基于双频高动态探地雷达技术的道路地下病害检测研究

探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR)以其快速、无损和高分辨率等优势已被广泛应用于道路地下病害体的排查应用.针对传统时域单主频天线GPR在勘探深度和分辨率上的局限性,本文提出了一种基于双主频高动态GPR检测系统的道路地下病害检测方法,通过二维正演,模拟道路地下典型病害体的电磁响应,获得病害体的典型GPR特征图谱,为实际病害的客观判读和科学解译提供理论依据.并以某区道路地下病害的实测GPR数据为例,给出了双主频高动态GPR采集的参数设置及数据分析流程.钻探验证结果表明,高频回波信号对浅部薄层具有较高分辨率,能较清晰地识别3 m以上浅部病害体,低频回波信号具有较高信噪比,能有效识别3 m以下深部病害体,兼顾了探测深度和纵向分辨率的双主频GPR检测系统,能较好地识别地下病害类型、位置、埋深及影响范围,可为城市道路病害排查与防治提供技术支持.     

基于辛算法模拟探地雷达在复杂地电模型中的传播

近年来,探地雷达(GPR)凭借其快速、高效、无破损等特点,已经广泛应用于浅地层目标探测中.数值模拟是研究探地雷达电磁波在地下结构中传播规律的有效手段.辛算法是一种保持Hamilton系统总能量不变的时域数值计算方法.本文提出了基于一阶显式辛分块龙格库塔方法的探地雷达数值模拟方法.通过对比本文算法与时域有限差分方法计算结果可知,在同等计算精度下,本文算法可以节省25%的计算时间.并基于本文算法对两个复杂GPR模型进行正演模拟,得到模拟GPR探测wiggle图,这有助于更好的理解和分析实测雷达数据.     

Kirchhoff偏移法在探地雷达正演图像处理中的应用

本文首先通过对波动方程的分析,得出了声波波动方程和雷达波波动方程形式一致性,从而说明了把广泛应用在地震数据处理中的偏移技术引入到GPR资料处理中的可行性;其后说明了时域有限差分法（FDTD）的原理,并用它合成了几种常见的雷达正演剖面;最后利用Kirchhoff积分偏移法对正演所得的雷达剖面进行偏移处理,通过对比偏移处理前后的雷达正演剖面,可知Kirchhoff积分偏移法能使雷达正演剖面中的反射波的归位,绕射波收敛,从而大大地提高了雷达正演剖面的分辨率,更好地指导GPR剖面的地质解释和验证偏移方法的有效性.     

GPR探测中管线异常自动提取与识别

在目前的探地雷达管线探测中,埋藏管线产生的双曲线特征是专业人员用来推断和解释目标的主要依据,但双曲线特征尚不能精准界定管线目标的属性材料.为了进一步对管线反射双曲线区域特征的解释分析,本文首先对经过预处理的GPR数据,运用图像处理手段对感兴趣的管线回波双曲线异常区域进行自动圈定,定位管线位置.然后综合分析管线信号时频谱特征和瞬时相位特征这些具有区分力的多参数特征,判定管线属性材料,完成对管线的提取与识别.最后,将该方法运用于模拟数据与实测数据之中,实现了管线的自动提取与参数特征分类识别,为GPR数据解释提供了指导意义.     

FDTD数值模拟在GPR管线探测中的应用

探地雷达是一种非常重要的管线探测技术,为了提高地下管线雷达图像特征的认识,确定管线异常体的位置,提高雷达资料的解释精度.论文从Maxwell两个旋度方程出发,推导了二维TM波的差分方程、CFL数值稳定性条件、频散关系.然后,基于Matlab平台编写了探地雷达正演的FDTD程序,应用该FDTD程序开展了管线探测中探地雷达探测效果分析,包括对管线埋藏深度、管线间距、管线内物质、管线材质等影响因素的数值模拟.通过分析雷达正演剖面特征,可以清晰了解并掌握雷达管线探测与各种影响参数之间的关系,对实际地下管线探测可起到指导作用.最后,将GPR应用于武广高速浏阳河隧道管线探测中,GPR准确地定位了PVC通迅电缆的位置在埋深,为工程施工与处置提供了依据.     

金属矿井下环境对GPR测试的干扰因素分析

探地雷达技术（GPR）在地下金属矿中应用日益广泛,然而复杂的井下环境时常影响雷达的测试效果.鉴别、分析各种干扰因素,有利于消除和抑制环境噪音在雷达中产生测试伪信号.本文结合作者在地下金属矿中的测试经验,探讨了GPR在金属矿井下测试过程中遇到的几种常见的干扰因素,分析其在雷达图象中呈现基本特征,并提出相应的处理措施与方法.     

高频电磁波传播速度在水及淤积砂土中影响因素实验研究

水及淤积土中电磁波传播速度是实现水上探地雷达(GPR)探测数据准确时深转换的关键因素.论文基于探地雷达实测结果分析了水温、盐度、浊度对水中电磁波速的影响和粒径组成、含水量变化对砂土介电常数(电磁波速)的影响,建立了淤积砂土介电常数模型并给出了相应速度计算方法.研究表明水中电磁波速主要受水体盐度影响,随盐度增大而指数减小.淤积砂土介电常数符合Looyenga模型,现场探测时可根据土样三相体积比确定土体介电常数,进而确定土体电磁波速,实现GPR数据时深准确转换.     

三维探地雷达技术在道路塌陷空洞探测中的应用

道路塌陷空洞一直是威胁交通安全运行的重要隐患,对道路塌陷空洞的探测方法进行研究具有重大的现实意义。研究工作通过实例探讨三维探地雷达（GPR）对道路塌陷区进行探测的方法技术及其应用效果。为查明道路塌陷空洞的空间分布特征,在塌陷区布设了共23条测线,1.0 m×0.5 m的三维测网并进行数据采集;通过对雷达数据进行处理,获得不同测线、不同方向的三维雷达剖面。结合地质情况对上述图件进行综合分析与解释,准确地查明塌陷空洞的位置、埋深及发育程度;经开挖验证,解译结果可靠。工程实践表明,三维探地雷达技术可以快速、高效地应用于道路塌陷探测中,其探测结果可为塌陷区后续施工以及安全防治提供参考。      

一种新颖的探地雷达快速正演模拟及埋地目标探测机器学习方法

探地雷达正演模拟在真实雷达数据解译及全波形反演中扮演着重要的角色,针对传统探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR)正演模拟计算量巨大、耗时、不利于实时探测等问题,提出一种基于机器学习框架的近实时GPR正演模拟方法.以混凝土中的钢筋探测作为GPR应用场景,混凝土的含水量、钢筋半径及埋地深度作为模型参数,利用时域有限差分数值模拟散射回波信号;运用主成分分析对回波数据进行降维处理得到相应的主成分权值系数,并以此作为机器学习网络的输出;设计了一种基于随机森林的多层循环网络架构和学习策略,不仅充分挖掘学习模型参数和主成分权值系数之间的内在因果关系,也共享主成分间的相互联系,并具有对每个预测主成分完善和修正的功能,以此实现基于机器学习的探地雷达快速正演模拟,与传统机器学习相比,有效提高了正演模拟的精度.在此基础上将两个深度神经网络与随机森林相结合,以回波数据主成分系数为输入,建立了基于机器学习的场景参数预测模型,实现了近实时的埋地目标探测,预测的混凝土含水量最大误差为2%,钢筋埋地深度最大误差为6.7%.     

探地雷达在LNAPL污染土壤探测中的应用进展研究

轻非水相液体(LNAPL)的不当使用、渗漏及不当处置等会造成严重的土壤和地下水污染,威胁环境和公共卫生安全.探地雷达(GPR)作为一项重要的浅表地球物理观测技术已在LNAPL污染土壤探测中发挥重要作用.本文对近年来国内外学者利用GPR探测LNAPL污染土壤方面的理论和应用研究进行梳理,结合实例主要从以下几个方面开展评述.这些方面包括LNAPL污染土壤电性特征、基于GPR探测的LNAPL污染土壤建模、GPR信号响应、GPR的测量方式等.这些理论与应用研究为如何从场地的地质和水文背景中提取与污染有关的GPR信号做出了指导与成功的示范.现场和实验室的大量的研究工作表明,所有成功的案例都不可能倚赖单一的手段或方法.直接(例如,钻孔)和间接(例如,GPR)调查结合,多手段、多方法的有效配合,才有可能最大程度的减小探测结果的非唯一性,达到全面准确了解污染场地的目的.     

Simulation for ground penetrating radar (GPR) study of the subsurface structure of the Moon

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is currently within the scope of China's Chang-E 3 lunar mission, to study the shallow subsurface of the Moon. In this study, key factors that could affect a lunar GPR performance, such as frequency, range resolution, and antenna directivity, are discussed firstly. Geometrical optics and ray tracing techniques are used to model GPR echoes, considering the transmission, attenuation, reflection, geometrical spreading of radar waves, and the antenna directivity. The influence on A-scope GPR echoes and on the simulated radargrams for the Sinus Iridum region by surface and subsurface roughness, dielectric loss of the lunar regolith, radar frequency and bandwidth, and the distance between the transmit and receive antennas are discussed. Finally, potential scientific return about lunar subsurface properties from GPR echoes is also discussed. Simulation results suggest that subsurface structure from several to hundreds of meters can be studied from GPR echoes at P and VHF bands, and information about dielectric permittivity and thickness of subsurface layers can be estimated from GPR echoes in combination with regolith composition data.     

Recursive impedance inversion of ground-penetrating radar data in stochastic media

The travel time and amplitude of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves are closely related to medium parameters such as water content, porosity, and dielectric permittivity. However, conventional estimation methods, which are mostly based on wave velocity, are not suitable for real complex media because of limited resolution. Impedance inversion uses the reflection coefficient of radar waves to directly calculate GPR impedance and other parameters of subsurface media. We construct a 3D multiscale stochastic medium model and use the mixed Gaussian and exponential autocorrelation function to describe the distribution of parameters in real subsurface media. We introduce an elliptical Gaussian function to describe local random anomalies. The tapering function is also introduced to reduce calculation errors caused by the numerical simulation of discrete grids. We derive the impedance inversion workflow and test the calculation precision in complex media. Finally, we use impedance inversion to process GPR field data in a polluted site in Mongolia. The inversion results were constrained using borehole data and validated by resistivity data.     

The use of GPR for characterizing underground weathered profiles in the sub-humid tropics

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used as a tool to access information about ground subsurface features. Such information is very important for different types of studies, varying from those related to archeological research to those studying geological elements of bedrock. More recently, however, GPR has been increasingly applied to environmental studies, especially for soil research. This paper presents the results of an application of GPR for the study of weathered profiles. GPR was used to discover the degree of trustworthiness of the information on the ground subsurface through the interpretation of the results of the radar sections as well as the data collected from boreholes, which reached until 21 m. The results show a relatively high degree of details obtained by GPR, indicating the possibility of speeding up ground subsurface surveys related to geomorphological, geological, and pedological studies.     

Inversion of multiple intersecting high-resolution crosshole GPR profiles for hydrological characterization at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site

The integration of geophysical data into the subsurface characterization problem has been shown in many cases to significantly improve hydrological knowledge by providing information at spatial scales and locations that is unattainable using conventional hydrological measurement techniques. In particular, crosshole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tomography has shown much promise in hydrology because of its ability to provide highly detailed images of subsurface radar wave velocity, which is strongly linked to soil water content. Here, we develop and demonstrate a procedure for inverting together multiple crosshole GPR data sets in order to characterize the spatial distribution of radar wave velocity below the water table at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) near Boise, Idaho, USA. Specifically, we jointly invert 31 intersecting crosshole GPR profiles to obtain a highly resolved and consistent radar velocity model along the various profile directions. The model is found to be strongly correlated with complementary neutron porosity-log data and is further corroborated by larger-scale structural information at the BHRS. This work is an important prerequisite to using crosshole GPR data together with existing hydrological measurements for improved groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.     

Investigating alluvial and tectonic features with ground-penetrating radar and analyzing diffractions patterns

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) experiments were conducted on a Quaternary sedimentary (made up of gravel, sand and loess) site to image the structures and tectonic features. Two sets of antennae, 50 and 100 MHz, have been tested in a water saturated alluvial deposits (mostly sand and gravel). The 100 MHz antennae provided adequate penetration depth and allowed better lateral continuity and resolution of the subsurface targets than the 50 MHz antennae. Results show that most of GPR data are contaminated by strong diffraction hyperbolae caused by above-ground objects near the survey line. Therefore, it is very important to recognize the diffractions through air and not to confuse them with the reflections from underground geologic features. Despite the air diffraction problem, the GPR data allow us to prospect subsurface sedimentary and tectonic structures. Water table, channels and meander bars are observed on GPR data. Most of these observations are correlated with borehole and trench data.     

GPR study of pore water content and salinity in sand

High‐resolution studies of hydrological problems of the near‐surface zone can be better accomplished by applying ground‐probing radar (GPR) and geoelectrical techniques. We report on GPR measurements (500 and 900 MHz antennae) which were carried out on a sorted, clean sand, both in the laboratory and at outdoor experimental sites. The outdoor sites include a full‐scale model measuring 5 × 3 × 2.4 m³ and a salinity site measuring 7.0 × 1.0 × 0.9 m³ with three buried sand bodies saturated with water of various salinities. Our studies investigate the capability of GPR to determine the pore water content and to estimate the salinity. These parameters are important for quantifying and evaluating the water quality of vadose zones and aquifers. The radar technique is increasingly applied in quantifying soil moisture but is still rarely used in studying the problems of water salinity and quality. The reflection coefficient at interfaces is obtained from the amplitude spectrum in the frequency and time domains and is confirmed by 1D wavelet modelling. In addition, the GPR velocity to a target at a known depth is determined using techniques of two‐way traveltime, CMP semblance analysis and fitting an asymptotic diffraction curve. The results demonstrate that the reflection coefficient increases with increasing salinity of the moisture. These results may open up a new approach for applications in environmental problems and groundwater prospecting, e.g. mapping and monitoring of contamination and evaluating of aquifer salinity, especially in coastal areas with a time‐varying fresh‐water lens. In addition, the relationship between GPR velocity and water content is established for the sand. Using this relationship, a subsurface velocity distribution for a full‐scale model of this sand is deduced and applied for migrated radargrams. Well‐focused diffractions separate single small targets (diameter of 2–3 cm, at a depth of 20–180 cm and a vertical interval of 20 cm). The results underscore the high potential of GPR for determining moisture content and its variation, flow processes and water quality, and even very small bodies inside the sand or soil.     

Remigration of ground-penetrating radar data

Optimal electromagnetic wave propagation velocities and subsurface images for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can be specified by using an imaging scanning method. In addition to time-migrating the unmigrated GPR section, we remigrate the already time-migrated section by a one-step remigration operator using different velocities. This creates many time-migrated images for different constant migration velocities. In this way, the computation time for time-migration is very much reduced. Time-migrated reflector images `propagate' when the constant migration velocity is continuously changed. For this `propagation' there exists a wave-equation-type partial differential equation. Each time-migrated section can thus be viewed as a snapshot for a certain migration velocity. The time-migrated reflector images behave like `waves', called image waves. This is applied to real GPR data acquired over a concrete body within which a steel cable frame is buried. The method produces a quick velocity scan to find a reliable migration velocity leading to the best time-migrated image.     

探地雷达衰减补偿逆时偏移成像方法

探地雷达信号在地下介质中传播时易受到电导率所产生的衰减影响,从而使得传统偏移成像结果在高衰减区域变得模糊.本文提出了衰减补偿的逆时偏移方法来消除电导率的影响.该方法基于麦克斯韦方程组实现电磁波的正演模拟和逆时传播.通过改变衰减项的正负号,保证了逆时传播的时间对称性,从而能够重构出原始波场,实现衰减补偿.数值实验比较了传统逆时偏移方法和衰减补偿逆时偏移方法在存在高导异常区域情况下的成像效果,结果证明了衰减补偿逆时偏移方法能够很好地恢复由电导率造成的信号衰减,从而提高探地雷达剖面的分辨率.