新疆北山地区白山镁铁－超镁铁岩体 LAＧICPＧMS锆石 UＧPb年龄、地球化学特征及其找矿意义

白山镁铁－超镁铁岩体为新疆北山地区新近发现的一处铜镍矿化镁铁－超镁铁岩体,岩体位于新疆北山裂谷带骆驼峰－矛头山断裂南侧,侵位于敦煌岩群,主要由纯橄岩、辉橄岩、橄长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄苏长岩、苏长岩、辉长岩等组成.全岩成分以低碱、低钛为特征,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石、单斜辉石和斜长石的分离结晶作用,经历了一定程度的地壳混染.通过 LAＧICPＧMS锆石 UＧPb测年,首次获得白山岩体中橄榄苏长岩形成年龄为(２９８．４±３．３)Ma.该岩体地质学、岩相学、岩石地球化学特征,以及成岩时代均与区域内及东天山地区含矿岩体有较强的相似性,综合地物化信息显示,岩体具有较好的铜镍成矿潜力,其发现进一步证明新疆北山地区具有较大的铜镍找矿空间.?      

东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩的形成环境探讨

东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩是秦岭造山带中出露于变质基底岩系之上的、形成于中元古代晚期（１０００～１２５０Ｍａ）的异地蛇绿岩构造岩片，与周围变质地层里构造接触关系，为一自南而北的逆冲推覆岩片，于９８３Ｍａ±发生构造侵位及变质作用。蛇绿岩主要由超镁铁岩和镁铁岩两个单元组成，变质橄榄岩（纯橄榄岩、方辉橄榄岩）具地幔残余成因，ΣＲＥＥ低，ＲＥＥ特征为ＬＲＥＥ富集、ＨＲＥＥ近平坦型式。变质基性火山岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征显示以Ｔ－ＭＯＲＢ为主，兼具有ＯＩＢ特征，形成于小洋盆构造环境，于晋宁期北秦岭活动大陆边缘的俯冲－碰撞过程中发生变形变质并侵位于陆壳当中。     

北祁连山早晚奥陶世蛇绿岩层序与岩石特征

本文依据岩石学、岩石化学、痕量元素丰度值等资料,论证北祁连山早、晚奥陶世两期蛇绿岩层序结构,并与典型蛇绿岩层序相对比,认为这两套蛇绿岩具有超镁铁岩、镁铁岩、浅色岩组成的堆积杂岩和基性熔岩、深海沉积岩等的层序结构与岩石特征。     

西昆仑山—阿尔金山地区晚元古代超基性岩岩石化学特征与成岩地质环境

通过对新疆西昆仑山—阿尔金山地区的晚元古代超基性岩岩石化学特征的研究,笔者认为它属于高镁低、铁、贫铝型的橄榄岩—辉橄岩类的超基性岩。该超基性岩产于大陆边缘活动带,局部具有岛弧的某些特征。阿尔金山地区晚元古代起基性岩处于由大陆边缘活动带向稳定区过渡,接近稳定区;而西昆仑山地区的晚元古代超基性岩则相反,接近大陆边缘活动带(具边缘海区域特征)。岩石化学反映的特点与两地区现存的大地构造特点及地质特征所存在的差异性相吻合。 根据对超基性岩岩石化学资料的分析,笔者认为西昆仑地区塔里木地台的南界,应以康西瓦—赛图拉大断裂为界,南侧属喀喇昆仑地槽。阿尔金山地区塔里木地台的南界以阿尔金大断裂为界。     

山东招远苏家庄子超基性岩地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对招远苏家庄子超基性岩岩相学、岩石化学、微量元素和稀土元素的分析判别,提出了胶北地体中的苏家庄子超基性岩是太古宙不成熟陆壳在拉张环境下侵位的幔源岩浆产物,其原岩为橄榄辉石岩或辉橄岩,后期经强烈热液交代或蚀变形成蛇纹岩,矿物成分以蛇纹石为主,具有典型的蛇纹网脉状结构的交代蚀变型岩石。微量元素显示亲石元素Ba,Sr,V偏高,Cr,Zr偏低,亲铜元素Cu,Pb,Zn,As明显偏高,Ag,Au,W偏低,亲铁元素Co,Ni偏高,Mo偏低,以富亲石元素和亲硫元素为特征。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式属LREE富集右倾型,稀土总量∑REE低于通常的洋脊玄武岩,类似岛弧玄武岩的配分模式,轻、重稀土元素分馏程度均较低,记录了流体的次生交代在蛇纹石化过程中经历了一定的氧化作用。胶北地体中超基性岩参与构建了太古宙时期由不成熟陆壳向成熟陆壳演化的进程,它与太古宙基底岩系一起构成花岗-绿岩地体中胶东金矿的初始矿源层,参与了胶东金矿成矿过程。     

胶南地区前寒武纪侵入岩的岩石谱系单位划分及地壳演化

胶南地区的变质杂岩主要由中、晚元古代的变质深成岩组成。按照同源岩浆演化理论，这些深成岩可划归四个超单元：①海阳所超单元，由基性岩－中性岩－酸性岩构成一个较完整的岩浆演化序列，为中元古代幔源深成岩类，形成于洋内裂谷环境，属非造山岩浆岩类；②荣成超单元，由二长花岗岩类构成，为晚元古代壳源S型花岗岩类，形成于碰撞造山阶段，属同造山岩浆岩类；③铁山超单元，由石英正长岩－正长花岗岩组成，为晚元古代幔源分异型（A型）花岗岩类，形成于陆内张裂环境；④月季山超单元，由二长岩－二长花岗岩组成，为晚元古代壳幔混合源（Ⅰ型）花岗岩类，形成于板块碰撞后期，亦属同造山花岗岩类。胶南地区前寒武纪地壳演化进程为：在早元古代陆缘海的基础上，中元古代该区地壳拉张形成裂谷，海阳所超单元沿裂谷侵位；晚元古代地壳由拉张环境转变为挤压环境，裂谷闭合发生板块碰撞造山作用，伴随产生大量同造山岩浆岩类。其中板块碰撞引起的部分融熔作用形成荣成超单元，板块碰撞造成的局部拉张环境使幔源分异的A型花岗岩类铁山超单元定位，稍后壳幔混合岩浆沿造山作用产生的推覆构造空腔定位形成月季山超单元。     

胶南造山带及邻近地区的重磁场特征及地质解释

胶南造山带的重磁场特征为一条醒目的重力低、磁力高值带，走向北东－南西，陆上部分长约450km，宽40～70km。其重磁场值一般为0×10－5m／S2～20×10－5m／S2、0～300nT，反映胶南造山带的轮廓及带内低密度的早元古代晋宁期花岗岩基和中强磁性的中生代燕山晚期岩浆岩的分布。根据重力场降低、磁异常升高程度和规模大小（宽窄），该重磁场带又可分为日照－青岛、乳山－威海、即墨－海阳三段，前者重力低、磁力高的程度较强，范围较大。造山带内重磁异常值具负相关关系，域值呈正相关性，即重力值越低的地区磁异常值越高，二者的范围大体相当。这一特征反映了造山带内部早元古代晋宁期花岗片麻岩的发育程度和中生代岩浆岩侵入的规模。胶南造山带的重力低、磁力高值带与连云港－苏山岛重力高、磁力低值带恰成对照。后者重磁场值一般为10×10－5m／S2～30×10-5m／S2、一50～-100nT，反映连云港－苏山岛块体的结晶基底由高密度、低磁性的原东海群、荆山群包体和无古宙侵入岩组成。该造山带南东侧西低东高的重力梯度带（Vzz＝1．2×10－5m·S－2／km～1．75×10－5m·S－2／km）反映了赣榆一荣成断裂（倾向NW）的存在；北西侧正磁异常带表明该断裂为控岩断裂，其南段的正负重力梯度带（Vzz＝1．0×10-5m·S-     

山东荣成榴辉岩类的Sm—Nd同位素地质年龄

沿着山东半岛的南海岸,发育一条由榴辉岩、超基性岩和基性岩组成的镁铁、超镁铁岩带。自东北向西南成群集中分布在荣成、日照、莒南、赣榆和东海等地。前人曾对东海、莒南、日照地区的榴辉岩做过比较详细的研究。对其形成的时代多认为是前寒武纪的产物。荣成地区的榴辉岩类主要分布在腾家集、大疃等地(图1)。它们有两种产出,其一产在超基性岩内,呈透镜状、脉状产出,产状与超基性岩似一致,突变接触。其二产在胶东群变质岩系中。直接围岩有黑云斜长片麻岩和大理岩。单个岩体多呈透镜状,似层     

粤东北新丰地区基性岩脉年代学及地球化学特征

对粤东北新丰地区基性岩脉进行了年代学、元素地球化学研究。结 果 表 明:新 丰 地 区 近 ＳＮ 向 和 ＮＷＷ 向 基 性 岩 脉 的锆石 Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄分别为（１４８．６±４．１）Ｍａ（ＭＳＷＤ＝１．３）和（８５．７±２．０）Ｍａ（ＭＳＷＤ＝１．４）,成岩时代为晚侏罗世和晚白垩世。基性岩脉具低碱富钠、较高钛含量、富铁、中等镁含量和准铝质特征。稀土元素标准化曲线呈小角度右倾斜型,轻重稀土元素中等分馏、轻稀土元素富集。微量元素表现出富集 Ｂａ、Ｒｂ、Ｋ,亏损 Ｔａ、Ｎｂ、Ｚｒ、Ｈｆ和 Ｐ等 特 征。晚侏罗世基性岩脉轻微 Ｃｅ负 异 常（δＣｅ＝０．８９～０．９３）和弱 Ｅｕ正异常（δＥｕ＝１．００～１．０５）,Ｔｈ／Ｙｂ比值比较高,表明岩浆源区可能遭受过富 Ｔｈ俯 冲流 体 交 代。２组 基性岩脉岩浆源区均来自地幔,可能经历了石榴石－尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,并发生了单斜辉石、Ｔｉ－Ｆｅ氧化物矿物的分离结晶作用。新丰地区基性岩脉具有大陆裂谷玄武岩特征,形成于陆内裂谷环境,但早期基性岩脉（１４８．６Ｍａ）较晚期 （８５．７ Ｍａ）具有相对较浅的岩浆源区。      

塔里木板块东北部笔架山东基性-超基性岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

笔架山东基性—超基性岩体位于塔里木板块东北部的新疆北山地区,是笔架山岩带中最东边的一个岩体,岩体形态为椭圆状,出露面积约5 km2.由含长单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、含橄辉长岩、辉长岩以及辉绿岩组成.含橄榄石较多的岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,而辉长岩属钙碱性系列.岩相学、岩石化学和微量元素地球化学特征表明岩浆演化过程中经历了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石的分离结晶作用.Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成和岩石地球化学特征反映出岩浆与围岩之间存在物质交换.笔架山东岩体的岩浆源区为OIB型地幔源区,原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆[w(MgO)=11.2％],这些性质与塔里木板块东北部其他基性-超基性岩体的特征相似,表明塔里木板块东北部二叠纪基性—超基性岩体的源区主要为OIB型地幔,可能与地幔柱有关.      

Eddies in the northwest subtropical pacific and their possible effects on the South China Sea

Based on an analysis of drifter data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment during 1979-1998, the sizes of the eddies in the North subtropical Pacific are determined from the radii of curvature of the drifter paths calculated by using a non-linear curve fitting method. To support the drifter data results, Sea Surface Height from the TOPEX/POSEIDON and ERS2 satellite data are analyzed in connection with the drifter paths. It is found that the eddies in the North Pacific （18^＊- 23^＊N and 125^＊-150^＊E） move westward at an average speed of approximately 0.098 ms^-1 and their average radius is 176 km, with radii ranging from 98 km to 298 km. During the nineteen-year period, only 4 out of approximately 200 drifters （2%） actually entered the South China Sea from the area adjacent to the Luzon Strait （18^＊-22^＊N and 121^＊-125^＊E） in the winter. It is also found that eddies from the interior of the North Pacific are unlikely to enter the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait.     

Boundary shift of potential suitable agricultural area in farming-grazing transitional zone in Northeastern China under background of climate change during 20th century

Climate change affected the agricultural expansion and the formation of farming-grazing transitional patterns during historical periods. This study analyzed the possible range of the boundary shift of the potential suitable agriculture area in the farming-grazing transitional zone in the northeastern China during the 20th century. Based on modem weather data, 1 km-resolution land cover data, historical climatic time series, and estimation by using similar historical climatic scenes, the following was concluded： 1） The climate conditions of suitable agriculture areas in the farming-grazing transitional zone in the northeastern China between 1971 and 2000 required an average annual temperature above 1℃ or ≥ 0℃ accumulated temperature above 2500℃-2700℃, and annual precipitation above 350 mm. 2） The northern boundary of the potential suitable agriculture area during the relatively warmer period of 1890-1910 was approximately located at the position of the 1961-2000 area. The northern boundary shifted back to the south by 75 km on average during the colder period of the earlier 20th century, whereas during the modem warm period of the 1990s, the area shifted north by 100 km on average. 3） The western and eastern boundaries of the suitable agricul~re area during the heaviest drought periods between 1920s and 1930s had shifted northeast by 250 km and 125 km, respectively, contrasting to the boundaries of 1951-2008. For the wettest period, that is, the 1890s to the 1910s, the shift of western and eastern boundaries was to the southwest by 125 km and 200 km, respectively, compared with that in the 1951-2008 period. This study serves as a reference for identifying a climatically sensitive area and planning future land use and agricultural production in the study area.     

Spatio-temporal changes of ≥ 10°C accumulated temperature in northeastern China since 1961

The objective of this study was to provide reliable basis for decision making for national food security and layout and structure adjustment of grain production in the northeastern China. The data of mean daily air temperature of 1961-2009 from 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China were chosen in this study. Using statistical methods and isoline method, the spatio-temporal changes of various decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature and the climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature were studied in this paper. The results showed that 1) The geo-graphical distribution of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature in the northeastern China could be influenced directly by the latitude, longitude and altitude. If latitude moved one degree northward, the average decrease amplitude of the climatic means was 101.9℃ in the study area. 2) The means of decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature rose since the 1980s, and their increase amplitudes became larger in the 1990s and the 2010s obviously. Compared with those of the 1980s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 100℃ in the mountainous and plain areas in the 1990s; compared with those of the 1990s, ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 200℃ in the Hulun Buir High Plain and the Songnen Plain, and 100℃ in the Sanjiang Plain and the Liaohe Plain in the 2010s. 3) The means of the decadal ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature for 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China increased with the rate of 145.57℃/10yr in 1961-2009. 4) The climatic means of ≥ 10℃ accumulated temperature increased from 1961-1990 to 1971-2000 and 1981-2009. Compared with the climatic mean of 1971-2000, that of 1981-2009 had increased by above 50℃ in most of the study area, even up to 156℃. Compared with the climatic mean of 1961-1990, that of 1981-2009 increased by above 100℃ in most parts of the study area, even up to 200℃. 5) The maximum northward shift, eastward and westward extension amplitudes of 3100℃, 3300℃ and 3500℃ isolines were larger among all isoli-nes for the climatic means of the three phases. Compared with the positions of the isolines of 1961-1990, those ampli-tudes of 3100℃ isoline of 1981-2009 were 145 km, 109 km and 64 km, respectively; those of 3300℃ isoline were 154 km, 54 km and 64 km, respectively; and the maximum northward shift of 3500℃ isoline was about 100 km.     

Reservoir Volcanic Rocks: Geology and Geochemistry, the Mesozoic Non-Marine Songliao Basin, NE China

The reservoir volcanic rocks in Songliao Basin include the Lower Cretaceous (Klyc Form., 114～135 Ma,acidic rocks) and the Upper Jurassic (J3hs Form., 145～158 Ma, intermediate rocks). Vesicles coupled with faults make the volcanic reservoir spaces which do not as badly getting worse with buried depth as those of sediments generally doing. The flood rhyolites of the Lower Cretaceous cover ca. 100 000 km2 with relict thickness from 100 m to more than 1000 m. They are high-silica, rich in aluminum and potassium, high REE contents with large negative Eu anomalies,thus believed also be formed by the large-scale sialic crust partial-melting. The andesitic rocks of the Upper Jurassic are rich in Al and K, but with lower REE contents and minor negative Eu anomalies, as well as dispersal patterns of HREE.They are believed to be produced by progressively shallower partial-melting where the fractionation of garnet and/or zircon may be involved. The most probable heat sources provided for the long-lasting volcanisms in the Songliao Basin is the subduction of the Okhotsk plate.     

Effect of altitude and latitude on surface air temperature across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The correlation between mean surface air temperature and altitude is analyzed in this paper based on the annual and monthly mean surface air temperature data from 106 weather stations over the period 1961–2003 across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that temperature variations not only depend on altitude but also latitude, and there is a gradual decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude and latitude. The overall trend for the vertical temperature lapse rate for the whole plateau is approximately linear. Three methods, namely multivariate composite analysis, simple correlation and traditional stepwise regression, were applied to analyze these three correlations. The results assessed with the first method are well matched to those with the latter two methods. The apparent mean annual near-surface lapse rate is −4.8 °C /km and the latitudinal effect is −0.87 °C /^olatitude. In summer, the altitude influences the temperature variations more significantly with a July lapse rate of -4.3°C /km and the effect of latitude is only −0.28°C /^olatitude. In winter, the reverse happens. The temperature decrease is mainly due to the increase in latitude. The mean January lapse rate is −5.0°C /km, while the effect of latitude is −1.51°C /^olatitude. Comparative analysis for pairs of adjacent stations shows that at a small spatial scale the difference in altitude is the dominant factor affecting differences in mean annual near-surface air temperature, aided to some extent by differences of latitude. In contrast, the lapse rate in a small area is greater than the overall mean value for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (5 to 13°C /km). An increasing trend has been detected for the surface lapse rate with increases in altitude. The temperature difference has obvious seasonal variations, and the trends for the southern group of stations (south of 33° latitude) and for the more northerly group are opposite, mainly because of the differences in seasonal variation at low altitudes. For yearly changes, the temperature for high-altitude stations occurs earlier clearly. Temperature datasets at high altitude stations are well-correlated, and those in Nanjing were lagged for 1 year but less for contemporaneous correlations. The slope of linear trendline of temperature change for available years is clearly related to altitude, and the amplitude of temperature variation is enlarged by high altitude. The change effect in near-surface lapse rate at the varying altitude is approximately 1.0°C /km on the rate of warming over a hundred-year period.     

甘肃贾公台金矿床地质特征与流体包裹体研究

贾公台金矿床是秦祁昆造山系南祁连党河南山地区最具代表性的金矿床之一。为了查明其矿床成因类型,对贾公台金矿床进行矿床地质特征的系统性研究和成矿主阶段流体包裹体的测温及激光拉曼测试分析。结果表明:矿床位于NW向与NE向构造的交汇部位,矿化产于下奥陶统上岩组浅变质海相碎屑岩和花岗岩中,严格受NW向断裂控制;矿体主要呈脉状、透镜状,Au品位较高(1.98×10-6),有害组分少,且伴生Ag;成矿主阶段流体包裹体类型为气液两相包裹体及少量气体包裹体;成矿流体为低盐度、低CO2含量的NaCl-H2O体系,成矿温度为236℃~245℃(中温),成矿压力为48.7~51.4MPa,对应深度为5.56~5.72km;经与浅成热液型金矿、造山型金矿主要特征进行对比,初步厘定贾公台金矿床为浅成热液型金矿床。     

State and fate of the remaining tropical mountain glaciers in australasia using satellite imagery

Tropical glaciers are extremely sensitive to a warming climate. In this paper, the evolution of the remaining tropical glaciers in Australasia(Irian Jaya, Indonesia) during the period 1988-2015 was quantified. Landsat series images, a digital elevation model from SRTM, and previously published data were used. Estimated total glacier area in 1988, 1993, 1997 and 2004 was 3.85 km2±0.13 km2, 3.01 km2±0.08 km2, 2.49 km2±0.07 km2 and 1.725 km2 ±0.042 km2, respectively. Only 0.58 km2±0.016 km2 glacierized area remained in 2015 in Puncak Jaya, which is about 84.9% loss in just 27 years. If this rate continued, the remaining tropical glaciers in Australasia would disappear in the 2020 s. Timeseries analysis of climate variables showed significant positive trends in air temperature(0.009°C per year) and relative humidity(0.43% per year) but no considerable tendency was observed for precipitation. Warming climate together with mining activities would accelerate loss of glacier coverage in this region.     

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Statistical characteristics of austral summer cyclones in Southern Ocean

Characteristics of cyclones and explosively developing cyclones (or ’bombs’) over the Southern Ocean in austral summer (December, January and February) from 2004 to 2008 are analyzed by using the Final Analysis (FNL) data produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the United States. Statistical results show that both cyclones and explosively developing cyclones frequently develop in January, and most of them occur within the latitudinal zone between 55°S and 70°S. These cyclones gradually approach the Antarctic Continent from December to February. Generally cyclones and bombs move east-southeastward with some exceptions of northeastward movement. The lifetime of cyclones is around 2-6 d, and the horizontal scale is about 1000 km. Explosive cyclones have the lifetime of about 1 week with the horizontal scale reaching up to 3000 km. Compared with cyclones developed in the Northern Hemisphere, cyclones over the southern ocean have much higher occurrence frequency, lower central pressure and larger horizontal scale, which may be caused by the unique geographical features of the Southern Hemisphere.     

The Cenozoic Volcanoes in Northeast China

There are more than 600 Cenozoic volcanic cones and craters with about 50 000 km2 of lava flows in northeast Chi-na, which formed many volcanic clusters and shown the features of the continental rift-type volcanoes. Most volcanic activi-ties in this area, especially in the east part of Songliao graben, were usually controlled by rifts and faults with the main direc-tion of NE / NNE in parallel and become younger from the central graben towards its both sides, especially to the east conti-nental margin. It is revealed that the volcanism occurred in northeast China was as strong as that occurred in Japan during the Miocene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary basalt that is usually distributed along river valley is called "valley basalt" while Neogene basalt usually distributed in the top of mounts is called "high position basalt". These volcanoes and volcanic rocks are usually composed of alkaline basalts with ultramafic inclusions, except Changbaishan volcano that is built by tra-chyte and pantellerite.