Geomorphological mapping for the valorization of the alpine environment. A methodological proposal tested in the Loana Valley (Sesia Val Grande Geopark,Western Italian Alps)

Geomorphological mapping plays a key role in landscape representation: it is the starting point for many applications and for the realization of thematic maps, such as hazard and risk maps, geoheritage and geotourism maps. Traditional geomorphological maps are useful for scientific purposes but they need to be simplified for different aims as management and education. In tourism valorization, mapping of geomorphological resources (i.e., geosites, and geomorphosites), and of geomorphic evidences of past hazardous geomorphological events, is important for increasing knowledge about landscape evolution and active processes, potentially involving geomorphosites and hiking trails. Active geomorphosites, as those widespread in mountain regions, testify the high dynamicity of geomorphic processes and their link with climatic conditions. In the present paper, we propose a method to produce and to update cartographic supports (Geomorphological Boxes) realized starting from a traditional geomorphological survey and mapping. The Geomorphological Boxes are geomorphological representation of single, composed or complex landforms drawn on satellite images, using the official Italian geomorphological legend (ISPRA symbols). Such cartographic representation is also addressed to the analysis (identification, evaluation and selection) of Potential Geomorphosites and Geotrails. The method has been tested in the upper portion of the Loana Valley (Western Italian Alps), located within the borders of the Sesia Val Grande Geopark, recognized by UNESCO in 2013. The area has a good potential for geotourism and for educational purposes. We identified 15 Potential Geomorphosites located along 2 Geotrails; they were ranked according to specific attributes also in relation with a Reference Geomorphosite located in the Loana hydrographic basin and inserted in official national and regional databases of geosites (ISPRA; Regione Piemonte). Finally, the ranking of Potential Geomorphosites allowed to select the most valuable ones for valorization or geoconservation purposes. In this framework, examples of Geomorphological Boxes are proposed as supports to geo-risk education practices.     

典型贫困山区旅游景点可达性评价方法研究

旅游景点的可达性水平不仅可以反映游客到达的方便程度,也用来衡量区域旅游业发展的潜力,而对于贫困山区旅游景点的可达性研究还可为旅游扶贫的开展工作提供理论参考。本文聚焦典型贫困山区,探究交通成本及复杂地形特征对旅游景点可达性的影响。首先,文章通过连接度指数和通达度指数的相关分析,了解研究区旅游网络的整体连通状况;然后,运用累积耗费距离法,分别基于不同等级交通因素和坡度、海拔等地形因素,对研究区旅游景点可达性和县级行政单元整体可达性进行对比分析,并提出了一种综合考虑交通因素和地形因素的可达性评价方法。研究表明：交通因素分析法弱化了水域对于可达性的阻隔作用;地形因素分析法忽视了交通条件对于可达性的影响;而综合考虑不同等级交通因素和复杂地形因素的可达性评价方法,既可有效识别水域对于贫困山区旅游景点可达性的阻隔作用,也体现了交通条件的改善对于自然环境下可达性水平的提升作用。     

Impacts of tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie,a hill station in the lower Himalayan range of India

Tourism in mountainous regions is a significant source of revenue generation. However, it has also been associated with many adverse environmental consequences. This study aims at assessing the negative impacts of the incessant upsurge in tourism development on the physical environment of Mussoorie, a well-known mountain tourist destination in India. The impact indicators for the region were identified and assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis of field observations. The observations indicated the aggravation of traffic congestion, atmospheric pollution, undisposed solid waste, water scarcity and infrastructure unavailability as the prevalent issues, especially during the peak tourist months. The extent of the consequential damage to the environment was evaluated by conducting an assessment of tourism-induced human disturbance on the natural landscape of the town. Slope, slope aspect, vegetation cover, road network and drainage network were incorporated as the determining landscape attributes to prepare thematic maps of landscape quality (perceivable intrinsic properties) and landscape fragility (vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbances) using GIS technique. An absorption capacity map was finally prepared to characterize the study area into regions of different conservation needs. The results identified the need for planning appropriate preservation strategies for different tourist places in the town. The study can be used by the policy makers for implementing the regulatory measures against potential disturbances due to mass-tourism.     

尼泊尔M_W8.1地震对我国大陆井水位动态的影响及其地震预测意义

分析了尼泊尔M_W8.1地震引起的中国大陆井水位同震响应变化特征,并利用同震水位阶变量反演中国大陆震时应力调整状态。结果显示,尼泊尔M_W8.1地震引起中国大陆井水位的同震响应主要表现为振荡型与阶变型变化。从震时应力调整状态来看,中国大陆受此次地震影响较为明显的区域主要是南北地震带,特别是甘青交界、云南地区及川渝黔交界等应力增强明显。从震例分析来看,在尼泊尔M_W8.1地震发生后的2a内,中国大陆有4次地震发生在甘青交界与云南地区,这表明水位同震效应阶变反演的震时应力增强区域,可能对未来地震危险区具有一定的指示意义。     

基于数字高程模型的旅游地文化景观语义感知分析 ——以清西陵选址文化为例

 景观感知对旅游地规划设计具有基础性作用,但人文旅游地内部的景观感知空间分异至今没有微观尺度上的研究方法出现。本文提出了景观视角分组基础上的景观语义特征点抽象方法,并建立了单文化景观和多文化景观语义感知度计算模型,以解决人文类型旅游地内部景观感知的强度空间分异计算问题。利用数字高程模型,在清西陵旅游地实现了文化景观语义感知度的实证研究:以中国传统的皇家陵寝选址文化及其表征的封建等级体系为语义准则,提取了4个代表性陵墓文化景观不同景观视角下的78个特征点,并赋予不同景观视角及每个特征点相应权重系数;利用视域分析、叠置分析等方法计算得到旅游地景观文化感知度;尝试利用感知度计算结果对现有观光线路进行观景点语义挖掘并设计了优化方案。论文为人文地理学景观感知定量化表达提供了思路,为旅游地规划、景观与线路设计等提供了技术途径。     

地缘政治经济背景下中老-中越边境地区橡胶林时空扩展特征研究

国家间地缘政治经济关系正在驱动区域土地利用变化,边境地区首当其冲。20世纪90年代以来,全球橡胶市场的强劲需求以及中南半岛与域外国家40多个地缘经济合作机制的实施,引起了包括中国与老挝（以下称“中老”）-中国与越南（以下称“中越”）边境地区橡胶林扩展种植在内的显著土地利用变化。基于此,利用Landsat影像构建的橡胶林落叶-新叶萌生期内植被-水分指数（Renormalized Vegetation Index, RNVI）组合算法,获取中老-中越边境地区1990年代以来中老、中越地缘政治经济关键节点的橡胶林种植信息,进而揭示中老、中越地缘政治经济关系对其边境地区橡胶林扩展的影响及其国别差异。结果表明：① 在“替代种植”与边境农林合作等地缘政治经济影响下,中老-中越边境地区橡胶林种植面积由1992年的995.5 km²增加至2018年的5537.7 km²,增长近4.6倍,且呈明显的沿边性和跨境性;② 随着中老磨憨-磨丁口岸开通、中老北部九省合作机制构建等,1992—2018年,中老边境沿线30 km缓冲区内橡胶林种植面积从244.7 km²猛增到2080.6 km²,增长近7.5倍,其中,中国一侧增幅达806.7%,老挝一侧增幅为567.7%,近边境地区尤为明显;③ 随着中越关系恢复、“两廊一圈”启动与发展等,过去近30年,中越边境沿线30 km缓冲区内橡胶林种植面积由313.6 km²持续增加到1107.5 km²,增长超过2.5倍,其中,中国一侧增幅达378.0%,越南一侧增幅为140.3%,远边境地区增加较快。本研究有助于认识国家地缘政治经济关系对边境土地利用变化的影响,促进边境地理（学）发展。     

GIS在青岛海域管理中的应用

阐述了基于GIS(地理信息系统)技术，对青岛海域使用管理系统进行设计与集成二次开发方法，通过MapX二次开发工具，实现了系统的主要功能，以直观的图面表示海域和相邻陆域海洋功能区类型，揭示了各区域的主导功能，突出了海洋功能特点，丰富了图件的信息量。     

Airborne Fungal Spores of Subalpine Zone of the Karkonosze and Izerskie Mountains （Poland）

The incidence of the airborne fungal spores was determined in the air of subalpine zone of the Karkonosze Mountains and of the Izerskie Mountains in the borderland between Poland and the Czech Republic. The experiment was conducted in 2011 and 2012 at three to four week intervals from May to October. Air samples were taken from three locations in the Karkonosze Mts. and one from the Izerskie Mts. To examine the air, the Air Ideal 3P sampler and acidified PDA medium were used. The results show that Cladosporium cladosporioides was the most abundant spore type in all the sampling locations （up to 30%）, followed by Alternaria alternata （16%-20%）, Fusarium （up to 10%） and Sclerotinia sclerotiorium （up to 6%）. The lower spore counts were recorded in May samples, compared to the other months. In this case the snow cover, that was still present in the area at the beginning of May, may be the reason for the lower, compared to June, July and August samplings, CFU （Colony Forming Unit） counts in that month.. The influx of air masses from SE, S and SW sectors in the area under study may affect dissemination of the plant-pathogenic fungi from the Czech Republic and from the South of Europe in general.     

Nodes and Field of Tourist Origins to Ancient Village——A Case Study of Huangcheng Village in Shanxi Province of China

Based on Hagget's theory of spatial structure,researches on the nodes and field of tourist origins to Huang-cheng Village in Shanxi Province of China have been explored.Nodal hierarchy structure of tourist origins is analyzed with cluster analysis and the gravity model.And field of tourist origins is analyzed with attraction radius index(R)and geography concentration index(G).In the field analysis,R and G of Huangcheng Village are compared with Xidi Village that is a world heritage located in Huangshan City of Anhui Province in China.According to comparison of loca-tions of two areas,influential factors for field area of Huangcheng Village are identified.It is concluded that:1)cluster analysis and gravity model can be complementary methods to each other for nodal hierarchy structure analysis of tour-ist origins;and 2)as far as location is concerned,the weak intensity effect of tourism resources in the tourist region is a major cause for explaining why tourist origins to Huangcheng Village are mainly its neighboring areas.Moreover,it is suggested that the regional effect of tourist resources should be regarded as a component of destination attractiveness when applying gravity model.     

民国初期河南省1∶10万地图精度分析

 清末与民国初期调绘了大范围的、内容较为详尽的1 ∶2.5万至1 ∶20万比例尺地图,是研究20世纪初中国历史的宝贵资料。为高效利用这些地图资源,评估地图精度提供了基础性的图件。针对民国初期河南陆地测量局调绘的1 ∶10万河南省地图,应用ArcGIS软件将民国地图与当代地图作对比,对其精度进行了系统分析和初步解释。分析表明:①全省范围内地图精度分布不均匀,经线方向平均向西偏移6.28'、纬线方向平均向南移2.23',标准差分别为3.76和2.51。②纬线方向绝对精度和相对精度总体上高于经线方向;同时,误差分布呈现空间自相关特征,经向误差Moran's I指数为0.85(Z=57),纬向指数为0.69(Z=46)。③平原地区地图相对精度高于山区。④地图误差分布呈现三种模式:位置偏移较小,偏移较大但偏移向量保持一致,以及偏移较大且方向不一致。民国地图误差与《清史稿》记载的经纬度误差具有较强的相关性,由此提出的一个初步推论:民国地图调查作业中采用了晚清时期的经纬度成果。但有些地区利用了较新的成果,也有部分地区参照或转绘了质量较差的旧地图。本研究为民国初期河南省地图的进一步利用提供了依据,也对同期地图的利用具有借鉴价值。     

Hazard assessment of landslide disaster using information value method and analytical hierarchy process in highly tectonic Chamba region in bosom of Himalaya

The present study is focused on a comparative evaluation of landslide disaster using analytical hierarchy process and information value method for hazard assessment in highly tectonic Chamba region in bosom of Himalaya. During study, the information about the causative factors was generated and the landslide hazard zonation maps were delineated using Information Value Method (IV) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using ArcGIS (ESRI). For this purpose, the study area was selected in a part of Ravi river catchment along one of the landslide prone Chamba to Bharmour road corridor of National Highway (NH-154A) in Himachal Pradesh, India. A numeral landslide triggering geoenvironmental factors i.e. slope, aspect, relative relief, soil, curvature, land use and land cover (LULC), lithology, drainage density, and lineament density were selected for landslide hazard mapping based on landslide inventory. Landslide hazard zonation map was categorized namely “very high hazard, high hazard, medium hazard, low hazard, and very low hazard”. The results from these two methods were validated using Area Under Curve (AUC) plots. It is found that hazard zonation map prepared using information value method and analytical hierarchy process methods possess the prediction rate of 78.87% and 75.42%, respectively. Hence, landslide hazard zonation map obtained using information value method is proposed to be more useful for the study area. These final hazard zonation maps can be used by various stakeholders like engineers and administrators for proper maintenance and smooth traffic flow between Chamba and Bharmour cities, which is the only route connecting these tourist places.     

Spatial Accessibility to Shopping Malls in Nanjing,China: Comparative Analysis with Multiple Transportation Modes

This study attempts to evaluate the rationality of the spatial layout of shopping malls and identify the urban area with poor shopping mall accessibility, as well as to provide a reference and assist decision-making for planning. Using the case of Nanjing, China, this study developed a method to evaluate the accessibility of shopping malls by three transport modes(car traffic, public transit, and bicycle). Specially, we divide the urban space into a regular hexagonal grid and harvest the total travel time from each of 7204 hexagon centroids to each of 129 shopping malls using the Baidu Internet map. The door-to-door travel time approach is used to evaluate all travel stages(walking, waiting, transfer, and transportation) based on travel time calculations. We further divide the shopping malls into two levels(super-regional and regional) based on the Dianping App's information and develop the indicator of accessibility to shopping malls: the number of shopping malls within tolerance time thresholds and apply the closest facility and cumulative opportunities methods to measure accessibility scores. The results show that the accessibility estimations vary greatly with transport modes. The accessibility of shopping malls presents a concentric ring trend centered on the city center under the car traffic and bicycle modes. And public transit accessibility tends to axially extend due to the topology of bus routes and metro lines. In particular, we observe that the accessibility of shopping malls in Nanjing has an uneven spatial distribution pattern, with high accessibility values in the central urban areas and lots of underserved areas in urban fringe regions. Based on the accessibility measurements, we finally map the poor accessibility area and propose corresponding implications for urban planning.     

The role of a national park in classifying mountain tourism destinations: An exploratory study of the Italian Western Alps

Together with the main aim of preserving nature, national parks are also expected to play an important role for the local communities, driving economic activities toward the lens of sustainable development. This contribution aims to present an exploratory study on the relationship between the presence of a protected mountain area, the Gran Paradiso National Park(GPNP), in the North West of the Italian Alps, and the classification of tourism destinations, according to Weaver model of destination management. Starting from the model,the authors provide a quantitative analysis using a set of variables and indicators to comprehensively assess the differing patterns assumed by the municipalities within the borders of the GPNP and those that are not.The provisional results illustrate that the municipalities within the border of a protected area are more likely to be grouped alongside the sustainable mountain destinations. Meanwhile,research outcomes confirm that a protected area does not necessarily contrast the tourism industry but instead may boost local development by driving it within the borders of the sustainable development,switching from the area's only preservation function to a flywheel for the local communities.     

Accessibility Comparison and Spatial Differentiation of Xi'an Scenic Spots with Different Modes Based on Baidu Real-time Travel

A study of the accessibility of a city's scenic spots via different travel modes can contribute to optimization of tourism-related transportation while improving tourists' travel-related satisfaction levels and advancing tourism. We systematically analyzed the accessibility of 56 scenic spots in Xi'an City, China, via car and public transport travel modes using the real-time travel function of the Baidu Maps API(Application Programming Interface) along with spatial analysis methods and the modal accessibility gap index of scenic spots. We obtained the following results. First, maximum and minimum travel times using public transport exceeded those using cars. Moreover, the accessibility of scenic spots via cars and public transport presented a circular spatial pattern of increasing travel time from the center to the periphery. Contrasting with travel by public transport, car travel showed a clear time-space compression effect. Second, accessibility of the scenic spots via cars and public transport showed some spatial heterogeneity, with no clear advantages of car accessibility in the central urban area. However, advantages of car accessibility were increasingly evident moving from the center to the periphery. Third, whereas the correlation of the modal accessibility gap index of scenic spots in Xi'an with global space was significantly positive, local spatial interdependence was only evident in some inner city areas and in marginal areas. Moreover, spatial heterogeneity was evident in two regions but was insignificant in other areas, indicating that the spatial interdependence of the modal accessibility gap index in most scenic spots was not apparent in terms of the overall effect of public transport routes, road networks, and the distribution of scenic spots. The improvement of public transport coverage in marginal areas and the optimization of public transport routes in central urban areas are essential tasks for improving travel using public transport in the future.     

民国中期湖南洞庭湖区耕地空间格局重建

土地覆被变化是影响气候系统的重要因素,在全球气候变化研究中具有重要的研究意义,网格化的历史土地利用数据集广泛应用于各类全球变化模式。本文以民国中期军事地形图为基础数据源,以现代行政区划为底图,重建了该时期湖南洞庭湖地区耕地的空间分布。同时为了与最新的HYDE 3.1数据集进行对比,在此基础上获得空间分辨率为10 km×10 km的耕地数据,结果表明：① 民国中期湖南洞庭湖区总耕地面积约为11 432.01 km ²,占研究区域面积的44%,其中汉寿县、华容县、鼎城区和澧县等地耕地面积分布最多,且以围堤耕地为主。分布相对较少的地区有临澧县、汨罗市、岳阳县,以非围堤耕地为主;② 该时段内洞庭湖区耕地垦殖率较大,最大值超过90%,其中高垦区（垦殖率>40%）范围占研究区面积61%,且主要分布在河湖港汊和冲积平原地貌单元上;中低垦区（<=40%）范围占研究区面积39%,主要分布在环湖丘陵地貌单元上;③ 与HYDE 3.1数据对比发现,单位格网（10 km×10 km）内重建的耕地面积结果误差大于40%的比例为17%,且表现为受河流分布影响为主。湖区相对周围重建结果差异更大,HYDE 3.1数据集重建区域尺度较大,较难考虑到小区域范围的水系分布状况,导致其在湖南洞庭湖区重建精度相对较低。     

Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT) for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park,SW Poland

National parks are highly valuable natural areas and have the potential to attract a large number of visitors.The number of visitors at national parks is systematically increasing,often exceeding Tourism Carrying Capacity(TCC) of trails.This situation requires adjusting the number of park visitors to adapt to sustainable management systems of visitor flow,thus preventing or counteracting overtourism.The aim of the study is to propose a comprehensive method for tourists monitoring in mid-mountain national park presented on the example of the Sto?owe Mountains National Park(SMNP) in Poland,called as Monitoring System of tourist traffic(MSTT).The study describes six stages procedure of tourists Monitoring System creation and application as an optimal measurement technique.The MSTT enabled a multidimensional analysis of tourist traffic in SMNP.With the help of 39 pyroelectric sensors and surveys data spatio-temporal characteristic of visitor flow was obtained.The data generated in MSTT included hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,and annual reports,taking into account the direction of traffic measuring both directions:entries(IN),exits(OUT) and passages(IN+OUT).The results from pyroelectric sensors were supplemented with field surveys,where visitor's motivations,preferences,and behaviours were determined.In 2017 a total of 871,344 visitors were recorded in SMNP what causes one of the most popular national parks in Poland.The SMNP is a suitable destination for short breaks leisure visits in wilderness.In order to sustain MSTT methodology in the long-run the set of guidelines together with the workload estimates were presented.In the future,the MSTT can be further developed,including monitoring of climbing,cycling,cross-country skiing,car traffic and illegal tourism assessment.The MSTT can be considered as a useful tool for tourism management in mid-mountain national parks throughout the entire calendar year.     

雷州半岛高桥红树林沉积物中砷的分布

采用五态连续提取法(SEP)对雷州半岛高桥红树林群落内外不同深度的沉积物砷含量进行测定.结果表明,高桥红树林湿地0~60cm深处沉积物中除Al-结合态砷和Ca-结合态砷含量低,难以检出外,交换态砷、残渣态砷、Fe-结合态砷皆可检出,沉积物砷积累以残渣态砷和 Fe-结合态砷为主,总砷测定含量为7.34±0.39~10.32±0.48 mg/kg,其中以20~40cm深处沉积物总砷测含量最多;不同深度沉积物砷含量中林内与林区外裸滩呈现不同的分布规律,林外裸滩-林缘-林内的表土总砷含量的分布呈波浪式分布,以林缘为最高,总砷达9.97±1.29 mg/kg,林内显著大于林外裸滩(p值<0.05),林内沉积物对砷的吸附强度较林外裸滩高     

在垃圾焚烧厂规划中地理信息系统的应用

德国萨克森-安哈特州（Sachsen-Anhalt）州府玛葛得堡市（Magdeburg）计划在其北部2县4880km²的地域内建立一个垃圾焚烧厂,焚烧厂厂址规划要符合《环境质量影响评价法》.理想的厂址应该是一片包含环境质量影响评价要素最少的“空地”;为垃圾运输方便,厂址与主要交通干线的距离不应超过5km.由于规划区内土地利用覆盖复杂,常规的实地勘察和资料研究难以把各方面的评价要素信息考虑周全,因此利用地理信息系统（PC ARC/INFO）帮助解决问题,比如专题图件比例尺不统一的问题、信息叠加程度过高的问题等.通过多种比例尺机助制图、比较研究,共找出6个潜在的厂址,可以考虑建厂.编辑了6幅“潜在厂址”专题图,本文以其中1幅举例描述.     

中国名山名水写景地图集的设计编制特色

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自泰国总理差猜1988年提出“变印支战场为市场”倡议以来,泰国与毗邻国家（缅、老和柬）的地缘关系由政治阻隔转向经济合作,并在其边境（尤其是口岸）引发不同程度的土地覆被/利用变化。利用美国国际开发署SERVIR-Mekong项目土地覆被产品,基于GIS空间分析对泰缅、泰老和泰柬边境地带（国界线两侧20 km缓冲区）1988、1998、2008、2018年的土地覆被现状及其时空变化、以及因农业扩张与集约化引起森林变化的抵边/离边、趋同/趋异特征进行了定量研究与国别对比。结果表明：① 森林、耕地和果园是3条边境主要土地覆被类型,土地占比超过96%,其中森林因农业扩张与集约化而持续减少。② 农业扩张与集约化引起的森林转换时空特征显著,即泰缅、泰老边境于1998—2008年在湄索（泰）-妙瓦底（缅）口岸、汶干（泰）-北汕（老）口岸附近及“金三角”地区较为剧烈,泰柬边境则在1988—1998年内于卡普曾（泰）-奥斯玛（柬）口岸周边较为突出,土地占比超七成。③ 边境地区农业扩张与集约化引起的森林变化具有明显的抵边/离边、趋同/趋异特征。农业扩张所致森林变化在泰老边境由同向变化转为反向趋异,在泰缅边境两侧由强抵边转为在缅一侧抵边更为明显,在泰柬边境主要表现为先抵边后离边再抵边。集约化生产所致森林变化在泰老边境表现为泰国一侧抵边更强,在泰缅缅甸一侧为离边到抵边,在泰柬边境两侧主要为反向抵边。④ 边境森林变化的抵边/离边、趋同/趋异特征分析表明,泰国对老挝的影响最大,柬埔寨次之,缅甸最次。本研究可为从地理学空间视角研究边境土地利用与地缘经济关系交叉互动提供启发。