液舱晃荡实验风险分析方法研究

以液舱晃荡实验为风险评估对象,利用事故树分析法进行风险辨识,确定风险评价指标体系,然后在此基础上建立了实验风险的模糊综合评判模型,对实验风险进行评估。同时,对风险因素进行排序,确定主要的风险控制对象。     

上海市水源地水质综合评价方法的探讨

基于2005年至2007年上海市陈行水库和青草沙水源地的监测资料,应用基于组合权重法的水质综合评价模型对水质状况进行了综合评价。并将综合评价结果与单因子评价结果进行比较分析。研究结果表明:基于组合权重法的水质综合评价模型简便、适用,利用样本信息较为全面,能够实现对水质客观、准确、量化的分类和排序,是一种较为有效的水质评价方法。     

基于熵最大化的富营养化二级模糊评价模型——以长江口及邻近海域富营养化评价为例

为进一步丰富符合中国国情的多参数水质富营养化综合评价方法体系,本文在确立富营养化评价指标体系的基础上,通过对不同富营养化模糊判别方法的比较,从富营养化症状和近海生态系统的响应角度出发,确定并建立了"致害因素-效应"框架下的基于熵最大化原理的二级模糊评判方法。不同评价方法对中国典型河口——长江口及邻近海域富营养化程度的评价结果显示,基于熵最大化原理的二级模糊评价模型所得结果最符合以逼近理想解排序所得的合理营养等级,并且在对各种方法所得评价结果进行理想解的接近度以及广义距离排序时,基于熵最大化的二级评价模型均排在较前的位置,可知该模型的评价结果最接近研究海域水环境系统各指标的实际情况,具有一定的可行性。     

最短时间航线自动生成的改进方法

针对已有的最短时间航线自动生成算法存在搜索效率较低、航线准确度较低的不足,提出了基于瞬时水深模型的最短时间航线自动生成改进算法。利用无效点定义和动态包络矩形的策略,优化最短时间航线生成;采用高精度的瞬时水深模型提高最短时间航线自动生成的准确度。实验结果表明:此方法与已有的方法相比,在自动生成航线的质量和效率上都有明显的提高。     

基于XML的视频剪辑时间线构建方法

DES(DirectShow Editing Services)是基于DirectShow的视频编辑编程接口,通过建立时间线模型进行多媒体编辑,其自带的XML Parser组件可以用来保存和恢复时间线编辑信息。开发1种时间线构建系统,直接通过编辑XML文件建立时间线模型,将复杂的时间线接口调用转化为简单的XML文档编辑任务,使基于此的系统扩展更加简便。使用Delphi的TXML Document组件读取、写入XML文档,使用树状模型显示及修改,并通过输出引擎得到预览画面及视频文件。     

《海洋生物分类检索系统》功能模块的研究

生物检索特别是按物索名因分类系统和标准迥异,一直是分类学的难题,迫切需要一套检索手段灵活、适用不同分类手段的快速检索、查询工具。为此,作者在海岸带和海岛资源调查资料以及各位专家已有工作成果的基础上,加强分类方法学的研究,尝试开发了多媒体数据库和智能化的“海洋生物检索查询系统”(软著登字第0012717号),探索利用数据库检索技术提高海洋生物检索查询效率、准确度的方法。     

近岸生态环境质量综合评价方法及其应用

在借鉴国外近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价方法的基础上,结合我国近海的生态环境特点和现有的海洋环境质量评价标准及资料状况,提出了一种适合我国近海特点的生态环境质量综合评价方法.该方法选取了生物学质量要素、水质要素、沉积物质量要素和生物体质量要素共4类评价指标,根据评价标准对各类指标进行赋分,最后集合4类评价指标得分,将近岸海域生态环境质量划分为"优、良、中、差、劣"共5个最终级别.将此方法应用于胶州湾海域,结果表明20世纪九十年代以来胶州湾生态环境质量基本维持在"良/中"级水平,且逐渐趋于好转.通过实际应用,证实了该方法具有一定的科学性和较好的可操作性.     

近海沉积物环境质量综合评价的熵权属性识别模型

叙述了基于熵权的属性识别模型的建立过程,并将其应用于连云港近海表层沉积物环境质量的综合评价中.评价结果表明,连云港近海表层沉积物的环境质量总体较好,且田湾核电站海区的沉积物环境质量要优于其它海区,而连云港港口区的沉积物环境质量相对较差.熵权属性识别模型不仅能对评价对象进行准确合理的识别分类,还可对其进行打分排序,提高了评价结果的分辨率,为环保决策提供了定量分析的依据,具有一定的应用价值.     

世界主要海洋强国综合实力测评研究

文章在回顾世界海洋强国发展历程和分析现阶段发展特点的基础上,构建国家层面的海洋综合实力评价指标体系,并结合层次分析法和加权积决策理论建立了综合实力测评模型。通过选取世界上8个有代表意义的海洋强国,结合其海洋综合实力的现状分析,利用测评模型对其进行测评排序,为我国"海洋强国"战略的科学规划提供参考。     

基于生态系统服务的罗源湾围填海方案的经济效益评价

基于可持续发展角度,运用环境经济学理论和方法,建立效益和费用评估模型.按照生态系统服务理论将围填海造成的生态损失货币化,作为经济成本的一部分,参与围填海方案经济效益评价.本文对罗源湾多个围填海方案进行综合评价,并对其进行排序,寻求适宜方案.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.