青藏高原东缘的壳内物质流、青藏块体与扬子块体的深部关系以及青藏高原东部的隆升机制等构造问题.     

利用接收函数方法研究四川地区地壳结构

采用接收函数反演和共转换点(CCP)偏移叠加成像方法, 利用四川数字地震台网宽频带的52个区域固定地震台站和布设的两条52个宽频带流动地震观测台站的远震地震波形数据资料, 对四川地区地壳结构进行研究。 结果表明, 四川地区的Moho面深度在青藏高原和四川盆地差异明显, 在川西高原地区地壳厚度为52~68 km, 在川滇地块地壳厚度为50~60 km, 在中地壳内存在不连续的低速层分布; 而在四川盆地地壳厚度为38~45 km, 地壳内没有低速层存在。 Moho面深度从川西高原的60多公里至四川盆地的约40 km, 在二者的交界处龙门山断裂带下面, 存在厚度约30 km左右宽的下降过渡带, 说明其下的Moho面可能受断层影响, 结构比较复杂; 在高原地区的上地壳界面和下地壳上界面比四川盆地的相应界面深; 高原地区在中地壳的上部有不连续的低速层分布, 在松潘—甘孜地块的上地壳下部存在向南东运动的脆性推覆体, 在羌塘—理塘地块的上地壳下部存在向南东和南运动的脆性物质流动。     

青藏高原东缘变形机制的讨论: 来自数值模拟结果的限定

青藏高原东缘的地壳结构是两种主流青藏高原隆升模式争辩的焦点之一.中下地壳流曾经被认为是高原东缘隆升的主要构造驱动力,但是中上地壳之间低阻低速层的发现及其与2008 M_S8.0汶川地震良好的对应关系表明,高原东缘具有向东刚性挤出的可能性.然而大部分关于龙门山断裂的数值模拟仍建立在下地壳流的基础上,仅将低阻低速层作为断裂的延续或是弱化地壳物性参数的软弱层,而非能够控制块体滑动的"解耦层",也没有考虑到刚性块体变形中的断裂相互作用.本文建立了包含相互平行的龙门山断裂与龙日坝断裂的刚性上地壳模型,用极薄的低阻低速层作为块体滑动的解耦带,采用速率相关的非线性摩擦接触有限元方法,基于R最小策略控制时间步长,计算了在仅有侧向挤压力作用下,低阻低速层对青藏高原东缘的刚性块体变形和断裂活动的作用.计算结果显示,低阻低速层控制了刚性块体的垂直变形和水平变形分布特征.在侧向挤压力的持续作用下,在低阻低速层控制下的巴颜喀拉块体能够快速隆升,而缺乏低阻低速层的四川盆地隆升速度和隆升量均极小,隆升差异集中在龙门山断裂附近,使其发生应力积累乃至破裂.龙日坝断裂被两侧的刚性次级块体挟持着一起向南东方向运动,但该断裂的走滑运动分解了绝大部分施加在块体边界上的走滑量,使得相邻的龙门山次级块体的走滑分量遽然减少,也使得龙门山断裂表现出以逆冲为主,兼有少量走滑的运动性质.本文所得的这些计算结果显示了在缺乏中下地壳流,仅在低阻低速层解耦下刚性块体隆升过程及相关断裂活动,提供了青藏高原东缘刚性块体挤出的可行性,为青藏高原东缘隆升机制的研究讨论提供了重要依据.     

THE THREE DIMENSIONAL DENSITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN PART OF LONGMENSHAN

In recent years, strong earthquakes of M_S8.0 Wenchuan and M_S7.0 Lushan occurred in the central-southern part of Longmenshan fault zone. The distance between the two earthquakes is less than 80 kilometers. So if we can obtain the inner structure of the crust and upper mantle, it will benefit us to understand the mechanism of the two earthquakes. Based on the high resolution dataset of Bouguer gravity anomaly data and the initial model constrained by three-dimensional tomography results of P-wave velocity in Sichuan-Yunnan region, with the help of the preconditioned conjugate gradient(PCG)inversion method, we established the three dimensional density structure model of the crust and upper mantle of the central-southern segment of Longmenshan, the spatial interval of which is 10 kilometers along the horizontal direction and 5 kilometers along the depth which is limited to 0~65km, respectively. This model also provides a new geophysical model for studying the crustal structure of western Sichuan plateau and Sichuan Basin. The results show obvious differences in the crustal density structure on both sides(Songpan-Ganzê block and Sichuan Basin)of Longmenshan fault zone which is a boundary fault and controls the inner crustal structure. In Sichuan Basin, the sedimentary layer is represented as low density structure which is about 10km thick. In contrast, the upper crust of Songpan-Ganzê block shows a thinner sedimentary layer and higher density structure where bedrock is exposed. Furthermore, there is a wide scale low density layer in the middle crust of the Songpan-Ganzê block. Based on this, we inferred that the medium intensity of the Songpan-Ganzê block is significantly lower than that of Sichuan Basin. As a result, the eastward movement of material of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, blocked by the Sichuan Basin, is inevitably impacted, resulting in compressional deformation and uplift, forming the Longmenshan thrust-nappe tectonic belt at the same time. The result also presents that the crustal structure has a distinct segmental feature along the Longmenshan fault zone, which is characterized by obviously discontinuous changes in crustal density. Moreover, a lot of high- and low-density structures appear around the epicenters of Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Combining with the projection of the precise locating earthquake results, it is found that Longmenshan fault zone in the upper crust shows obvious segmentation, both Wenchuan and Lushan earthquake occurred in the high density side of the density gradient zone. Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks are mainly distributed in the west of central Longmenshan fault zone. In the south of Maoxian-Beichuan, its aftershocks occurred in high density area and the majority of them are thrust earthquake. In the north of Maoxian-Beichuan, its aftershocks occurred in the low density area and the majority of them are strike-slip earthquake. The Lushan earthquake and its aftershocks are concentrated near the gradient zone of crustal density and tend to the side of the high density zone. The aftershocks of Lushan earthquake ended at the edge of low-density zone which is in EW direction in the north Baoxing. The leading edge of Sichuan Basin, which has high density in the lower crust, expands toward the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with the increase of depth, and is close to the west of the Longmenshan fault zone at the top of upper mantle. Our results show that there are a lot of low density bodies in the middle and lower crust of Songpan-Ganzê Block. With the increase of the depth, the low density bodies are moving to the south and its direction changed. This phenomenon shows that the depth and surface structure of Songpan-Ganzê Block are not consistent, suggesting that the crust and upper mantle are decoupled. Although a certain scale of low-density bodies are distributed in the middle and lower crust of Songpan-Ganzê, their connectivity is poor. There are some low-density anomalies in the floor plan. It is hard to give clear evidence to prove whether the lower crust flow exists.     

青藏高原东缘的地壳流及动力过程

黏滞性地壳流对地壳及上地幔变形作用及动力机制,是大陆新生代造山带的一个重要研究内容.青藏高原中下地壳存在部分熔融或含水物质的黏滞性流体,已为一系列地球物理及岩石学研究所证实.为研究青藏高原东缘地壳流的动力作用,本文用密集的被动源宽频带地震台的观测数据,反演了地壳上地幔精细速度结构和泊松比.研究表明,川西及滇西北高原的中地壳内普遍存在低速层,而高泊松比的地壳只分布在川西北地区.位于中地壳的黏滞性地壳流从青藏高原腹地羌塘高原流出,自北西向南东流入青藏高原东缘.这些黏滞性地壳流带动了上地壳块体水平移动,当它们受到刚强的四川盆地及华南地块阻挡时将发生分层作用,地壳流将分为二或更多分支不同方向的分流,向上的一支地壳流将对上地壳产生挤压,引起地面隆升,向下的一支地壳流将使莫霍面下沉加厚下地壳·黏滞性地壳流的运动在地壳中产生应变破裂发生强烈地震活动,地震的空间分布与震源机制也受到地壳流动力作用控制.     

阿坝—遂宁宽角地震剖面重建藏东缘龙门山地区地壳速度结构

龙门山断裂带位于青藏高原东缘,在中生代和晚新生代经历强烈的构造变形,急剧抬升,是研究青藏高原隆升和扩展动力学过程的重要窗口.本文利用起伏地形下的高精度成像方法,对"阿坝一龙门山一遂宁"宽角反射/折射地震数据重新处理,通过走时反演重建研究区地壳速度结构.剖面自西向东跨越松潘一甘孜块体、龙门山断裂带和四川盆地,不同块体速度结构表现了显著的差异.松潘甘孜块体地表复理石沉积层内有高速岩体侵入,低速层低界面起伏不平反映了该区的逆冲推覆构造.中下地壳速度横向上连续变化,平均速度较低(约6.26 km·s~(-1)).四川盆地沉积层西厚东薄,并在西侧出现与挤压和剥蚀作用相关的压扭形态.中下地壳西薄东厚,平均速度较高(约6.39 km.s~(-1)).龙门山断裂带是地壳速度和厚度的陡变带,Moho面自西向东抬升约13 km.在整个剖面上Moho面表现为韧性挠曲,中下地壳横向上连续变化,推测古扬子块体已到达松潘甘孜块体下方.松潘甘孜块体下方中下地壳韧性变形,并在底部拖曳着被断裂切割的脆性上地壳,应力在不同断裂上积累和释放,诱发大量地震.     

六盘山断裂带及其邻区地壳结构

新生代期间,中国大陆西部受印度一欧亚板块碰撞和青藏高原隆升影响,以地壳缩短、增厚、陆内造山和强烈地震活动等为主要特征.在青藏高原东北边缘,高原物质侧向移动被鄂尔多斯地块所阻,在六盘山地区发育了一系列左旋斜冲断裂.断裂带周缘构造变形强烈,地震活动频繁,是研究青藏高原横向扩展控制大陆内部弥散变形的理想场所.本文对穿越青藏高原东北缘一六盘山断裂带一鄂尔多斯地块的宽角反射与折射地震资料使用层析成像和射线反演算法进行成像,获得了研究区地壳速度结构模型,其结果反映出六盘山断裂带两侧地壳结构、构造特征差异显著:1)上地壳层析成像结果显示鄂尔多斯盆地一侧地壳上部速度较低,等值线呈近水平状,具有典型的沉积盆地特征,而青藏高原东北缘一侧上地壳速度相对较高,横向变化剧烈,呈褶皱状,二者的分界为海原一六盘山逆冲走滑断裂;2)全地壳射线反演结果显示鄂尔多斯地块地壳速度梯度大,下地壳底部速度高由铁镁质物质组成,具有典型稳定古老克拉通的特征,青藏高原东北缘地壳速度总体较低,主要由长英质及长英-铁镁质过渡物质组成,具有典型造山带的特征,而六盘山断裂带下方地壳速度结构复杂,层面呈拱形,部分层出现速度逆转,为两个构造单元的接触过渡带;3)青藏高原东北缘一侧地壳厚度~50 km,鄂尔多斯地块地壳厚度~42 km,六盘山断裂带下方莫霍面发生叠置,揭示出青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯地壳在六盘山下汇聚,较薄且刚性的鄂尔多斯地壳挤入较厚且塑性的青藏高原东北缘地壳中的构造模式.     

2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应

汶川M_s8.0强烈地震发生在一条现今并不活动的龙门山构造带上,造成了以汶川、映秀为中心及其周边地域的严重破坏和人员的重大伤亡.然而强烈震发生前却未见有可能的确切征兆或浅表层异常活动,即浅层过程与地震发生的深层过程并不匹配.为此对这次强烈地震“孕育”、发生和发展的深层过程进行了分析和探讨,初步研究表明：①在印度洋板块与欧亚板块陆—陆碰撞、挤压作用下,喜马拉雅造山带东构造结向NNE方向顶挤、楔入青藏高原东北缘,迫使高原深部物质向东流展,在受到以龙门山为西北边界的四川盆地阻隔下,一部分物质则转而向东南侧向运移;②龙门山地带在地形上差达3500±500 m左右,而地壳厚度在龙门山西北部为60±5 km左右,四川盆地为40±2 km左右,而龙门山地带与其东、西两侧相比则为地壳厚度变化幅度达15~20 km的突变地域,即为应力作用的耦合地带;③中、下地壳和地幔盖层物质以地壳低速层、低阻层（深20~25 km）为第一滑移面,以上地幔软流层顶面为第二滑移面,且在四川盆地深部“刚性”物质阻 隔下,深部壳、幔物质以高角度在龙门山构造带和四川盆地的耦合地带向上运移（或称逆冲）,且在龙门山地表三条断裂构成的断裂系向下延伸到20 km左右深处汇聚,二者强烈碰撞、挤压、震源介质破裂;在物质与能量的强烈交换下,应力得到释放,故形成了这次M_s.0强烈地震.为此从深部初步揭示了这次强烈地震“孕育”、发生和发展的深层动力过程.     

青藏高原东边缘冕宁—宜宾剖面电性结构及其构造意义

在青藏高原东边缘沿冕宁—宜宾进行了大地电磁探测研究,剖面西起康滇地轴,向东穿过大凉山地块,终止于四川盆地.利用带地形的NLCG(非线性共轭梯度)方法对资料进行了反演,得到沿剖面的二维电性结构.康滇地轴和大凉山地块地壳中存在向上拱起的高导层(HCL),顶面埋深为10～15 km,最浅处不足10 km,厚度大约15～25 km,最小电阻率小于10 Ωm.四川盆地中下地壳不存在高导层.和该剖面北侧的石棉—乐山剖面的地壳电性结构对比分析表明,高导层在南北方向上可能连续延伸,长度大于100 km.壳内高导层的高导电性与岩石的部分熔融有关,并可能含有百分之几的含盐流体,易于流动和变形.青藏高原东部地壳内的可流动层在向东或东南方向流动过程中,由于受到四川盆地的阻挡,转向南或南南东方向,大体沿着大凉山地块的走向.在东西方向,壳内高导层自川滇地块向东运动,穿过大凉山地块西边界的安宁河断裂和则木河断裂,在大凉山地块东部,向四川盆地深部倾俯.本文对于壳内可流动层的存在及其与青藏高原东边缘的变形和地震活动性的关系进行了探讨.     

青藏高原东南缘地壳结构与变形机制研究进展

新生代青藏高原的隆升改变了整个亚洲的构造格局,对气候、环境均产生了重要的影响,但高原的隆升扩展机制众说纷纭.青藏高原东南缘作为扩展前缘,其构造演化对了解整个高原的扩展机制具有重要的意义.本文总结了近年来对青藏高原东南缘地壳结构研究的最新进展,特别是2011年中国地震科学探测台阵计划开展以来,利用密集地震台阵取得的新成果,探讨了青藏高原东南缘地壳的结构与变形机制.这些研究发现青藏高原的地壳由高原向外围减薄,但在高原边界断裂附近存在地壳厚度突变带;下地壳中存在两个独立的低速异常,一个位于松潘—甘孜块体下方,被高原的边界断裂所围限,另一个位于小江断裂带下方,呈NE-SW向展布.我们认为青藏高原东南缘下地壳物质被边界(丽江—小金河)断裂所围限,并没有继续向边缘流出,但是地壳挤出产生的应力作用继续向东南方向传递,造成了小江断裂带附近的地壳变形.     

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震动力学背景的数值模拟实验

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震发生在龙门山断裂带.本文基于龙门山断裂带的地质与地球物理研究结果,以及高精度的地形数据、大地热流测量数据,建立了以龙门山断裂带为主要研究对象的有限元模型;以GPS观测数据、构造应力场和震源破裂过程研究结果为约束,研究了此次强烈地震的动力学背景.模拟实验结果显示:在考虑青藏高原物质向东挤压流动的同时,青藏高原与四川盆地的地形差异和流变强度差异、断层摩擦强度差异和断层产状形式均对地震起始破裂的发生位置和断层错动形式有着重要影响.本文利用地球动力学的有限元软件模拟了汶川地震地表破裂在龙门山断裂带上传播的过程.     

川西地区瑞雷波方位各向异性

本文使用川西密集地震台阵记录的面波资料,利用程函方程面波成像方法获得了周期为14—60 s的瑞雷波相速度及方位各向异性分布。结果显示:川滇菱形地块的川西北地块内部的低速异常明显,其下地壳各向异性快波方向以NS向为主,松潘—甘孜地块内部的低速异常稍弱,下地壳各向异性快波方向以NW?SESE向为主,表明川西北地块可能存在下地壳通道流,松潘—甘孜地块内部存在的通道流相对较弱;龙门山断裂带和丽江—小金河断裂两侧的速度结构和方位各向异性均有明显差异,可推测青藏高原内部的地壳流在东部和南部分别受高速、高强度的四川盆地和滇中地块阻挡,沿高原边界带发生了侧向流动;周期大于25 s的面波方位各向异性方向为NW?SE;与SKS分裂优势方向相近,说明四川盆地的剪切波各向异性可能主要源于上地幔;而龙门山断裂带附近壳幔各向异性较为复杂,面波方位各向异性与SKS分裂的NW?SE向弱各向异性存在差异,表明该处的剪切波各向异性可能来自地幔更深处,有待进一步研究。      

Crustal structure of the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin from ambient noise tomography

We apply ambient noise tomography to significant seismic data resources in a region including the northeastern Tibetan plateau,the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin.The seismic data come from about 160 stations of the provincial broadband digital seismograph networks of China.Ambient noise cross-correlations are performed on the data recorded between 2007 and 2009 and high quality inter-station Rayleigh phase velocity dispersion curves are obtained between periods of 6 s to 35 s.Resulting Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps possess a lateral resolution between 100 km and 200 km.The phase velocities at short periods (20 s) are lower in the Sichuan basin,the northwest segment of the Ordos block and the Weihe graben,and outline sedimentary deposits.At intermediate and long periods (25 s),strong high velocity anomalies are observed within the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin and low phase velocities are imaged in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,reflecting the variation of crustal thickness from the Tibetan plateau to the neighboring regions in the east.Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocities vary strongly between the Tibetan plateau,the Sichuan basin and the Ordos block.The Ordos block and the Sichuan basin are dominated by high shear wave velocities in the crust and uppermost mantle.There is a triangle-shaped low velocity zone located in the northeastern Tibetan plateau,whose width narrows towards the eastern margin of the plateau.No low velocity zone is apparent beneath the Qinling orogen,suggesting that mass may not be able to flow eastward through the boundary between the Ordos block and the Sichuan basin in the crust and uppermost mantle.     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.     

A study on 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Sichuan -Yunnan region, China

Many evidences indicate that the collision of two plates deformed strongly the crust of the SYR, and the deformation has been continued up to the present. In addition, the SYR is in the south segment of the South-North Seismic Zone of China, which is one of the regions in the Chinese mainland, where the seismic activity is very high, and the strong earthquakes frequently occurred. Since the 1970s, a series of large earthquakes with magnitude M>7.0 occurred in SYR, such as the 1970 Tongha…     

有限元数值模拟龙门山断裂带地震循环的地壳变形演化

现今地壳变形数据显示横跨龙门山断裂带的地壳缩短速率低于3 mm·a^-1,如此小的地壳缩短速率与龙门山断裂带附近的长期地质造山（平均高程约4.5 km）形成强烈对比.我们构建并使用了一个二维平面应变黏弹塑性有限元模型来模拟龙门山断裂带的地震循环位移变化,从而探讨了短期变形与长期变形之间的关系.模型模拟了地震循环的各个阶段（震间加载期、同震瞬间和震后黏性松弛调整期）以及多个地震循环（万年尺度）的地表变形,揭示了变形在地震循环中是如何累积、释放、调整以及最终形成永久变形导致了造山.模拟结果显示,岩石圈流变结构以及断层几何形态均对地震循环的地表位移变化有着显著的影响.经过多个地震循环,青藏高原东缘整体产生水平缩短与增厚抬升,而四川盆地基本保持稳定,区域的水平缩短主要由断层位错及青藏东缘的缩短抬升来调解,造成了青藏东部与川西盆地的差异抬升.研究结果将地震循环时间尺度的短期变形与长期地质造山联系起来,帮助我们理解青藏高原东部的隆升机制.     

川滇地区地壳上地幔三维速度结构研究

根据云南和四川地震台网174个台站记录的4625个区域地震初至Ｐ波和Ｓ波走时资料，并结合其它深部地球物理资料，确定了川滇地区地壳上地幔三维速度结构．在上地壳速度异常分布中，四川盆地为正异常，川西高原为负异常，龙门山断裂带为正、负异常的边界．龙门山断裂、鲜水河断裂以及红河断裂等，在下地壳和上地幔的速度异常中仍显示出构造分界特征，说明它们可能穿透了莫霍界面．腾冲火山区和攀西构造带在50km深度上呈现负速度异常，与上地幔温度和物质组成的差异相联系．川滇地区地壳结构的总体特征是:地壳和上地幔的低平均速度，地壳厚度变化剧烈，地壳和（或）上地幔存在高导层、高热流值．这些同印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的构造背景有关．川滇菱形块体在地壳内总体上为正常或正异常速度，而其边界的深大走滑断裂存在负速度异常，它有助于地壳块体沿断裂的侧向挤出．在主要的地震带上，中下地壳的负速度异常与地震活动性相关．多数强烈地震发生在具有正速度异常或正常速度分布的上中地壳深度上，而其下方则通常是负速度异常带．      

A study on 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Sichuan-Yunan region, China

Based on the first arrival P and S data of 4 625 regional earthquakes recorded at 174 stations dispersed in the Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, the 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the region is determined, incorporating with previous deep geophysical data. In the upper crust, a positive anomaly velocity zone exists in the Sichuan basin, whereas a negative anomaly velocity zone exists in the western Sichuan plateau. The boundary between the positive and negative anomaly zones is the Longmenshan fault zone. The images of lower crust and upper mantle in the Longmenshan fault, Xianshuihe fault, Honghe fault and others show the characteristic of tectonic boundary, indicating that the faults likely penetrate the Moho discontinuity. The negative velocity anomalies at the depth of 50 km in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with the temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are the lower average velocity in both crust and uppermost mantle, the large crustal thickness variations, and the existence of high conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and higher geothermal value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the India and the Asia plates. The crustal velocity in the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block generally shows normal value or positive anomaly, while the negative anomaly exists in the area along the large strike-slip faults as the block boundary. It is conducive to the crustal block side-pressing out along the faults. In the major seismic zones, the seismicity is relative to the negative anomaly velocity. Most strong earthquakes occurred in the upper-mid crust with positive anomaly or normal velocity, where the negative anomaly zone generally exists below. Foundation item: National Scientific and Technological Development Program (95-973-02-02), the Climb Program (95-S-05-01) of National Scientific and Technological Ministry of China, and the State Natural Sciences Foundation of China (49874021). Contribution No. 02FE2004, Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau.     

四川龙门山断裂带高精度地壳/岩石圈黏度结构及其动力学意义

岩石圈黏度是大陆动力学研究中一个重要参数,但是岩石圈黏度,尤其是横向小尺度(<100 km)黏度结构的确定是一个挑战.本文根据电阻率和黏度与它们控制因素的相似关系,直接把一条跨过青藏高原东缘和四川龙门山断裂带的大地电磁(MT)探测的电阻率剖面转换成黏度结构作为输入,在GPS速度和地表地形数据的约束下,利用地球动力学数值模拟获得了该剖面的二维地壳/岩石圈黏度结构.本文推断的黏度与前人获得的区域尺度的黏度值一致,但揭示出了更多的细节.本文的黏度结构揭示出研究区域内的地壳/岩石圈黏度存在较大的空间变化范围(约5量级),黏度值分布在1.48×10^17~8.44×10^22 Pa·s之间;龙门山断裂带下的黏度存在强烈的小尺度横向变化,其中、下地壳的黏度分别为1.99×10^18~8.21×10^20 Pa·s(平均1.17×10^20 Pa·s)和4.09×10^19~7.08×10^20 Pa·s(平均1.77×10^20 Pa·s).基于该黏度结构的地球动力学模型表明驱动青藏高原中-下地壳物质流动的可能是热-化学浮力,以及上地壳和中-下地壳可能处于解耦状态.本文获得的黏度结构可以为龙门山断裂带地震成因和机制、岩石圈小尺度变形和构造应力状态的深入研究提供重要的帮助.