Seismic responses of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with full-height rigid facing from shaking table test

To investigate the seismic response of the steel-strip reinforced soil retaining wall with fullheight rigid facing in terms of the acceleration in the backfill, dynamic earth pressure in the backfill, the displacements on the facing and the dynamic reinforcement strain distribution under different peak acceleration, a large 1-g shaking table test was performed on a reduced-scale reinforced-earth retaining wall model. It was observed that the acceleration response in non-strip region is greater than that in potential fracture region which is similar with the stability region under small earthquake, while the acceleration response in potential fracture region is greater than that in stability region in middle-upper of the wall under moderately strong earthquakes. The potential failure model of the rigid wall is rotating around the wall toe. It also was discovered that the Fourier spectra produced by the inputting white noises after seismic wave presents double peaks, rather than original single peak, and the frequency of the second peak trends to increase with increasing the PGA (peak ground amplitude) of the excitation which is greater than 0.4 g. Additionally, the non-liner distribution of strip strain along the strips was observed, and the distribution trend was not constant in different row. Soil pressure peak value in stability region is larger than that in potential fracture region. The wall was effective under 0.1 g-0.3 g seismic wave according to the analyses of the facing displacement and relative density. Also, it was discovered that the potential failure surface is corresponds to that in design code, but the area is larger. The results from the study can provide guidance for a more rational design of reinforced earth retaining walls with full-height rigid facing in the earthquake zone.     

Influence factors on the seismic behavior and deformation modes of gravity retaining walls

This study investigated the influence factors on the seismic response and deformation modes of retaining walls using large-scale model shaking table tests. Experimental results showed that the distribution of peak seismic earth pressures along the height of a wall was a single peak value curve. The seismic earth pressures on a gravel soil retaining wall were larger than the pressures on the weathered granite and quartz retaining walls. Also, the peak seismic earth pressure increased with increases in the peak ground acceleration and the wall height. The measured seismic active earth pressures on a rock foundation retaining wall were larger than the calculated values, and the action position of resultant seismic pressure was higher than 0.33 H. In the soil foundation retaining wall, the measured seismic earth pressures were much smaller than the calculated values, while the action position was slightly higher than 0.33 H. The soil foundation retaining wall suffered base sliding and overturning under earthquake conditions, while overturning was the main failure mode for the rock foundation retaining walls.     

Dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row antisliding piles and pre-stressed anchor cables

Large-scale shaking table tests were conducted to study the dynamic response of a slope reinforced by double-row anti-sliding piles and prestressed anchor cables. The test results show that the reinforcement suppressed the acceleration amplification effectively. The axial force time histories are decomposed into a baseline part and a vibration part in this study. The baseline part of axial force well revealed the seismic slope stability, the peak vibration values of axial force of the anchor cables changed significantly in different area of the slope under seismic excitations. The peak lateral earth pressure acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope toe was much larger than that acting on the back of the anti-sliding pile located at the slope waist. The test results indicate an obvious load sharing ratio difference between these two anti-slide piles, the load sharing ratio between the two anti-sliding piles located at the slope toe and the slope waist varied mainly in a range of 2-5. The anti-slide pile at the slope waist suppressed the horizontal displacement of the slope surface.     

青海门源6.4级地震兰新高铁沿线强震数据分析

基于2016-01-21青海门源6.4级地震,通过分析高铁沿线台站强震数据的峰值加速度、峰值速度和仪器烈度值表明,将实时仪器烈度值作为高铁地震监控系统的报警参数受场地条件影响较小。利用沿线台站近高铁和远高铁监测点的谱比值来解释局部复杂场地条件对峰值加速度的影响,通过比较台站计算与设计的反应谱来预测高铁地震台站附近的桥梁震害情况。     

Dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers

The dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers are discussed in this paper using large scale shaking table test and the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) marginal spectrum. The results show that variations in the peak values of marginal spectra can clearly indicate the process of dynamic damage development inside the model slope. The identification results of marginal spectra closely coincide with the monitoring results of slope face displacement in the test. When subjected to the earthquake excitation with 0.1 g and 0.2 g amplitudes, no seismic damage is observed in the model slope, while the peak values of marginal spectra increase linearly with increasing slope height. In the case of 0.3 g seismic excitation, dynamic damage occurs near the slope crest and some rock blocks fall off the slope crest. When the seismic excitation reaches 0.4 g, the dynamic damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height of 0.295-0.6, and minor horizontal cracks occur in the middle part of the model slope. When the seismic excitation reaches 0.6 g, the damage further extends to the slope toe, and the damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height below 0.295, and the upper part (near the relative height of 0.8) slides outwards. Longitudinal fissures appear in the slope face, which connect with horizontal cracks, the weak intercalated layers at middle slope height are extruded out and the slope crest breaks up. The marginal spectrum identification results demonstrate that the dynamic damage near the slope face is minor as compared with that inside the model slope. The dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers is extrusion and sliding at the middle rock strata. The research results of this paper are meaningful for the further understanding of the dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers.     

地震烈度应急遥感评估研究与应用进展

地震烈度是地震引起的地面震动及其影响强弱程度的度量。地震烈度在地震区划、建筑物与生命线工程抗震设计、灾害防御等方面具有广泛的应用。震后评定的地震烈度图是地震应急救援、恢复重建等的主要依据之一,因此,震后快速确定地震烈度具有重要救灾与减灾意义。本文在论述地震应急及其对遥感应用需求的基础上,回顾了遥感技术及其在地震应急研究与应用中的发展历程,概述了中国地震应急遥感应用的基本思路、地震灾害和地震烈度遥感定量评估方法,展示了该方法在巴楚-伽师地震、汶川地震、玉树地震、芦山地震、鲁甸地震等震后实际应急应用效果。最后,指出了目前震害遥感定量评估中存在的问题,并展望了未来震害遥感定量评估研究与应用。     

Characteristics of thawed interlayer and its effect on embankment settlement along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions

The formation of thawed interlayer beneath embankment can result in embankment settlement in permafrost regions. Based on the data on ground temperatures and deformations beneath the embankment, observed in-situ along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions from 2006 to 2013, characteristics of the thawed interlayer beneath the embankment and its influence on the embankment settlement are studied. The results indicate that the thawed interlayer hardly forms beneath the natural field, and beneath the embankments from the Qinghai-Tibet Railway the thawed interlayer develops widely, and it can be refrozen totally in the regions with lower mean annual ground temperature, and developed further in the regions with higher mean annual ground temperature. The thawed interlayer is closely related to the embankment settlement. The ice content of permafrost underlying the thawed interlayer influences the settlement of embankment. The higher the ice content is, the larger the settlement is, and vice versa. The increase in thickness of thawed interlayer mainly results from the decline of artificial permafrost table in high-temperature permafrost regions.     

Analysis of the effects of slope geometry on the dynamic response of a near-field mountain from the Wenchuan Earthquake

Fourier spectra and acceleration response spectra of near-field acceleration records of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake have been calculated. Relative fundamental frequencies (or predominant periods) were characterized. Then, the natural frequencies of a range of slopes with different geometric characteristics, such as height, slope ratio, and pattern, were analyzed. The seismic responses of the slopes were compared, and the variability of seismic response with the above geometric elements was found. Results show that if slope height increases, and provided that other conditions are unchanged, the natural frequency of the first mode of a double-surface slope will change as a power law. However, natural frequencies will diminish (based on a parabolic function) as the slope angle becomes large. Both the surface pattern and the number of surfaces on a slope can have a great impact on the seismic response of the slope. Moreover, within a certain range of slope heights or angles, either height or angle will also greatly influence the variability of the seismic response. The results of this research will be helpful to understanding seismic dynamic response features and explaining the ways that slope stability can be affected by earthquakes     

基于GeoKSCloud的地震影响场分析云服务研究——以福建省为例

地震发生后处于不同地震烈度区域的地物受灾程度不同。快速准确地获取地震影响或波及范围内地震烈度空间分布,是震后应急救援的重要依据和主要参数。依托云计算技术,以云服务方式构建地震烈度速报系统,提供可扩展、可配置、开放透明的地震影响场分析应用服务,将是我国烈度速报系统研究开发与应用中的一项新技术和发展趋势。本文依托研究小组自主研发的地理知识云服务系统GeoKSCloud,以福建省为研究区域,在提出适用于福建省地震烈度衰减关系与地震动峰值加速度场地校正方法的基础上,开展了地震影响场分析云服务系统的设计与实现工作,分析了地震影响场分析云服务的运行机制和服务组合工作流;实现了地震烈度衰减关系计算方法、场地放大因子校正方法、网格点场地类别属性获取、网格点沿地震衰减长短轴方向的坐标变换等相关原子服务的云服务封装,以及支撑数据云存储、网络地理信息系统的云服务门户的开发与集成;最后,以1604年发生在泉州近海7.5级大地震为震例,在云服务门户进行了全省范围内所有等间距网格点地震峰值加速度(基岩PGA和地表PGA)的计算、插值,并进行计算结果与实际调查数据的对比分析。结果表明,因充分考虑了具体场地的放大效应,构建的地震影响场分析云服务,不仅较传统单凭地震烈度衰减关系确定地震动峰值加速度方法更加精细化,而且提供的服务与传统的网络服务相比具有可扩展、可配置、开放透明等明显优势,可为我国烈度速报系统研究与应用提供一个共性技术与支撑服务平台,创新地震烈度速报的运营模式。     

ͬ�������ģ�ͷֲ������Ӱ���о�

????????????????????????????????7.8?????????6.8?????????????????????????????????￡?????????????????????????????????????????????α?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Okada????????????????????????????????????????     

�½�٤ʦǿ��Ⱥ����InSAR�۲��о�

????????????ERS1/2 SAR????????????NASA??????SRTM?????????DEM???????1996??1999??????????????????????????????????????????????????????α??????????????????????????????????????????????????????5 mm/a(LOS????)??????1998??8??2??Ms6.0?????27??Ms6.6????????????????????     

Effects of freeze-thaw cycle on engineering properties of loess used as road fills in seasonally frozen ground regions,North China

Compacted loess is widely used as fills of road embankments in loess regions of northern China. Generally, densely-compacted loess can satisfy the requirements of embankment strength and post-construction deformation. I lowever, uneven subsidence, pavement cracks and other related damages can affect the integrity of loess subgrade after several years of operation, and even cause some hazards, especially in North China, where the strong freeze-thaw erosion occurs. In this study, cyclic freeze-thaw tests for both densely and loosely compacted loess samples were performed to determine the variation in engineering properties such as volume, void ratio, collapsible settlement, microstructure, and the related mechanisms were addressed. The experimental results showed that an obvious water migration and redistribution occurred within the samples during freeze-thaw cycles. Ice lenses and fissures could be identified in the upper frozen layers of the samples. After freeze-thaw cycles, the dry densities of the nipper layers of samples changed significantly due to strong freeze-thaw erosion. The dry densities decreased for the dense sample and increased for the loose sample. It can be found that dense samples become loose, while loose samples became dense with the increasing number of freeze-thaw cycles. Their related void ratios changed reversely. Both void ratios tended to fall into a certain range, which verified the concept of a residual void ratio proposed by Viklander. The loosening process of densely compacted samples involves the formation of large pores, volume increase and density reduction as well as the related changes in mechanical properties because freeze-thaw cycles may be important contribution to problems of loess road embankments. Adverse effects of freeze-thaw cycles, therefore, should be taken into account in selecting loess parameters for the stability evaluation of road embankment in seasonally frozen ground regions.     

沿山脊走向长输油气管道强震动力响应特征

沿山脊走向的长输油气管道在我国西部山区常有分布,强震作用下其动力响应直接关系到管道的安全运营,实际管道工程建设中亟需相关研究结果提供指导。依托云南玉溪龙马槽村段此类输油管道工程,考虑山坡的工程地质特征,对管道与坡体进行整体三维数值建模,采用有限差分方法FLAC3D进行数值模拟,基于汶川地震波,计算得到了水平地震加速度峰值、震后等典型时刻的管道位移、轴力、剪力和弯矩及坡体稳定性等地震动力响应特征。结果表明,管道内力最大值出现于震后时刻,地震作用使管道轴力达到较高水平,而剪力与弯矩值的量级仅占最大轴力的约1%;竖向地震波对管道内力影响较小,管道受力的不利部位出现在其与断层交界附近。地震过程中管道水平方向存在较多的弹性变形,竖向则存在较多的塑性变形,管道累计变形是影响其内力的主要因素,管道内力最大值出现于震后时刻。      

Earthquake dynamic response behavior of Xiangchong valley type tailings impoundment in Yunnan,China

Tailings impoundments can potentially collapse due to damage caused by earthquakes, which has frequently occurred around the world. This study takes the proposed valley type tailings impoundment in Yunnan as the research object to analyze the dynamic response behavior under earthquake action with both numerical simulation and physical model test (1:300). The results of both tests show that the dynamic response of the valley type tailings impoundment is characterized by “medium stiffness effect”, in other words, in a certain range, the “softer” the unsaturated tailings sand is, the more energy it can dissipate, which leads the decrease of the value of the acceleration amplification factor. In addition, the peak acceleration of the monitoring points increases with the vertical elevation, which indicates that the “elevation amplification effect” exists in the tailings impoundment dynamic response. The middle part of the outer side of the raised embankment reacts more sensitive than the crest, which is similar to the slope dynamic response. The starter dam reacts sensitively under the earthquake excitation, which should be given more attention during the seismic design. The dynamic response rules reflected by the numerical simulation are consistent with the results monitored on the physical model test, although there are some differences between their values. The dynamic response rules of the valley type tailings impoundment can provide basis for the design of the similar projects in this region.     

Seismic deformation and seismic resistance analysis of Shapai Roller Compacted Concrete Arch Dam based on field monitoring and dynamic finite element method

Shapai Roller Compacted Concrete(RCC) Arch Dam is the highest RCC arch dam of the 20th century in the world with a maximum height of 132m,and it is the only concrete arch dam near the epicentre of Wenchuan earthquake on May 12th,2008.The seismic damage to the dam and the resistance of the dam has drawn great attention.This paper analyzed the response and resistance of the dam to the seismic wave using numerical simulations with comparison to the monitored data.The field investigation after the earthquake and analysis of insitu data record showed that there was only little variation in the opening size at the dam and foundation interface,transverse joints and inducing joints before and after the earthquake.The overall stability of the dam abutment resistance body was quite good except a little relaxation was observed.The results of the dynamic finite element method(FEM) showed that the sizes of the openings obtained from the numerical modeling are comparable with the monitored values,and the change of the opening size is in millimeter range.This study revealed that Shapai arch dam exhibited high seismic resistance and overload capacity in the Wenchuan earthquake event.The comparison of the monitored and simulated results showed that the numerical method applied in this paper well simulated the seismic response of the dam.The method could be useful in the future application on the safety evaluation of RCC dams.     

1970年通海Ms7.7地震后青藏高原东南部小江断裂带和红河断裂带的库仑应力变化研究

基于1970年通海MS7.7地震的破裂参数,利用模型对不同岩石圈流变特性下库仑破裂应力的变化进行研究,探讨通海地震的静态同震变形和短期震后变形对小江断裂带和红河断裂带上潜在地震活动的影响。结果表明,这2条断裂带的一些断裂段在深度7.5 km处库仑破裂应力增量(ΔCFS)的震时变化达到0.12~0.50 bar,48 a后由于下地壳和上地幔的应力松弛,相同位置的库仑破裂应力增量高达0.22~0.90 bar。说明1970年通海MS7.7地震增强了小江断裂带和红河断裂带上潜在的地震活动性,在将来的地震工作中应加强对其的研究,并通过增加野外观测的方式监测其地震活动与地壳运动模式。     

Effects of site conditions on earthquake ground motion and their applications in seismic design in loess region

The Loess Plateau is an earthquake prone region of China, where the effects of loess deposit on ground motion were discovered during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms8.0) and the 2013 Minxian-Zhangxian earthquake (Ms6.6). The field investigations, observations, and analyses indicated that large number of casualties and tremendous economic losses were caused not only by collapse and damage of houses with poor seismic performance, landslides, but also amplification effects of site conditions, topography and thickness of loess deposit, on ground motion. In this paper, we chose Dazhai Village and Majiagou Village as the typical loess site affected by the two earthquakes for intensity evaluation, borehole exploration, temporary strong motion array, micro tremor survey, and numerical analysis. The aim is to explore the relations between amplification factors and site conditions in terms of topography and thickness of loess deposit. We also developed site amplification factors of ground motion for engineering design consideration at loess sites. The results showed that the amplification effects are more predominant with increase in thickness of loess deposit and slope height. The amplification may increase seismic intensity by 1 degree, PGA and predominant period by 2 times, respectively.     

2014-11-22康定MS6.3地震加速度记录的时频分析与震害特征

采用一种基于聚类经验模态分解（EEMD）的HHT方法提取康定M_S6.3地震强震记录的时频特性,通过对各台站获取的强震动加速度记录进行EEMD和Hilbert变换及谱分析,并与Fourier变换进行对比研究。结果表明,对于非线性的强震记录,采用EEMD能有效抑制EMD中存在的模态混叠问题。康定震区震害调查结果发现,“崩科”藏式建筑房屋表现出的震害特征较严重。通过Hilbert边际谱分析可以看出,震区台站主频集中在10 Hz左右,瞬时能量谱高频段信息较为丰富,而藏式建筑较差的抗震性也是造成震区“崩科”藏式结构房屋表现出震害偏重的重要原因。     

北京防震历史经验与汶川地震灾后城镇选址重建

5.12汶川8.0级地震使灾区蒙受了巨大的生命和财产损失,地震造成的灾害与灾区地质构造有极强的空间相关性。灾区地震历史的分析结果表明,该区域地震格局有明显的时空特征,重灾区灾后重建城镇选址宜多学科联合谨慎规划。康熙18年(1679年)的北京平谷-三河8.0级地震与5.12汶川地震惨烈程度相近,北京地质构造研究与地震时空格局分析具有重大的现实意义,北京城市发展中的防震规划历史经验值得5.12地震灾区在重建与今后发展中借鉴。     

基于全球分布的地震观测数据估计0S0模态的特征频率及品质因子

选取2011-03-11日本MW9.3地震后全球地震台站记录的约220 h波形数据,基于一定的判断准则,筛选出质量较高的448个垂向观测数据,采用频域AR方法对0S0模态的特征频率和品质因子进行估值,并以信噪比为权重进行加权平均,得到特征频率f=0.814 658 4±5.3×10-7,品质因子Q=5 586±12。该结果与已有研究成果相比精度更高,有助于约束现有地球介质密度和衰减模型,使其更接近真实地球。