Hydration shell structures in a LiI solution at elevated temperature and pressure: a molecular dynamics study

Molecular dynamics simulations of a 0.55 molal aqueous LiI solution have been performed at 508 K and 308 K and a density of 1.05 g/cm³. The structural changes resulting from increased temperature and pressure are discussed.     

祁县井水温和水位的奇异潮汐关系探讨

山西祁县井水温潮汐相位超前于水位,异于正常的水温和水位潮汐的动态关系。本文介绍了此现象的记录图像,通过水温和水位同震响应数据核实仪器时间系统,证实此现象是客观的;利用调和分析方法计算出逐月水温与水位潮汐变化的时间差,表明此现象存在于整个观测中。根据水温和水位潮汐相位相关性分析及观测条件调查,认为祁县井水温潮汐相位超前于水位的现象是在特定观测条件下,因井水流动不畅引起的特殊的水温水位关系。     

春季巢湖水温和水体叶绿素a浓度的变化关系

根据2007年3-6月的巢湖逐时气象观测资料和水环境监测资料,分析了水体叶绿素a浓度、水温和气温的时间变化规律以及相互之间的关系.结果表明:水温日变化幅度小于气温日变化幅度,多项式拟合决定系数较高,为0.81;水温与水体叶绿素a浓度逐时变化关系不稳定,线性拟合决定系数变化范围为0到0.91,平均为0.35;水温日平均与...     

Effect of hydrogen on the melting temperature of FeS at high pressure: Implications for the core of Ganymede

We have carried out in situ X-ray diffraction experiments on the FeS–H system up to 16.5 GPa and 1723 K using a Kawai-type multianvil high-pressure apparatus employing synchrotron X-ray radiation. Hydrogen was supplied to FeS from the thermal decomposition of LiAlH₄, and FeSH_x was formed at high pressures and temperatures. The melting temperature and phase relationships of FeSH_x were determined based on in situ powder X-ray diffraction data. The melting temperature of FeSH_x was reduced by 150–250 K comparing with that of pure FeS. The hydrogen concentration in FeSH_x was determined to be x = 0.2–0.4 just before melting occurred between 3.0 and 16.5 GPa. It is considered that sulfur is the major light element in the core of Ganymede, one of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. Although the interior of Ganymede is differentiated today, the silicate rock and the iron alloy mixed with H₂O, and the iron alloy could react with H₂O (as ice or water) or the hydrous silicate before the differentiation occurred in an early period, resulting in a formation of iron hydride. Therefore, Ganymede's core may be composed of an Fe–S–H system. According to our results, hydrogen dissolved in Ganymede's core lowers the melting temperature of the core composition, and so today, the core could have solid FeSH_x inner core and liquid FeH_x–FeSH_x outer core and the present core temperature is considered to be relatively low.     

First-principles calculations of elasticity of minerals at high temperature and pressure

The elasticity of minerals at high temperature and pressure(PT) is critical for constraining the composition and temperature of the Earth's interior and understand better the deep water cycle and the dynamic Earth. First-principles calculations without introducing any adjustable parameters, whose results can be comparable to experimental data, play a more and more important role in investigating the elasticity of minerals at high PT mainly because of(1) the quick increasing of computational powers and(2) advances in method. For example, the new method reduces the computation loads to one-tenth of the traditional method with the comparable precise as the traditional method. This is extraordinarily helpful because first-principles calculations of the elasticity of minerals at high PT are extremely time-consuming. So far the elasticity of most of lower mantle minerals has been investigated in detail. We have good idea on the effect of temperature, pressure, and iron concentration on elasticity of main minerals of the lower mantle and the unusual softening in bulk modulus by the spin crossover of iron in ferropericlase. With these elastic data the lower mantle has been constrained to have 10–15 wt% ferropericlase, which is sufficient to generate some visible effects of spin crossover in seismic tomography. For example, the spin crossover causes that the temperature sensitivity of P wave at the depth of ~1700 km is only a fraction of that at the depth of ~2300 km. The disruptions of global P wave structure and of P wave image below hotspots such as Hawaii and Iceland at similar depth are in consistence with the spin crossover effect of iron in ferropericlase. The spin crossover, which causes anomalous thermodynamic properties of ferropericlase, has also been found to play a control role for the two features of the large low shear velocity provinces(LLSVPs): the sharp edge and high elevation up to 1000 km above core-mantle boundary. All these results clearly suggest the spin crossover of iron in the lower mantle. The theoretical investigations for the elasticity of minerals at the upper mantle and water effect on elasticity of minerals at the mantle transition zone and subducting slab have also been conducted extensively. These researches are critical for understanding better the composition of the upper mantle and water distribution and transport in the Earth's mantle. Most of these were static calculations, which did not include the vibrational(temperature) effect on elasticity, although temperature effect on elasticity is basic because of high temperature at the Earth's interior and huge temperature difference between the ambient mantle and the subducting slab. Including temperature effect on elasticity of minerals should be important future work. New method developed is helpful for these directions. The elasticity of iron and iron-alloy with various light elements has also been calculated extensively. However, more work is necessary in order to meet the demand for constraining the types and amount of light elements at the Earth's core.     

高温高压下麻粒岩电导率研究

麻粒岩是下地壳的重要组成物质,模拟其在下地壳温压条件下的电导率对于认识下地壳的电导率分布具有十分重要的意义.本文用交流法在1 GPa下,373~1002 K范围内研究了麻粒岩样品的复阻抗,并且对测量结果进行了阻抗谱分析.研究结果表明,复阻抗对频率具有依赖性,且随温度的升高,复阻抗的实部、虚部均变小.在实验给出的温度范围内,电导率结果符合Arrhenius关系式.当温度在373~663 K范围内时,实验所获得的激化焓为0.31 eV,表明样品的电导率由低能带杂质离子所控制;当温度在673~1002 K范围内时,激化焓为0.67 eV,此时可能为小极化子导电.将所得电导率结果与西南峨边—马边地区以及华北应县―商河地区的大地电磁结果进行了对比,发现在所模拟的下地壳温压范围内,实验室测得的电导率位于野外MT数据范围内.     

Precipitable water and dew point temperature relationship during the Indian summer monsoon

Two years of contrasting monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent are studied with reference to (a) total precipitable water and precipitation efficiencies during the respective years and (b) the correlation between the dew point temperature at a particular level and the total precipitable water. It is found that the maximum correlation occurs between the dew point temperature at the 850 mb level and the total precipitable water at an individual station. The precipitation efficiencies are less during the year of bad monsoon. A linear regression equation is attempted between the total precipitable water and dew point temperature.     

海口ZK 26井水温动态特征

通过对海口水化台ＺＫ２６井不同层位水温数字化观测资料的分析,发现水温随深度的增加呈线性上升趋势,在第二含水层的１２０～１５０m段可能有一热水活动带,而１５０m向下至１５８m段水温快速下降,并在该段观测到大致与水位反向的水温日变形态。此外,该井不同层位的水温还显示出不同的长期变化特征,并在１５３m含水层和３３６m非含水层内皆不同程度地观测到井区３００Ｋm内ＭL≥４．０级地震的可能前兆异常。     

高温高压下角闪片麻岩的电导率研究

在1.0 GPa压力、343～962 K温度和0.1～106Hz频率的条件下,使用Solartron 1260阻抗-增益/相位分析仪对含角闪石的片麻岩从平行和垂直面理两个不同方向分别进行了电阻抗的测定,并且进一步分析了片麻岩的微观导电机制.高温高压实验结果表明:片麻岩的复阻抗对温度、频率表现出明显的依赖性.片麻岩的电导...     

Disproportionation of kyanite to corundum plus stishovite at high pressure and temperature

Natural kyanite (Al₂SiO₅) has been found to disproportionate into a mixture of its component oxides, corundum and stishovite, at a loading pressure of about 160 kbar and temperature between 1000–1400°C in a diamond-anvil press. The exact transition pressure is not certain due to transient increases in pressure during the local and rapid heating by a continuous YAG laser. The phase boundary, however, has been estimated to be P(kbar) = (138 ～ 174) + 0.011 T (°C) on the basis of the available thermodynamic data. The shock-wave Hugoniot data above 650 kbar for andalusite (Al₂SiO₅) and sillimanite (Al₂SiO₅) as starting materials are consistent with the present results.     

苏06井不同深度水温变化特征

根据2008—2016年苏06井400 m和800 m深度的水温观测数据,分析不同深度的水温年变速率及日变曲线形态,并运用差值、水温梯度的小波变换方法,对2个不同深度的水温变化特征进行分析,发现:苏06井不同深度水温的长期变化与水位变化具有一定同步性,事实上水位变化起主导作用,构造引起水位变化使不同深度水温的表现不同,对周围近距离显著地震发生有一定意义;从短期变化看,不同深度水温之间很少出现同步变化;400 m深度水温异常信号频度及强度高于800 m深度水温异常信号。     

云南下关井水位与水温变化对地震预测的意义

计算云南下关井水位和水温资料的相关性,结果表明,水位和水温的趋势性变化总体具有好的相关性和同步性.但在某些时间段内两者的相关性会发生显著变化,且与下关及附近地区中强以上地震对应较好,可能是一种地震前兆异常.研究水位、水温相关性变化比单一分析水位或水温动态能够获得更多信息.     

高温高压下上地幔岩石电导率实验研究

为了建立具有普遍适用性的上地幔电性结构,本文利用Kawai-1000t压机和Solartron IS-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在4.0~14.0 GPa、873~1673 K的条件下,采用交流阻抗谱法（频率范围10^-1~10⁶Hz）测量了不含水的地幔岩电导率.实验结果显示,岩石的电导率随温度升高而大幅度的增大;在较大的温度范围内岩石的导电机制发生了变化,中低温时为小极化子导电,此时激活焓为0.94 eV （±0.13） eV,激活体积为0.11（±0.92） cm³·mol^-1,高温时为和镁空穴相关的离子导电,此时激活焓为1.6~3.17 eV,激活体积为6.75（±7.43） cm³·mol^-1;本次测量的电导率比低压下岩石的电导率要高,比矿物的电导率也要高.用本次的实验结果回归计算得到Fennoscandian地区的上地幔的一维电导率剖面,发现200 km以上本次实验计算的结果和大地电磁测深的电导率剖面吻合的比较好,在200 km以下本次实验得到的要比野外测量的电导率稍稍高一点,可能是因为实验过程中没有完全避免水的影响.本次的实验结果比用有效均匀介质方法计算得到的pyrolite矿物模型的电导率要高出两个数量级,这样的结果显示只用一种矿物的电导率或是几种矿物理论计算的结果有一定的不合理性.     

高温高压条件下纳米材料强度的测试和分析方法

基于高温高压同步辐射X射线衍射和飞行时间中子衍射实验,我们提出了一种通过衍射研究纳米材料本征力学性能的方法.实验通过高压压缩实验对纳米晶和微米晶Ni的变形行为进行了对比研究;二者在不同压力下的晶胞体积数据表明,纳米晶Ni具有明显的弹性软化现象,体弹模量比微米晶Ni减小约10%.研究结果表明,纳米晶Ni的整体抗压缩性减小是由于该材料纳米晶壳层呈现为张应力状态,具有较低的抗压缩性,这与分子动力学模拟结果一致.基于该方法,通过定量分析衍射峰的宽化和偏移,我们可以获得晶粒之间的高应力聚集区所产生的"微观/局部"屈服,以及整个样品在应力下所产生的"宏观/整体"屈服.我们的应变/应力图形分析方法还可以研究材料的屈服强度、高温高压条件下的晶粒破碎/长大、加工硬化/软化,以及多晶体中的固有残余/表面应变.本文提出的方法可以用于岩石矿物的高温高压流变强度的定量测定,为研究岩石圈以及地幔物质的蠕变对流提供了高科技的研究手段.     

高温高压下上地幔岩石电导率实验研究

为了建立具有普遍适用性的上地幔电性结构,本文利用Kawai-1000t压机和Solartron IS-1260阻抗/增益-相位分析仪,在4.0~14.0 GPa、873~1673 K的条件下,采用交流阻抗谱法（频率范围10^-1~10⁶Hz）测量了不含水的地幔岩电导率.实验结果显示,岩石的电导率随温度升高而大幅度的增大;在较大的温度范围内岩石的导电机制发生了变化,中低温时为小极化子导电,此时激活焓为0.94 eV（±0.13）eV,激活体积为0.11（±0.92）cm³·mol^-1,高温时为和镁空穴相关的离子导电,此时激活焓为1.6~3.17 eV,激活体积为6.75（±7.43）cm³·mol^-1;本次测量的电导率比低压下岩石的电导率要高,比矿物的电导率也要高.用本次的实验结果回归计算得到Fennoscandian地区的上地幔的一维电导率剖面,发现200 km以上本次实验计算的结果和大地电磁测深的电导率剖面吻合的比较好,在200 km以下本次实验得到的要比野外测量的电导率稍稍高一点,可能是因为实验过程中没有完全避免水的影响.本次的实验结果比用有效均匀介质方法计算得到的pyrolite矿物模型的电导率要高出两个数量级,这样的结果显示只用一种矿物的电导率或是几种矿物理论计算的结果有一定的不合理性.

     

高温高压下斜长角闪岩电导率研究及其地球物理启示

中下地壳和俯冲带区域的高电导率异常（0.01~1 S·m^-1）可能与地球内部的特定物质及其变化有关.斜长角闪岩是中下地壳以及俯冲带区域的重要组成之一,高温高压下斜长角闪岩的电导率研究对认识电导率异常具有重要意义.本研究采用交流阻抗谱法,在0.5,1.0,1.5 GPa和473~1073 K条件下测量了天然斜长角闪岩样品的复阻抗,实验结果表明压力对斜长角闪岩的电导率影响非常小,而温度对于电导率影响非常显著,其电导率在1073 K可以达到10^-0.5 S·m^-1;实验获得的活化能值为52.21 kJ·mol^-1,推断其导电机制可能为小极化子传导（Fe²⁺的氧化）主导.结合本实验获得的结果与大陆岩石圈和俯冲带的温度结构,我们计算得到相应的电性结构剖面,并与三种不同构造背景下的大陆岩石圈（克拉通、大陆裂谷和活动造山带）和俯冲带区域的电磁剖面结构进行了对比研究,结果发现斜长角闪岩可以解释大陆裂谷和活动造山带构造背景下的莫霍面附近的高电导率异常现象,同时可能是导致较热的俯冲带区域（例如卡斯卡迪地区）高电导率异常现象的原因.

     

高温高压下斜长角闪岩电导率研究及其地球物理启示

中下地壳和俯冲带区域的高电导率异常（0.01~1 S·m^-1）可能与地球内部的特定物质及其变化有关.斜长角闪岩是中下地壳以及俯冲带区域的重要组成之一,高温高压下斜长角闪岩的电导率研究对认识电导率异常具有重要意义.本研究采用交流阻抗谱法,在0.5,1.0,1.5 GPa和473~1073 K条件下测量了天然斜长角闪岩样品的复阻抗,实验结果表明压力对斜长角闪岩的电导率影响非常小,而温度对于电导率影响非常显著,其电导率在1073 K可以达到10^-0.5 S·m^-1;实验获得的活化能值为52.21 kJ·mol^-1,推断其导电机制可能为小极化子传导（Fe²⁺的氧化）主导.结合本实验获得的结果与大陆岩石圈和俯冲带的温度结构,我们计算得到相应的电性结构剖面,并与三种不同构造背景下的大陆岩石圈（克拉通、大陆裂谷和活动造山带）和俯冲带区域的电磁剖面结构进行了对比研究,结果发现斜长角闪岩可以解释大陆裂谷和活动造山带构造背景下的莫霍面附近的高电导率异常现象,同时可能是导致较热的俯冲带区域（例如卡斯卡迪地区）高电导率异常现象的原因.     

昌黎井数字化水温资料分析

昌黎井数字化水温具有比较规律的多年变化动态趋势,整理水温资料,分析水温前兆异常变化,得出水温变化机理和映震机理,为今后充分发掘地震前兆信息提供帮助。     

Performance of the complete travel-time equation of state at simultaneous high pressure and temperature

The complete travel-time equation of state (CT-EOS) is presented by utilizing thermodynamics relations, such as; $$K_T = K_S (1 + \alpha \gamma T)^{ - 1} , \gamma = \frac{{\alpha K_S }}{{\rho C_P }}, \left. {\frac{{\partial C_P }}{{\partial P}}} \right)_T = - \frac{T}{\rho }\left[ {\alpha ^2 + \left. {\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial T}}} \right)_P } \right], etc.$$ The CT-EOS enables us to analyze ultrasonic experimental data under simultaneous high pressure and high temperature without introducing any assumption, as long as the density, or thermal expansivity, and heat capacity are also available as functions of temperature at zero pressure. The performance of the CT-EOS was examined by using synthesized travel-time data with random noise of 10^?5 and 10^?4 amplitude up to 4 GPa and 1500 K. Those test conditions are to be met with the newly developed GHz interferometry in a gas medium piston cylinder apparatus. The results suggest that the combination of the CT-EOS and accurate experimental data (10^?4 in travel time) can determine thermodynamic and elastic parameters, as well as their derivatives with unprecedented accuracy, yielding second-order pressure derivatives (?² M/?P ²) of the elastic moduli as well as the temperature derivatives of their first-order pressure derivatives ?² M/?P?T). The completeness of the CT-EOS provides an unambiguous criterion to evaluate the compatibility of empirical EOS with experimental data. Furthermore because of this completeness, it offers the possibility of a new and absolute pressure calibration when X-ray (i.e., volume) measurements are made simultaneously with the travel-time measurements.     

德令哈地震台水温观测数据干扰

选取2008-2016年德令哈地震台水温观测数据,总结长期及短期变化特征,对影响数据变化的观测技术系统、观测环境及人为因素等干扰源进行分析。分析认为,观测技术系统故障干扰因素有供电故障、仪器故障、雷电影响等,该类干扰具有发生时间随机、持续时段较长,突变、异常变化幅度较大等特点;观测环境干扰有人工湖、黑石山水库、灌溉水渠等,该类干扰数据不稳定,具有突升、突降、突跳等特点;人为干扰有前兆仪器现场检修、仪器安装、施工改造等,具有持续时间短、突变、异常变化幅度较大等特点。