Assessing the visual impacts of new urban features: coupling visibility analysis with 3D city modelling

Abstract

Land use changes associated with urbanization often have negative impacts on scenic beauty. In this paper, we explore and compare the visual impact of two different scenarios of urban growth including historical urban growth (HUG) and aesthetically sound urban growth (AUG) with two different categories of height for buildings in the city of Gorgan, Iran. This was done by viewshed and landscape metric analysis of different viewpoints and 3D representation of each scenario. The results show that with the AUG scenario, viewsheds are less impacted by new developments than the HUG scenario in all the viewpoints. It can be concluded that building locations can considerably affect the landscape visibility while building height does not impact to the same degree as location. The results of this research, as a Spatial Decision Support System, would help the managers for better understanding of different patterns of urbanization and its effect on landscape view.     

Mapping 3D visibility in an urban street environment from mobile LiDAR point clouds

ABSTRACT

Visibility determination is a key requirement in a wide range of national and urban applications, such as national security, landscape management, and urban design. Mobile LiDAR point clouds can depict the urban built environment with a high level of details and accuracy. However, few three-dimensional visibility approaches have been developed for the street-level point-cloud data. Accordingly, an approach based on mobile LiDAR point clouds has been developed to map the three-dimensional visibility at the street level. The method consists of five steps: voxelization of point-cloud data, construction of lines-of-sight, construction of sectors of sight, construction of three-dimensional visible space, and calculation of volume index. The proposed approach is able to automatically measure the volume of visible space and openness at any viewpoint along a street. This approach has been applied to three study areas. The results indicated that the proposed approach enables accurate simulation of visible space as well as high-resolution (1 m × 1 m) mapping of the visible volume index. The proposed approach can make a contribution to the improvement of urban planning and design processes that aim at developing more sustainable built environments.     

地图美学及其可视性质量评测综述

长期以来,地图工作者多专注于地图几何数据在精度、逻辑一致性、完整性方面的质量控制技术问题,而忽视了地图在美学、可视性等方面的理论与质量控制方法研究。基于进一步研究与应用需要,本文从地图美学及其可视性、地图质量测试方法、地图质量评价等三个方面综述了其研究现状及发展趋势。     

数码城市中建筑物三维CAFM研究

提出了一种室内空间的楼层房间结构多边形剖分方法,讨论了数码城市中室内三维CAFM的数据管理、基本功能的实现和可见性算法。     

A comprehensive framework for exploratory spatial data analysis: Moran location and variance scatterplots

Abstract

A significant Geographic Information Science (GIS) issue is closely related to spatial autocorrelation, a burning question in the phase of information extraction from the statistical analysis of georeferenced data. At present, spatial autocorrelation presents two types of measures: continuous and discrete. Is it possible to use Moran's I and the Moran scatterplot with continuous data? Is it possible to use the same methodology with discrete data? A particular and cumbersome problem is the choice of the spatial-neighborhood matrix (W) for points data. This paper addresses these issues by introducing the concept of covariogram contiguity, where each weight is based on the variogram model for that particular dataset: (1) the variogram, whose range equals the distance with the highest Moran I value, defines the weights for points separated by less than the estimated range and (2) weights equal zero for points widely separated from the variogram range considered. After the W matrix is computed, the Moran location scatterplot is created in an iterative process. In accordance with various lag distances, Moran's I is presented as a good search factor for the optimal neighborhood area. Uncertainty/transition regions are also emphasized. At the same time, a new Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) tool is developed, the Moran variance scatterplot, since the conventional Moran scatterplot is not sensitive to neighbor variance. This computer-mapping framework allows the study of spatial patterns, outliers, changeover areas, and trends in an ESDA process. All these tools were implemented in a free web e-Learning program for quantitative geographers called SAKWeb© (or, in the near future, myGeooffice.org).     

GNSS卫星可见性及可用性的概率特征

针对现有平均值指标难以客观地评价具有显著非对称非均匀的全球导航卫星系统可见性及可用性的问题,该文利用概率统计方法和广播星历研究了北斗导航系统、全球导航卫星系统和格洛纳斯系统的可见性及可用性的概率分布特征。结果表明:可见星数、站星高度角及可跟踪因子、几何精度因子值的概率直方图均呈显著的非对称非均匀分布特征。中地球轨道卫星可见概率与高度角为近似线性负相关,随方位角呈现"四叶玫瑰"对称非均匀分布特征且南北向可见概率略高于东西向。北斗导航系统静止地球轨道、倾斜地球同步轨道卫星远高于中地球轨道卫星的可跟踪因子,显著提高了导航星座时间可用性。星空分布图与几何精度因子值均表明导航性能随纬度增大而降低。此外,全球定位系统和全球导航卫星系统在可见性及可用性概率特征基本一致,而北斗导航系统概率分布特征与之具有较高的互补性且在亚太地区较之更适用于受限应用条件。     

空间预测的地统计学框架

Geostatistics provides a coherent framework for spatial prediction and uncertainty assessment, whereby spatial dependence, as quantified by variograms, is utilized for best linear unbiased estimation of a regionalized variable at unsampied locations. Geostatistics for prediction of continuous regionalized variables is reviewed, with key methods underlying the derivation of major variants of uni-vafiate Kriging described in an easy-to-follow manner. This paper will contribute to demysti- fication and, hence, popularization of geostatistics in geoinformatics communities.     

高斯曲线优化能见度与气溶胶光学厚度转换模型

大气气溶胶是影响对地观测定量精度的最主要不确定性因素。随着定量遥感的发展,对气溶胶光学厚度数据的精度提出了更高要求。在广泛应用的基于辐射传输模型大气校正研究中,需要输入气溶胶光学厚度等关键参数,但与对地观测影像数据同时相的气溶胶光学厚度获取较难,而水平能见度作为表征气溶胶光学特性的间接参数可通过广泛分布的气象台站获得,可将能见度转换得到的气溶胶光学厚度数据作为同时相数据输入传输模型进行大气校正计算。本文以实测的能见度和气溶胶光学厚度数据为基础,通过拟合气溶胶标高其随时间的变化对Peterson模型进行了修正。对修正后的模型进行精度验证得到RMSE为0.254,结果表明优化的模型对精度有较大提升。     

三维GIS中R树空间索引研究

对于三维GIS来说,建立高效的三维空间数据索引是其关键技术之一。R树索引是近年来应用最广泛的方法之一。本文以覆盖面积和重叠面积之和作为R树结点插入标准,并且引入K均值聚类算法对结点分裂算法进行了改进。另外,对于三维GIS中较大的地物如道路、河流等,实施裁剪策略。从而使R树同层结点间的重叠度显著下降,空间对象的聚簇也更趋合理,有效提高了三维GIS数据库的查询速度。     

GIS的矿山巷道三维空间构模算法研究

巷道是井下矿山系统中各种人工要素的主要空间载体,其三维空间构模问题是目前三维地学空间构模研究的重要方向之一。针对该问题的解决,给出了巷道中心线的生成方法,提出了根据巷道中心线和断面进行巷道三维空间构模算法。该算法针对圆形巷道断面和巷道交叉处椭圆断面给出了公式的推导,并利用向量算法实现了该问题的三维空间构模。算法在GIS平台下得到验证和实现,表明该方法稳定、可靠,对今后模型走向工程应用具有重要的理论和实用价值。     

基于3DGIS的城市规划可视性分析模型研究

视觉效果是城市规划需要考虑的重要要素之一.基于3 DGIS的计算机技术可以用于定量分析城市三维景观空间的可视性.本文介绍了可视性分析应用于城市规划的流程,提出了针对地形和建筑物可视性分析的数学几何模型.在地形可视性分析模型中,采用了一种结合水平投影和高程插值计算的方法判断地形上两点之间的通视性;在建筑物可视性分析中,采...     

GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E^2GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model.As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2 GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

基于Matlab的三维数字地形模拟及空间分析

利用MATLAB强大的可视化能力及丰富的图像处理工具,以凤台县中心城区为例,实现三维地形模拟和空间分析,包括空间建模、图像配准、叠加影像、坡度坡向及剖面分析等.     

多视纹理映射中无需设定偏差的快速可见性检测

在多视纹理映射中,Z缓冲区算法和光线追踪算法是两种主流的可见性检测算法。但其精度受限于人工设定的偏差。本文提出一种无需设定偏差的可见性检测方案。首先,根据倾斜摄影的投影参数设计了一种基于着色器编程的影像模拟算法,生成各影像视角下的初始可见性图(initial visibility map,IVM)。其中,完全不可见面元在模拟的过程中会被深度测试自动剔除。然后,基于矢量栅格化准则和像素深度对IVM中的可见面元执行投影区域优化(projection coverage refinement,PCR)。最后,提出惰性投影(lazy projection,LP)和迭代点边采样(iterative vertex-edge sampling,IVES)快速区分出IVM中的完全可见面元和非完全可见面元。利用两个数据集对本文算法进行了论证。结果表明本文算法的效率和精度均优于主流算法。     

三维地籍空间拓扑数据模型研究与实现

本文提出了一种适于表达三维地籍的空间拓扑数据模型,并分别在概念层次和实现层次给出了概念模型和逻辑模型。概念模型分为3层:要素层、几何层和拓扑层。要素层用于表述地籍管理对象,几何层用于描述实体的几何形态,拓扑层用于表达实体间的拓扑关系。在概念模型基础上,给出了对应的逻辑模型。实验结果表明:所提出的模型有效、可行。     

Exploring the applications of 3D proximity analysis in a 3D digital cadastre

Increasing population in urban areas and limitations of suitable lands for developing houses and urban infrastructure have led to the vertical development in cities. However, these developments are managed by a cadastral system which is mainly two-dimensional and cannot efficiently represent Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) in complex scenarios. In fact, a three-dimensional cadastre is required for efficiently registering and representing RRRs. In this paper, a 3D proximity analysis was proposed and implemented to determine RRRs and associated easement rights in non-topology-based data structures. This method can be used to investigate the surrounding spaces of a subject apartment unit or storage in a high-rise. The performance of the developed method was evaluated in a large complex high-rise in Tehran, Iran. The results confirmed that the proposed method can correctly identify the neighbor spaces in complex scenarios.     

单频BDS定位的可靠性分析

针对BDS系统中存在的模型误差对模糊度解算造成估计偏差的问题,该文提出了以最小可探测偏差(MDB)为模型误差计算有偏估计成功率对模糊度解算的正确性进行评价,并分别以码观测和相位观测进行了仿真实验,得出了存在码观测MDB和相位观测MDB等情形时的有偏估计成功率大小的规律,并与不存在模型误差时的成功率进行对比分析。鉴于GNSS定位粗差包括伪距码观测粗差和相位周跳,推导了码观测和相位观测情况下的BDS系统单频定位可靠性指标MDB和最小可探测效应(MDE),并进行了中国大陆内某地点的BDS单频定位性能的仿真模拟,着重分析了载波相位MDB与周跳之间的关系。     

一种基于空间约束的建筑综合区构建方法

为了提高三维城市模型综合效率,该文根据三维建筑综合的特点,提出三维建筑综合区的概念;归纳出综合区建立的一般原则:综合区建立过程中,以河流、道路等要素所构成的约束多边形对待综合区域进行粗划分,将建筑最小外界矩形和凸包两种聚类指标结合提出一种建立综合区的有效方法。实验结果证明,该方法具有较高的效率,并能够有效保证所构建综合区的合理性。