长短桩组合路堤桩三维复合拱土拱效应分析

基于等长桩路堤桩土拱效应的Hewlett分析方法,提出均布荷载作用下长短桩组合路堤桩的三维复合拱土拱效应分析方法。采用有限元法形象描绘土拱效应形成的应力集中形态随长桩与短桩的桩长比不同时的变化,基于此提出三维复合拱的基本理论框架。引入土拱效应系数来表征土拱的强度状态,建立桩帽顶部平面的应力平衡微分方程,结合边界条件及土拱效应系数之间的关系计算长桩和短桩的桩-土应力比;当加筋体存在时,分区域对加筋体进行变形假设,建立考虑加筋体拉力的桩帽顶部应力平衡微分方程。与离心模型试验和现场实测结果及有限元方法的模拟结果进行比较,验证了此方法的合理性,进一步开展参数分析对主要影响因素进行等级评价。分析表明,加筋体的存在明显增大桩-土应力比,尤其当桩帽覆盖率比较小时效果更为明显。     

网格状带齿加筋体界面特性的宏细观力学机制研究

网格状带齿加筋是一种新型的土工加筋技术,汲取了传统网格状与条带式带齿加筋的优点,其筋土界面特性是加筋结构设计的基础。利用室内拉拔试验从宏观角度分析筋材与土的界面特性,结合颗粒流程序,筋材用平行黏结模拟,从细观角度分析筋土接触界面的产生和发展演化规律。数值结果表明：齿筋的存在对界面处颗粒的移动及剪切带的宽度影响显著,其破坏模式呈现波浪型,在齿筋附近出现应力集中现象。筋土界面处筋材与土颗粒摩擦、咬合和阻抗作用提供“似黏聚力”是改变网格状带齿加筋体系作用机制的内在原因。研究成果对于明确网格状带齿加筋拉拔的机制及模型的建立都具有意义。     

加筋土边坡地震稳定性动点安全系数分析方法

对于地震作用下的土工合成材料加筋土边坡,边坡内部结构的动力响应十分复杂,按照已有的安全系数的方法评价比较困难。结合安全储备系数的原理,并考虑到水平方向和竖直方向地震荷载的共同作用,提出求解加筋土边坡地震稳定性的动点安全系数时程分析方法。在理论分析的基础上,分别定义加筋土边坡土体、土工合成材料和筋-土界面的动点安全系数,并建立数值模型。根据所定义的动点安全系数,在计算过程中使用开发的计算工具对动力响应过程中的动力特性数据进行记录、计算和存储,得到加筋土边坡数值模型在地震荷载作用下的动点安全系数。分析结果表明：动点安全系数时程分析方法具有良好的工程适用性;动点安全系数时程分析方法对复杂的加筋土边坡工程进行的地震稳定性分析考虑了加筋土边坡不同结构的综合稳定性,比现有的分析方法更明确地反应出加筋土边坡工程中相对薄弱的结构,对加筋土边坡工程的抗震设计提供一定参考价值;相比水平方向的地震,竖直方向的地震作用对加筋土边坡中筋材和筋-土界面的稳定性影响较大,但对加筋土边坡土体稳定性影响较小。     

考虑筋材蠕变特性的加筋土流变模型

把加筋土体的分析看成黏弹性阶段和黏弹塑性两个阶段。考虑筋材的蠕变特性,给出了黏弹性阶段加筋体的弹性应变、筋材的应力和土体的水平微观应力。由方程可知,随着时间的增长,筋材发生按负指数衰减的应力松弛,筋材的应力降低、应变增加。给出了塑性阶段开始到达的时间和变形,在黏弹塑性阶段,加筋体中应力保持恒定,整个应变由于蠕变的发生逐渐增加。由此可针对具体的工程例子分析加筋土体的应力和变形情况,尽量减轻由于加筋土体强度、稳定性降低、变形增加造成的严重后果。     

Capturing strain localization in reinforced soils

Lade’s single hardening soil model with Cosserat rotation embodied in the finite element method is employed to investigate the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soils with special attention to the development of shear banding. The ability of the finite element model to detect shear banding in a reinforced soil is examined against three high quality small-scale laboratory plane strain tests on Toyoura sand with and without reinforcement. These three tests were chosen because of the clear failure surfaces that developed in the soil during loading. The FEM analyses were able to reasonably simulate the plane strain laboratory tests including both unreinforced and reinforced cases. The FEM analyses gave reasonably good agreement with the experimental results in terms of global stress–strain relationships and shear band occurrences. Furthermore, and based on FE analyses of a hypothetical geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) retaining wall, it is shown that the geosynthetic reinforcements are very effective in hindering the formation of shear bands in GRS retaining walls when small spacing between the reinforcement layers was used. When used properly, the geosynthetic reinforcements made the soil behave as a truly reinforced mass of considerable stiffness and strength.     

FE analysis of grid reinforced embankment system on soft Bangkok clay

The behavior of a reinforced embankment on soft Bangkok clay has been analyzed by plane strain finite element method. The finite element analysis considers the selection of proper soil/reinforcement properties according to the relative displacement pattern of upper and lower interface elements. The large deformation phenomenon is simulated by updating the node coordinates, including those of the embankment elements above the current construction level, which ensures that the applied fill thickness simulates the actual field value. A full scale test reinforced embankment with a vertical face (wall) on Bangkok clay has been analyzed by the proposed finite element method, and the numerical results are compared with the field data. The response of a reinforced embankment on soft ground is principally controlled by the interaction between the reinforced soil mass and soft ground and the interaction between the grid reinforcement and the backfill soil. The tension in reinforcement and lateral displacement of the wall face varied during consolidation of foundation soil. The maximum tension force occurred in the reinforcement layer placed at the base of reinforced mass, due to bending of the reinforced mass resulting from differential settlements. It is considered necessary to account for the permeability variation of the soft ground foundation in the finite element analysis.     

筋土界面特性宏细观分析试验仪器研制与应用

为了更全面地分析筋土界面相互作用特性,改制了一台可视加筋土界面特性宏细观分析的试验仪器,可开展不同土工合成材料与填料的直剪和拉拔试验;该仪器改进了试验箱的尺寸,可方便两种试验的对比分析,增加了图像摄录系统,可进行试验过程的细观分析。使用新研制仪器分别进行了土工合成材料（土工格栅和土工布）加筋尾矿砂的直剪和拉拔试验,试验结果表明:两种试验条件下,土工格栅与尾矿的界面参数（似黏聚力和似摩擦角）及似摩擦系数均比土工布与尾矿的界面参数和似摩擦系数大;直剪试验下筋材网孔的有无对筋-尾矿界面参数均有较大影响,拉拔试验下筋材网孔有无对筋-尾矿界面参数似黏聚力的影响较为显著,对似摩擦角的影响较小。随着宏观变量法向应力的增加,细观参数孔隙率减小,平均接触数增加,反映在宏观上的现象就是填料颗粒被压密,筋材需要克服的阻力增大。该试验仪器能够较好地分析筋土界面宏细观特性,获得关键技术指标以用于加筋结构的设计。      

横-竖立体加筋地基中附加应力的分析计算

建立了横-竖立体加筋（H-V筋）地基的有限元模型,通过分析地基中的竖向应力分布、水平向位移分布以及筋-土界面相互作用,发现横-竖立体加筋地基中的竖向应力在筋材下方出现扩散和重分布,并逐渐向土体下部传递,使得土体中整体的应力分布更加均匀;同时,横-竖筋材中的竖筋类似于一个侧壁,其提供的垂直侧向力约束了介于竖筋间的土体,限制了土体的侧向水平位移,使得地基中筋材上部土体的侧向水平位移变小。基于有限元模拟对横-竖立体加筋地基加固机制的认识,将横-竖立体筋视为作用在地基上的一维弹性地基梁,通过弹性地基梁理论,根据弗拉曼解推导求解了横-竖立体加筋地基中任意一点竖向附加应力的计算表达式。将模型计算结果与有限元模拟所得结果进行对比发现两者吻合良好。     

储油罐环形加筋防护墙变形特征及其影响因素

储油罐环形加筋防护墙是由填土、筋体、格栅返包式面板组成的一个环形整体复合结构,具有明显的空间特性及其与储油罐之间复杂的相互作用,相关研究理论明显滞后于工程应用。由于环形加筋防护墙无法忽略其空间特性的影响,通过Plaxis 3D三维有限元软件进行数值模拟,采用小应变土体硬化模型作为加筋土体本构模型,研究储油罐环形加筋防护墙墙体的变形特征及加筋材料的受力特征,探讨墙体高度、厚度、墙面坡度及土工格栅刚度、加筋间距等因素对墙体变形特征的影响。结果表明:防护墙墙面侧位移随着防护墙高度、厚度和墙面倾斜角度的减小而减小,但墙体厚度过小和加筋间距过大将导致防护墙倾覆趋势增大,过小的土工格栅刚度会导致墙侧位移过大,因此需严格控制以上设计参数;加筋防护墙墙体的修筑将加大储油罐边缘处地基沉降,储油罐内燃油的装载状态不影响加筋防护墙地基沉降情况,但油罐地基最大沉降差随着储油罐内装载燃油的增多而减小;根据格栅最大拉应力位置所推测的加筋防护墙破坏面经过墙趾曲线,墙后土压力受墙面坡度影响巨大,设计时应根据坡度选择合适的设计方法。     

Seismic response analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil segmental retaining walls by finite element method

The paper presents the results of a finite element analysis of the dynamic response of a geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall that is constructed with dry-stacked modular concrete blocks as the facia system. In the finite element model, the cyclic shear behavior of the backfill soil is described by a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship with Masing hysteretic unload-reload behavior. The reinforcement material is modelled using a similar hysteretic model which takes into account the measured response of cyclic load-extension tests performed on unconfined geogrid specimens in the laboratory. Interface shear between wall components is simulated using slip elements. The results of finite element analyses giving the seismic response of a typical geogrid reinforced segmental retaining wall subjected to prescribed acceleration records are presented. The results of analyses highlight the influence of dynamic loading on: (1) wall displacement; (2) cumulative interface shear force and displacement between facing units; (3) tensile forces developed in the reinforcement and; (4) acceleration response over the height of the wall. A number of implications to the design of these structures are identified based on the results of these simulations.     

The KC method: Numerical investigation of a new analysis method for reinforced soil walls

Reinforced soil walls commonly include facing elements which affect the mechanical behavior of the system. However, the design procedures involved in the existing codes and manuals (e.g. FHWA, BS8006, AASHTO, etc.) do not consider the structural contribution of the facing to the wall stability. Recently, a new computer based method for the analysis of reinforced soil walls which takes into account the interaction between the facing and the soil reinforcement layers was presented [Klar A and Sas T. Rational approach for the analysis of segmental reinforced soil walls based on kinematic constraints. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2009;27:332-340]. This method demands full compatibility between the reinforcement layers and the deforming wall, and is solved as an optimization problem on this constraint. This kinematic compatibility (KC) method entails several assumptions regarding the interaction between the three components of the system (soil, wall, and reinforcement). This paper compares the KC method to a more rigorous continuum analysis. Results show that the KC method is capable of replicating the behavior of the more rigorous system, with a good agreement on both the value of maximum tensile forces in the reinforcement and shear and bending moment distributions along the wall. The KC method has a certain advantage over continuum methods, such as finite element or finite difference, since it requires limited input data that can easily be obtained from field tests.     

On the enhanced confining pressure aproach to the mechanics of reinforced soil

Summary A review is presented of conceptual approaches that are currently in use for interpreting the operation of reinforced soil. The concepts of enhanced confining pressure and of reduced normal tensile strains are found to be closely related to current experimental and theoretical investigations as well as to the design methodologies available at present for reinforced soil applications. Focusing on the enhanced confining pressure concept, analytical expressions are developed that allow the estimation of the value of equivalent confining stress increase when the properties of soil and reinforcement and the state of stresses acting on a cylindrical reinforced soil element are known. The derived expressions can also be utilized for estimating the soil-reinforcement friction angle from the results of triaxial tests on cylindrical samples reinforced with horizontal layers of reinforcement.     

Disturbed state model for sand–geosynthetic interfaces and application to pull-out tests

Successful numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced earth structures depends on selecting proper constitutive models for soils, geosynthetics and soil–geosynthetic interfaces. Many constitutive models are available for modelling soils and geosynthetics. However, constitutive models for soil–geosynthetic interfaces which can capture most of the important characteristics of interface response are not readily available. In this paper, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) for geosynthetic–soil interfaces has been presented. The proposed model is capable of capturing most of the important characteristics of interface response, such as dilation, hardening and softening. The behaviour of interfaces under the direct shear test has been predicted by the model. The present model has been implemented in the finite element procedure in association with the thin-layer element. Five pull-out tests with two different geogrids have been simulated numerically using FEM. For the calibration of the constitutive models used in FEM, the standard laboratory tests used are: (1) triaxial tests for the sand, (2) direct shear tests for the interfaces and (3) axial tension tests for the geogrids. The results of the finite element simulations of pull-out tests agree well with the test data. The proposed model can be used for the stress-deformation study of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments through numerical simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical Analysis of Multi Layer Geosynthetic-Reinforced Granular Bed over Soft Fill

In this paper, considering the plain strain conditions, a numerical study has been conducted to investigate the behavior of multi layer geosynthetic-reinforced granular bed overlying a soft soil using the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) program. The granular fill, soft soil, and geosynthetic reinforcements are considered as linear elastic materials. The geosynthetic reinforcements are modeled as cable elements fully bonded with the surrounding soil, thus neglecting any slip. The results obtained from the present investigation showed very close agreement when compared with the results of finite element analysis and lumped parameter modeling. The distribution of vertical, lateral and shear stresses in the soil are greatly affected as the number of reinforcement layers is increased. If the tensile stiffness of geosynthetic layers increases and its value is no more than 4,000–5,000 kN/m, the settlement of the reinforced foundation decreases significantly. The reduction in settlement is insignificant when the tensile strength of the geosynthetics exceed the above value.     

土工织物与吹填土界面作用特性试验研究

筋-土界面强度参数是加筋结构设计和稳定分析的关键技术指标。拉拔试验能较好模拟现场加筋行为而得到广泛的应用。基于拉拔和直剪试验研究了拉拔（剪切）速率对筋-土界面特性和吹填砂强度特性的影响规律及机制,同时探讨了不同填料界面、筋材类型的加筋效果。结果表明：随着拉拔（剪切）速率的增大,吹填砂-筋材-吹填砂界面的抗剪强度下降明显,而软土-筋材-吹填砂界面以及砂本身强度则变化不大。从强度指标来看,拉拔速率增大,筋-砂界面强度的降低主要表现为似黏聚力的降低,筋-软土界面抗剪强度的增加表现为内摩擦角增大,剪切速率对吹填砂则基本无影响。筋-土界面特性受拉拔速率和正应力的共同影响,与筋材类型和填料特性有关。筋-土界面内摩擦角小于填料摩擦角,但在一定正应力下低速剪切时（如<0.53 mm/min）可获得高于填料的抗剪强度。宜根据似黏聚力大小合理选择摩擦参数进行加筋结构的设计与评价。     

某机场飞行区土工格栅加筋高边坡优化设计

土工格栅加筋土边坡是一种新型的边坡支护结构,对于提高边坡稳定性、节约工程用地、保护生态环境意义重大。为了对机场加筋高填方边坡加固方案进行优化设计,本文以某机场跑道西北角的6#高填方边坡为例,首先基于边坡的地质条件和高填方边坡的实际情况,提出3种不同边坡坡率的加筋土边坡设计方案;其次采用简化Bishop法、Spencer楔形体法以及Morgenstern-Price法分别计算在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下的边坡稳定系数;最后利用有限元法分析3种加固方案下的加筋土边坡在天然工况下的变形特征以及筋材轴力分布规律。结果表明:3种设计方案在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下均能满足边坡稳定性要求,贴坡填筑的多级加筋土边坡的筋材轴力分布规律沿着竖向呈现锯齿状分布,最大筋材轴力在每级边坡的坡脚处突变增大。与加筋土缓坡（坡率1∶1.5）设计方案相比,加筋土挡墙（坡率1∶0.25）在坡高、筋材使用量、护坡面积以及挖填方量等方面均有明显减小。综合考虑稳定性、工程造价以及施工周期,采用加筋土挡墙的设计方案更合理。     

土工格栅加筋土地基平板载荷试验研究

在近年来的岩土工程实践中,土工合成材料加筋土技术得到越来越广泛的应用。采用平板载荷板试验方法,进行了多组加筋砂土地基模型试验,监测和分析了不同加筋材料（双向格栅与四向格栅）和加筋层数对土工格栅加筋土地基承载特性的影响。研究结果表明：土工格栅加筋土地基与无筋地基相比,承载性能得到改善,双层加筋明显优于单层加筋;土工格栅加筋限制了浅层地基的侧向变形,相同荷载下地基沉降减小,可恢复变形增大;模型试验中测得加筋材料应变和拉力很小,与土工格栅强度相比,拉伸模量对加筋土地基承载力的贡献更大。     

加筋材料动态松弛有限元模型的建立及应用

为分析加筋材料的抗弯刚度对加筋性能的影响,加筋材料采用梁单元形式。基于动态松弛法,通过定义梁单元的刚度矩阵,求解内力矢量,随后定义虚拟质量密度而建立总质量矩阵,将加筋材料的梁单元有限元模型嵌入到已有的动态松弛法求解程序中。通过对简支梁的简单加载模拟验证了该梁单元模型的准确性能。随后,将该有限元模型与已有的动态松弛法计算程序结合（含砂土本构及弱面单元模型）,对加筋砂土地基室内模型试验进行了数值模拟。将梁单元的模拟结果与杆单元（梁单元的特例）模拟结果进行了比较,并分别探讨了抗拉刚度和抗弯刚度对加筋砂土地基承载性能的影响。结果表明：抗拉刚度对承载能力的影响较小;抗弯刚度对承载力的影响程度与加筋材料的布置形式有关,特别是当加筋砂土中出现剪切带以后,其影响逐渐增大。因此,在分析加筋砂土结构的增强机制时,建议采用梁单元（具有一定的抗弯刚度）对加筋材料进行模拟。     

Probabilistic analysis of reinforced slopes using RFEM and considering spatial variability of frictional soil properties due to compaction

Probabilistic stability analyses of constructed wrapped-face reinforced slopes (or embankments) using frictional soils were carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Soil properties reported in the literature for unsaturated frictional fills compacted to different densities were used in the simulations. Bar elements were added to the RFEM code to simulate extensible geosynthetic reinforcement layers and the Davis approach was used to improve numerical stability for purely frictional soil slopes at collapse. The influence of isotropic and anisotropic spatially variable soil strength was investigated and shown to have a large influence on the variation of maximum mobilised tensile forces in reinforcement layers for the steep 5 m-high slopes in the study. The influence of fill placed at different layer thickness and compacted to different levels was simulated by adjusting the soil strength and unit weight, and the vertical strength correlation length in the anisotropic spatially variable strength field used in each slope realisation. Numerical results showed that vertical strength correlation lengths approaching the magnitude of fill lift heights can control the probability of failure for reinforced slopes constructed with weak fills placed in lift heights close to but less than the wrapped reinforcement spacing used in the study.     

加筋带布置对地基承载力的影响

现场原位载荷试验表明：素碎石薄垫层(Z/B=0.2)地基经土工带加筋后，能提高地基承载力。通过承载力比BCR分析加筋层数Ⅳ、加筋首层间距U、加筋带间距H、加筋线密度LDR对地基承载力的影响，并对极限稳定时筋带的设计拉力进行了讨论，提出用筋带的设计强度预估加筋地基极限承载力。