气候不稳定性记录研究的新进展

将北大西洋地区所发现的气候不稳定性记录的研究状况与中国黄土的高分辨率气候记录相对比表明：东亚气候的不稳定性变化有其独特的一面,尤其是黄土记录中发生于末次冰期的极端气候变化与北大西洋深海沉积物、格陵兰冰心有一定的差别,此时西伯利亚高压的变动使得东亚的大气环流格局的变化更为突出。北半球高纬度地区与中纬度地区所发现的气候不稳定性记录为我们提供了未来气候环境变化的参照系。气候不稳定性变化的证据对认识气候系     

全球气候转暖促使龙卷风现象增多

正自1954年以来,北美洲平均出现的龙卷风次数逐渐上升,这种恶劣的气候现象会持续几天时间。目前,最新一项研究表明,伴随着全球气候转暖趋势日益严峻,将增大超级龙卷风现象的概率。研究人员表示,温暖气候对龙卷风现象产生一定的影响,但是当前研究方法的有限性阻碍了正确谜底的揭晓。目前,他们致力于分析龙卷风现象日益增多的危险性以及何种原因产生这种变化。目前研究小组正在努力分析哪种气候类型导致龙卷风现象的日益增多,他们认为,未来气象频率和极端条件可能会受到温暖气候的影响,意味着全球气候转暖趋势与龙卷风现象密切相关。这种最简单的气候变化将有助于理解整个气候分布变迁。     

2011气候问题盘点

最近10年来,在年底盘点当年的热点气候事件时,"暖年"都排在首位.经常念叨气候变暖这个话题其实并不讨好,因为它并不直接影响大多数人的生活,也因为它的表现并不甚明显,特别是很难将变化与结果之间对应起来,所以总让人觉得不疼不痒.但是科学的研究和检测结果不会受这些影响.在201 1年,就算是曾经极力反对"气候变暖"说法的科学...     

气候演变与自然灾害

气候变化是引发自然灾害的重要因素之一。在漫长的地史过程中,气候周期性的变化使自然灾害的多发期呈现出一定的周期性。本文研究了不同时间尺度的气候冷热变化周期与自然灾害多发期的关系,发现气候由执为冷时期与自然爽发期具有很好的对应关系。从气候周期的定位结构来看,现在和２１世纪是处在２０．４和０．４ｋａ气候周期中的冷时段,由此推断本世纪末和２１世纪可能是自然灾害的多发期。     

气候平均值的计算及意义

本文提出了气候平均值函数的概念及其计算方法。认为计算气候平均值应采用气候平均值函数,并应围绕要素的周期变化去进行。根据每个周期的最大值与最小值之间都有全周期的平均值存在。因此,可以采用半周期的要素值计算出全周期的气候平均值。从而使有限年代的资料计算出的气候平均值可以代表更长年代的平均情况。也使我们清楚地知道所计算的气候要素的振动状态及演变趋势,以及所计算的气候平均值大体代表的有效年代及准确程度。     

安徽省气候舒适度评价及旅游资源潜力分析

选取1981—2010年安徽省80个县市气象观测资料,采用温湿指数、风寒指数和着衣指数建立了气候舒适度模型,对安徽气候舒适度进行了评价,并结合旅游资源吸引力对旅游资源潜力进行综合分析。结果表明：(1)安徽省气候舒适期为6—9个月,整体气候舒适,大部分地区处于中舒适期等级,大别山区、皖南山区部分地区处于长舒适期等级。(2)全省旅游气候整体属于春秋、初夏舒适型气候,全省最佳旅游时段为3—6月和9—11月,其中4—5月和9—10月气候最为舒适。盛夏季节(7—8月)黄山、大别山区等地气候较舒适,适宜避暑旅游;2月黄山、池州部分地区气候相对舒适度,较宜开展避寒旅游活动。(3)选取接待客流量作为评价旅游资源潜力的指标,接待客流量与气候舒适度指数、旅游资源吸引力呈正相关关系,气候舒适度指数是影响接待客流量的重要因素。该研究为旅游资源开发及旅游活动开展提供了参考。     

过去2000年的特征气候时段及其影响因素

清楚认识过去2 000年来特征气候时段的气候特性,对于了解现代气候状况及其变化趋势有重要意义。大量研究显示,过去2 000年来的特征气候时段可概括为相对寒冷的黑暗时代冷期(简称DACP,大体位于400—600AD)、相对温暖的中世纪暖期(简称MWP,大体位于900—1400AD)、相对寒冷的小冰期(简称LIA,大体位于1500—1850AD)和20世纪异常温暖期。DACP的起止时间等目前仍有争议;MWP的争议在于它的全球性以及温暖程度,特别是它是否暖过20世纪后期;LIA是继MWP之后的一个冷期,全球大部分区域都有记录,但不同区域LIA的起始时间和温度变化幅度各不相同;20世纪异常温暖期指的是20世纪初(1920s)以来的气候变暖,目前的争论主要集中于它的驱动机制和影响因素。一般认为,过去2 000年来特征气候时段的形成可能与太阳活动、火山爆发和人类活动、温室气体增多和海气相互作用等因素有关。其中工业化(1860s)以前长时间尺度的气候主要受太阳和火山活动等的影响,工业化后的气候与温室气体的增多有关。未来对过去2 000年气候的研究,需要提高代用资料指示年代和区域气候信息的准确性,增加高分辨率、高精度代用资料,扩展研究区域,关注气候变化的全面性,发展气候模型进一步了解气候变化的规律和机制。     

冰缘地貌与气候的拟合关系研究

冰缘地貌属于一种气候作用地貌,全球有60多种冰缘地貌类型。冰缘的研究对我们了解气候变迁有着重要意义,但我国对冰缘地貌与气候的拟合关系方面缺少研究成果,这无疑阻碍了冰缘地貌应用于气候重建领域的研究进展。通过进一步分析冰缘地貌类型与气候之间的关系,并结合前人研究成果将冰缘地貌按照其与气候相关性程度大小划分成4个等级,建立了冰缘地貌与气候拟合关系的金字塔模型。     

自然气候变率对近百年气候变化的影响研究进展

对近年来关于自然气候变率对近百年全球、中国气候以及海洋影响的研究成果进行了详细的总结分析。目前的研究认为,20世纪后50年的气温变化,更可能是人类活动的结果,而20世纪的前50年的气候变化,被认为是自然外力和人类活动共同的影响结果;对于中国20世纪气候增暖的原因,研究认为人类活动可能已经对中国的气候变暖产生了影响,但太阳活动、火山爆发及气候系统内部的低频振动对气候变化可能也具有重要影响。另外研究认为引起全球海洋总热容量增加的重要原因是人类活动的影响。     

闽台海岸带气候的异同

本文对闽，台海岸带的风况与风能资源，日照与太阳能资源，热量资源，水资源，台风等几种气候要素进行对比分析，并揭示闽，台海岸带气候的共同特征和差异。     

OWC装置空气透平压降作用试验研究

空气透平的压降作用及由其带来的空气流速变化,是串联2次能量转换过程、实现两转换过程耦合的核心要素.试验主要是在物理模型的基础上,对带有冲击式透平的OWC装置能量转换影响因素进行研究.试验主要考察2次能量转换耦合作用下,气室内自由水面变换、气室内压强变化、输气管内空气流速变换及三者耦合与相互作用.     

渤海、北黄海海冰与气候变化的关系

渤海和北黄海的冰情随着历年冬季气候差异而不同.暖冬海冰覆盖范围不足海域的15%,而寒冬可覆盖海域80%以上.概述了海冰监测及资料来源.冰覆盖面积、外缘线位置和冰况等级等被作为反映结冰海域冰情的指标.用大连和营口站的气温表示渤海、北黄海海域的局地气候.用1952～2000年大连的月平均气温描述冰情的变化.给出冰情指数由1952/1953年到1999/2000年随大连站月平均气温变化.影响渤海和北黄海冰情和气候的因子很多,诸如大气环流的演变和太阳活动等.分析了多种因子与冰情的滞后相关,指出20世纪90年代渤海冰情持续偏轻与全球气候变暖趋势相当一致;渤海和北黄海冰情的年际变化与El-Nino现象以及太阳活动周期有关;讨论了海冰季节演变的特征     

Air temperature and energy consumption feedbacks within urbanized areas

In the 21st century, the climate of expanding megacities and urbanized areas is increasingly forming and changing under the influence of the growing power consumption of the urban economy. To understand the urban climate dynamic and estimate the energy needs of cities in the 21st century, it is necessary to consider not only global and regional climatic factors, but also the presence of feedback between temperature and energy consumption in urbanized areas. This feedback can be both negative and positive, and their significance depends essentially on the climate and landform of the region, system of electricity and heat supply of a city, and some other factors. This article describes the main factors of formation and development of temperature and energy-consumption feedback within urbanized areas in cold and warm seasons when indoor heating or air conditioning is being used. The role of advection in strengthening and weakening of this feedback is studied. The estimates of the parameter and coefficient of feedback strengthening with the influence of anthropogenic heat fluxes and advection on the urban air temperature are presented.     

Analysis on the annual variation characteristics of heat exchange on the atmosphere-sea interface over the tropical Pacific

The tropical ocean is the area where the interaction process between atmosphere and sea is most active.To analyze the sensible and latent heat flux (abridged as SHF and LHF hereafter) over the tropical ocean and their spatial and temporal variation as well as the relationship between them and other factors are all essential in understanding the thermo-dynamic interaction mecha nism between atmosphere and sea.These are also useful in the further study on the unusual oceanic and atmospheric circulation and on the climate modelling.By using EOF method,we have discussed the LFH and SFH over the tropical Pacific and the causality factors of the heat flux,the main purpose is to initialize some new approaches with climatic significance.     

极端降水与干旱同步频发的研究进展

全球气候变暖已是不争的事实,其导致的极端气候事件增多、增强已成为全球性趋势。近年来全球多个区域存在旱涝并存、旱涝频发的趋势。研究表明,长期旱涝频发的主要原因是全球气温升高致使水循环在时间尺度上产生更强的非均匀性以及人为排放气溶胶粒子增多,短期旱涝急转的主要原因是大气环流形势、暖湿气流输送异常的耦合作用。现阶段对于极端降水和干旱事件同步频发的观测、诊断和模拟较少,不同气候地理条件下两者之间的关系及引起区域降水强度变化的关键性因子等方面亟需深入研究。     

南半球热带外气候变量与两种ENSO的联系

This study uses the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) to investigate the responses of the Southern Hemisphere(SH) extratropical climate to two types of El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)—the eastern Pacific(EP) type and the central Pacific(CP) type in different seasons. The responses are denoted by the anomalies of climate variables associated with one-standard-deviation increase in the Ni?o3 or Ni?o4 index. The results show that in austral spring the differences in the ENSO-related anomaly(ERA) patterns of atmospheric circulation between the EP ENSO period(1979–1998) and CP ENSO period(1999–2010) are mainly associated with the change in the ENSO-PSA2 relationship. Such differences affect the ERA fields of surface air temperature and mixed layer temperature, and finally result in significant differences in sea-ice concentration anomalies in the Atlantic sector. In austral summer, significant correlation exists between the variations of SAM and both of the variations of Ni?o3 and Ni?o4 in 1979–1998, while the correlation between SAM and Ni?o4 disappears in 1999–2010. For all seasons, the strength of the climate ERAs depend on if there are close relationship between ENSO and the major climate variation modes of the SH extratropics. For the climate variables, the ERA patterns of surface air temperature are generally controlled by surface wind anomalies and mirrored by the mixed layer temperature anomalies. The mixed layer depth anomalies are primarily modulated by surface heat flux anomalies and occasionally by anomalous wind. There are strikingly strong anomalies of surface heat flux in the autumn of 1979–1998 related to the Ni?o3 variation, the period when there is only significant correlation between ENSO and PSA2. There are no evidence that the SH extratropical climate variability induced by Ni?o3 variations are stronger in the EP-ENSO period, and that variability induced by Ni?o4 variations are stronger in the CP-ENSO period.     

Relation of ice conditions to climate change in the Bohai Sea of China

1NTRODUcrIONThe bohai As is a seasonally ice-covered sea and is located in the lowest latitudes (37' -4l'N), where sea ice occurs. The bohai ffea is nearly enclosed by land in the south, the northand the west, and only connects to the Huanghai ffea through the bohai Strait in the east.The width of the strait is abeut l06 km. The boai ffea is very shallow basin with the meandepth of l8 m and the maximum depth of 78 m. The topography of the sea bottom and thecoastal regions has an importan…     

Climate of the last millennium: a sensitivity study

Seventy-one sensitivity experiments have been performed using a two-dimensional sector-averaged global climate model to assess the potential impact of six different factors on the last millennium climate and in particular on the surface air temperature evolution. Both natural (i.e, solar and volcanism) and anthropogenically-induced (i.e. deforestation, additional greenhouse gases, and tropospheric aerosol burden) climate forcings have been considered.
Comparisons of climate reconstructions with model results indicate that all the investigated forcings are needed to simulate the surface air temperature evolution. Due to uncertainties in historical climate forcings and temperature reconstructions, the relative importance of a particular forcing in the explanation of the recorded temperature variance is largely function of the forcing time series used. Nevertheless, our results indicate that whatever the historical solar and volcanic reconstructions may be, these externally driven natural climate forcings are unable to give climate responses comparable in magnitude and time to the late–20th-century temperature warming while for earlier periods combination of solar and volcanic forcings can explain the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period. Only the greenhouse gas forcing allows the model to simulate an accelerated warming rate during the last three decades. The best guess simulation (largest similarity with the reconstruction) for the period starting 1850 AD requires however to include anthropogenic sulphate forcing as well as the impact of deforestation to constrain the magnitude of the greenhouse gas twentieth century warming to better fit the observation. On the contrary, prior to 1850 AD mid-latitude land clearance tends to reinforce the Little Ice age in our simulations.     

末次冰消期以来东海内陆架沉积物磁化率的环境意义

对末次冰消期以来东海内陆架沉积物磁化率的影响因素及其蕴含的古环境信息进行了探讨.对位于浙闽沿岸泥质沉积中心附近的EC2005孔沉积物磁化率、岩性、粒度、常量元素、矿物以及AMS<'14>C测年数据进行了综合分析,得出以下主要结论:EC2005孔沉积物磁化率的变化受多种因素的制约,不同层位的主要控制因素不同,60.20～...     

半封闭海域生态修复策略研究——以渤海为例

渤海作为我国唯一的半封闭型海域,是京津冀城市群蓬勃发展的战略支撑和关键依托,其生态环境的稳定与沿岸人类福祉息息相关,其生态环境修复是近年来该领域的研究热点。文章重点围绕全球气候变化和人类活动对渤海生态环境的影响进行了剖析,通过综合对比分析国内外其他类似水域或地区的生态修复既有成果,立足渤海水域特点和现状,提出动态思维与整体保护原则、生境连通性修复原则、不同时空尺度修复原则等生态修复原则,并指出渤海生态修复需理性规划渔业经济活动,统筹考虑渤海生态与冲淡水之间的关系,建议运用前瞻性的思维模式和理念,合理预测、规划、定位、配置、实施和维护渤海生态系统的稳定,重点探索应对全球气候变化的最佳适应性管理策略。