基于GIS的地下水流有限差数值模拟参数自动提取研究

本文根据地下水流有限差模拟有关参数的空间分布特点,将其划分为点状、线状与面状空间分布参数三种类型。利用GIS的空间分析功能,研究基于GIS的点状、线状与面状空间分布参数自动提取的技术路线。通过点、线、面三者之间空间位置关系的拓扑分析,确定地下水开采井、水位动态监测井、线状与面状水系、模拟区域边界、面状参数分布区与模型空间离散格网之间的空间位置关系。经过矢量数据与栅格数据互相转换,实现地下水流有限差数值模拟有关参数的自动提取。结合地下水流有限差分数值模拟有关参数数据文件的结构,将基于GIS提取的栅格结构数据文件自动转换成模型所需结构的数据文件,达到模型参数数据文件的自动组织与提高地下水流数值模拟的效率目的。     

数字正射像片在地理信息系统中的应用

数字正射像片（ｄｉｇｉｔａｌｏｒｔｈｏｐｈｔｏｓ）以其迅速、快捷的生产方式和详实、可靠的信息数据特性可以作为地理信息系统的一种新的信息源。本文论述了数字正射像片在地理信息系统中的应用，首次在矢量数据和栅格数据混合数据结构的图形工作站上，对数字正射像片应用于地理信息系统的原理、方法和数据流程进行了尝试。     

栅格数据表示空间信息的不确定性初探

首先阐述了栅格结构在地形表达方面所表现出来的两大优势,正因为这些优势使得栅格结构能在GIS中得到广泛应用。其次,分析了由于栅格结构自身的特点,导致了在处理地形表面数据时,会有基于点和基于面两种不同的处理方式,并由此会产生解释格网属性值和确定属性值定位这两方面的不确定性。然后,提出了解决该问题的方法,即将栅格数据结构分为像素模型和格网模型两种形式。最后给出了两个典型例子,来说明若将不同的栅格数据图层等同对待会产生的结果误差情况,提醒用户使用栅格数据时注意的事项。     

城市大比例尺数字影像地图的研制

城市数字影像地图的制作与应用是城市遥感和数字城市建设的重要环节 ,是城市基础空间数据集和城市GIS的重要组成部分 ,其在城市建设和发展中的地位与作用日益高涨。本文就城市大比例尺数字影像地图制作工艺、生产平台、比例尺系列、航摄要求、控制数据、质量要求和应用模式等进行了探讨 ,对比了数字摄影测量系统和商用遥感图像处理系统在城市影像制图中的应用方式 ,认为在现阶段 ,在城市测量单位 ,以基于单片微分纠正原理的图像处理软件为主要制作平台 ,集成其它测量和制图系统以及既有控制数据和地形数据进行规模化的影像图生产具有极大的优势和推广应用前景.并以生产实例对优势和前景进行了说明。     

鄱阳湖空间信息演示系统的生成与虚拟可视化应用

鄱阳湖是我国第一淡水湖,生态环境特点显著,整合多源数据建立空间信息系统对提高该地区的科学认识具有重要意义。本文介绍了鄱阳湖空间信息系统及虚拟环境演示系统的设计与建设的核心技术与步骤。整个系统是由一系列专题空间数据库和基础地理信息数据库组成。利用VR-Map软件的三维显示功能及二次开发功能可以快速实现地形的虚拟三维可视化。     

顾及地形的滇中引水工程最低成本线路研究

以滇中引水工程线路规划为例,以资源三号测绘卫星ZY-3 DSM为数据源,以均值变点分析法为理论依据,借助Python语言编程实现研究区地势起伏度最佳统计单元的确定,并运用GIS技术生成地势起伏度和坡度图。再运用专家打分评价方法,确定地势起伏度和坡度的权重,采用基于栅格的成本加权分析法,构建滇中引水工程地形成本栅格。在此基础上,将引水工程线路规划问题转化为GIS最低成本路径求解问题,以栅格数据Dijkstra算法为基础,求解出滇中引水工程最低成本线路。从地形的角度,研究了复杂地形状况下滇中引水工程智能线路规划的方法,可为引水工程提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

基于ORDBMS的GIS空间数据管理模式及其应用

从GIS系统中矢量数据与栅格数据优势互补、管理分离这一实际出发,分析了对象关系数据库(ORDB)的特点和适用性,提出了将矢量数据和栅格数据纳入对象关系数据库管理系统(ORDBMS)统一管理的基本模型和具体实现方法,并以湖南省基础地理数据为例,在国产地理信息系统软件ViewGIS中实现。     

Optimization of groundwater level monitoring network using GIS-based geostatistical method and multi-parameter analysis: A case study in Wainganga Sub-basin,India

Groundwater is one of the most important resources, its monitoring and optimized management has now become the priority to satisfy the demand of rapidly increasing population. In many developing countries, optimized groundwater level monitoring networks are rarely designed to build up a strong groundwater level data base, and to reduce operation time and cost. The paper presents application of geostatistical method to optimize existing network of observation wells for 18 sub-watersheds within the Wainganga Sub-basin located in the central part of India. The average groundwater level fluctuation (GWLF) from 37 observation wells is compared with parameters like lineament density, recharge, density of irrigation wells, land use and hydrogeology (LiRDLH) of Wainganga Sub-basin and analyzed stochastically in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment using simple, ordinary, disjunctive and universal kriging methods. Semivariogram analyses have been performed separately for all kriging methods to fit the best theoretical model with experimental model. Results from gaussian, spherical, exponential and circular theoretical models were compared with those of experimental models obtained from the groundwater level data. Spatial analyses conclude that the exponential semivariogram model obtained from ordinary kriging gives the best fit model. Study demonstrates that ordinary kriging gives the optimal solution and additional number of observation wells can be added utilizing the error variance for optimal design of groundwater level monitoring networks. This study describes the use of Geostatistics methods in GIS to predict the groundwater level and upgrade groundwater level monitoring networks from the randomly distributed observation wells considering multiple parameters such as GWLF and LiRDLH. The method proposed in the present study is observed to be an efficient method for selecting observation well locations in a complex geological set up. The study concludes that minimum 82 wells are required for proper monitoring of groundwater level in the study area.     

城市化进程下北京平原渗流场与地面沉降发展演化模拟

北京地面沉降已有60多年的历史,其发生发展与半个多世纪城市的快速扩张密不可分.从整个北京平原地下水系统出发,梳理多年时间序列(1950-2015年)的城市发展规模、人口、水资源及开采动态等数据,结合遥感技术解译不同年代北京平原的不透水面变化,分析其对降雨入渗补给量的影响;构建整个北京平原含水层-弱透水层三维结构系统,借助PMWIN软件建立区域尺度的地下水流-地面沉降耦合模型,利用长期水位及沉降观测数据对模型进行识别验证;开展长时间序列的北京平原地下水水头场与地面沉降演化模拟,研究快速城市化进程下北京平原多层含水层系统渗流场演变与地面沉降响应特征.研究表明:长时间尺度区域地下水流场-地面沉降演化模拟基本再现了地面沉降形成和发展演化的过程;北京地下水开采历史与地面沉降发展历史具有一致性,而不同沉降区地面沉降发展受地下水开采和城市发展双重控制,是二者综合作用的结果.     

GIS-based numerical modelling of debris flow motion across three-dimensional terrain

The objective of this study is to incorporate a numerical model with GIS to simulate the movement, erosion and deposition of debris flow across the three dimensional complex terrain. In light of the importance of erosion and deposition processes during debris flow movement, no entrainment assumption is unreasonable. The numerical model considering these processes is used for simulating debris flow. Raster grid networks of a digital elevation model in GIS provide a uniform grid system to describe complex topography. As the raster grid can be used as the finite difference mesh, the numerical model is solved numerically using the Leap-frog finite difference method. Finally, the simulation results can be displayed by GIS easily and used to debris flow evaluation. To illustrate this approach, the proposed methodology is applied to the Yohutagawa debris flow that occurred on 20th October 2010, in Amami- Oshima area, Japan. The simulation results that reproduced the movement, erosion and deposition are in good agreement with the field investigation. The effectiveness of the dam in this real-case is also verified by this approach. Comparison with the results were simulated by other models, shows that the present coupled model is more rational and effective.     

亚洲地下水资源与环境地质系列图及GIS系统结构

“亚洲地下水资源及环境地质系列图件”(1∶800万)属于洲际尺度图件,包括亚洲水文地质图、亚洲地下水资源图、亚洲地热图和亚洲地下水环境背景图等.针对全球变化,能源危机、资源短缺、环境恶化地质灾害频发的状况,特别是水资源安全保障与地质环境优劣更是直接影响亚洲地区可持续发展,编制上述图件,意义十分重大.亚洲地下水资源及环境...     

An easy approach to assess the susceptibility of a landslide by utilizing simple raster overlay methods: A case study on Huangtupo landslide (P.R. China)

Semi qualitative index based methods using rankings and ratings are commonly used in susceptibility estimations over a wide area. However, generalized ranking and ratings are not applicable for one single landslide. This paper gives an easy and transferable approach to a susceptibility assessment of Huangtupo landslide (P.R. China), using raster addition without taking account for ranking and ratings. Slope, aspect, curvature, location and drainage buffer distance raster data sets have been obtained out of open source digital elevation models using ESRI’s ArcGIS. These conditioning factor raster data sets have been translated into raster data sets including simple yes or no criteria, referring to triggering or not. Subsequently they have been added by raster math to acquire a simple raster overlay map. After that this map is compared to initial displacement measurements, obtained by using a ground based synthetic aperture radar device. Acquired data is recalculated to a raster data set using the same spatial extent, to provide the possibility of comparison of the two raster data sets. The results reveal, that 76.35% of all measured movements occur in areas where raster cells include three or more conditioning factors, indicating that easy raster math operations can lead to satisfying results in local scale.     

近期东北主要城市遥感监测与动态分析

在GIS支持下,以LandsatTM、ETM和SPOT数据为主要信息源,采用栅格数据与矢量数据相结合、多源与多时相数据相结合、多种信息相结合、内业处理与外业调查相结合的技术路线,建立东北三省主要城市环境分析信息系统,对10多年来城市演变规律、趋势进行了遥感动态监测分析,为环境管理与决策服务。     

空间信息源的多尺度地形图智能化缩编方法与应用

多尺度地形图生产和建库是基础地理信息系统建设的重要内容,也是信息库建设的重点和难点。小比例尺地形图,一是按照相应比例规则进行实地测绘,二是采用制图综合逐级缩编,但无论哪种方法都存在着时间长、效率低、更新困难,质量因人而异等缺陷。基于空间信息源的多尺度地形图智能化缩编,借助空间信息数据的整体性、适应性、拓展性、算法先进性和超强分析能力,运用空间信息拓扑关系,建立基本比例尺图形数据库,在信息数据库中智能化完成梯级比例尺缩编、跨比例尺缩编及任意比例尺缩编,自动快速建立相应比例尺图形数据库,同时保障多尺度图形数据库及时更新和维护。该方法克服了传统测绘与缩编地形图的弊端,保障系列比例尺地形图与基本比例尺图形数据库的一致性、实时性,满足各层次、各行业用图需求,方便快速建立城市DSM地表模型和空间真三维地理模型,具有成本低、速度快、精度高、通用性强、按需供图的特点和优势。湘潭市工程实践证明:基于空间信息源数据的地形图智能化缩编的体系、架构、理论和方法是可行的,有广泛推广应用价值。     

栅格数据矢量化及其相关问题的解决方法

矢量结构和栅格结构是GIS的两种主要数据结构形式,而栅格数据不能满足GIS中进行空间分析的要求,因此栅格数据的矢量化在GIS中具有十分重要的意义。本文在总结前人算法的基础上,以拓扑关系的原理为指导,提出了改进的栅格结构数据矢量化方法,即根据4个相邻栅格的异同关系来判定交汇点是坐标点还是结点,并且在提取结点和坐标点过程中,同时提取水平和垂直的所有线段信息,以便快速、有效地实现栅格数据的矢量化。此外,还采用动态打断和粗网格等方法,解决了在栅格数据矢量化过程中,经常出现的诸如多边形自交、孤岛等问题。作者用VisualC⁺⁺语言实现了本文的算法,与ENVI矢量化结果相比,该方法的矢量化结果具有简单方便、编辑工作量小、实用性强等显著优点。因此,该改进方法更有利于遥感图像的信息提取及其与GIS技术的集成。     

Distributed estimation and analysis of precipitation recharge coefficient in strongly-exploited Beijing plain area,China

The precipitation recharge coefficient(PRC), representing the amount of groundwater recharge from precipitation, is an important parameter for groundwater resources evaluation and numerical simulation. It was usually obtained from empirical knowledge and site experiments in the 1980 s. However, the environmental settings have been greatly modified from that time due to land use change and groundwater over-pumping, especially in the Beijing plain area(BPA). This paper aims to estimate and analyze PRC of BPA with the distributed hydrological model and GIS for the year 2011 with similar annual precipitation as long-term mean. It is found that the recharge from vertical(precipitation + irrigation) and precipitation is 291.0 mm/yr and 233.7 mm/yr, respectively, which accounts for 38.6% and 36.6% of corresponding input water. The regional mean PRC is 0.366, which is a little different from the traditional map. However, it has a spatial variation ranging from –7.0% to 17.5% for various sub-regions. Since the vadose zone is now much thicker than the evaporation extinction depth, the land cover is regarded as the major dynamic factor that causes the variation of PRC in this area due to the difference of evapotranspiration rates. It is suggested that the negative impact of reforestation on groundwater quantity within BPA should be well investigated, because the PRC beneath forestland is the smallest among all land cover types.     

城市建筑迎风面积密度矢量/栅格计算模型对比研究

城市建筑迎风面积密度（Frontal Area Density,FAD）作为重要的城市形态学参数之一,对其定量分析与制图,对城市微气候研究有着重要意义。为了找出高效可靠的方法分析城市建筑FAD的分布情况,本文以福建省晋江市为例,选取了矢量计算模型和栅格计算模型对FAD进行模拟,从计算效率、不同尺度和不同土地利用类型上,对结果进行对比分析。研究表明:计算效率上,矢量模型比栅格模型高。在城市尺度上,栅格模型与矢量模型模拟结果与宏观建筑分布特征一致,二者皆适用;在街区尺度上,栅格模型模拟结果比矢量模型更符合建筑分布规律。栅格模型的计算结果较矢量模型稳定,受分辨率影响小。在不同土地利用类型上,对于建筑分布稀疏区域2种模型皆适用;而对于建筑密集区,如商业区、城市住宅区等,栅格模型计算结果更优。     

基于MAPGIS的西安地裂缝分析应用

地裂缝是西安市区较为严重的地质灾害,其影响因素有构造运动、地下水开采、地形地貌、地层条件等。本文将具有统一地理坐标和空间分析能力的MAPGIS地理信息系统应用于地裂缝活动强度评价,根据对地裂缝影响因素的分析,建立层次分析模型,计算每一影响因素的权重,确定在GIS支持下的地裂缝活动强度评价模型。再通过MAPGIS图形、图像处理等模块对各单因素专题层进行地图代数运算,得出地裂缝影响因素叠加图像并确定分区阈值,以此为依据对西安地裂缝活动强度进行分区,进而实现对地裂缝活动强度的预测。     

Comprehensive analysis and artificial intelligent simulation of land subsidence of Beijing, China

Mechanism and modeling of the land subsidence are complex because of the complicate geological background in Beijing, China. This paper analyzed the spatial relationship between land subsidence and three factors, including the change of groundwater level, the thickness of compressible sediments and the building area by using remote sensing and GIS tools in the upper-middle part of alluvial-proluvial plain fan of the Chaobai River in Beijing. Based on the spatial analysis of the land subsidence and three factors, there exist significant non-linear relationship between the vertical displacement and three factors. The Back Propagation Neural Network (BPN) model combined with Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used to simulate regional distribution of the land subsidence. Results showed that at field scale, the groundwater level and land subsidence showed a significant linear relationship. However, at regional scale, the spatial distribution of groundwater depletion funnel did not overlap with the land subsidence funnel. As to the factor of compressible strata, the places with the biggest compressible strata thickness did not have the largest vertical displacement. The distributions of building area and land subsidence have no obvious spatial relationships. The BPN-GA model simulation results illustrated that the accuracy of the trained model during fifty years is acceptable with an error of 51% of verification data less than 20 mm and the average of the absolute error about 32 mm. The BPN model could be utilized to simulate the general distribution of land subsidence in the study area. Overall, this work contributes to better understand the complex relationship between the land subsidence and three influencing factors. And the distribution of the land subsidence can be simulated by the trained BPN-GA model with the limited available dada and acceptable accuracy.     

基于SuperMap的田野考古制图

介绍了田野考古制图信息系统的设计思路和实现过程。针对田野考古的复杂性和多样性,采用基于数字近景摄影测量获取野外数据和GIS开发平台的三种制图方法:即摄影制图、扫描制图和电子制图,得到田野考古所需的各种探方图。其中,摄影制图是利用数码相机获取田野考古的原始影像,然后直接经几何纠正生成的正射影像上数字化得到田野考古所需的各种探方图;扫描制图基本原理与摄影制图相同;电子制图是基于GIS开发平台,在已知野外制图数据条件下的电子制图方式。同时,制定了野外工作规范和流程。实验证明田野考古制图信息系统不仅使考古制图更简单方便,改变了传统纸质保存地图的方式,而且能保证一定的精度。具有较高的推广应用价值。