Volcanism on Mercury

An interpretation of theMariner 10 pictures shows that volcanic plains are largely developed on Mercury, and old and young lava covers can be distinguished occupying no less than 15% of the photographed surface of this planet. Ten and a half volcanic features attributable tovolcanic domes are visible on the pictures, the largest of which being situated at the centre ofOdin Planitia and having a diameter of 7 km and a height of about 1.4 km. The domes have been mapped on a geologic-morphologic map of Mercury (Katterfeld, 1975).The study of newly processed photographs of Mercury and of stereopair pictures of its volcanic «maria» has led to the discovery of a huge volcano at the centre of «Martis Mare» with 110 km long diameter and a double top caldera, the diameters of the external and internal crater being 60 and 40 km respectively. The coordinates of this volcano are 21°S and 124°W.     

Acoustic-gravity wave propagation in an atmosphere with two sound channels

Summary In order to interpret the observed features of pressure records produced by waves from large explosions in the earth's atmosphere, the writers have obtained numerical solutions of the homogeneous equations governing acoustic-gravity wave propagation in a stratified compressible fluid. Theoretical dispersion curves and variations of perturbation kinetic energy with altitude are presented for 11 normal modes. It is shown that the step-like character of the phase velocity curves in the velocity-period plane can be interpreted as being the result of interference between two families of normal modes-«quasi-horizontal modes» representing energy propagation in the lower atmosphere (below the ozonosphere) and «quasi-vertical modes» representing energy propagation in the upper atmosphere (above the ozonosphere). The theoretical prediction that several normal modes contribute to the observed barogram traces is verified by Fourier analysis of a number of wave records.Lamont Geological Observatory Contribution No. 611. — This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant NSF-G-11997, Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr 266 (70), and National Science Foundation Grant NSF-GP-550. — Part of this research was done at the NASA Institute for Space Studies, New York, N. Y.     

Bathymetrie und Geomorphologie des NOAMP-Gebietes,Westeuropäisches Becken (17° W bis 22° W, 46° N bis 49° N)

Zusammenfassung Im Westeuropäischen Becken wurden bathymetrische Vermessungen und geomorphologische Untersuchungen zur Unterstützung eines ozeanographischen Meßprogramms (NOAMP) des Deutschen Hydrographischen Instituts durchgeführt. Für das zentrale Arbeitsgebiet wurde mit dem SEA BEAM-System eine sehr exakte Tiefenkarte erstellt. Die Karte der weiteren Umgebung ergab sich aus den NBS-Lotungen während der Profilfahrten des hydrographischen Meßprogramms.Die bathymetrischen Karten zeigen Wassertiefen zwischen 3500 und 4900 m an. Das Relief ist damit deutlich rauher, als es aus bisherigen Vermessungen zu erwarten war. Es herrschen NNE-SSW-streichende Strukturen vor, die parallel zum Mittelatlantischen Rücken verlaufen. Ab und zu werden diese durch breite, E-W-verlaufende Senken geschnitten. Bei diesen Senken handelt es sich vermutlich um derzeit inaktive ozeanische Bruchzonen.Die basaltische Kruste hat im Zentralgebiet ein paläozänes bis eozänes Alter (Magnetanomalie 26 bis 21). Die basaltischen Rücken tragen eine ca. 30 m mächtige Sedimentdecke, die das schroffe Krustenrelief noch nicht geglättet hat. Tiefergelegene Rinnen und Senken besitzen durch Sedimentumlagerung und (nördlich 47° N) durch Turbiditzufuhr aus dem Maury-Channel-System südlich von Island eine mehr als 150 m mächtige Sedimentfüllung.

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Bathymetric and physiographic charting in the NOAMP area, West European Basin (17° W to 22° W, 46° N to 49° N)

Summary The Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (DHI), Hamburg, is carrying out an oceanographic measurement programme in the NE Atlantik (NOAMP) in order to compute the transportation paths of dissolved and particulate substances from the ocean bottom up to surface layers. One of the main tasks, to resolve the movements of the bottom currents, required detailed knowledge of the structure of the ocean floor. Therefore, the oceanographic data collection was accompanied by bathymetric charting and a geophysical site survey (continuous profiling of reflection seismic, gravity, and orientation of magnetism) of the central area of investigation. The mapping of the central NOAMP area was carried out with the SEA BEAM system (RV Polarstern, RV Sonne). NBS soundings, recorded during the hydrographic cruises, were evaluated for a map of the outer vicinity.As the most important result, the mapping revealed a much more sophisticated relief than was expected from known charts. The water depth range between 3500 and 4900 m. A system of ridges and furrows, with a mean crest-to-crest distance of 10 nautical miles, trends parallel to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (NNE to SSW). This system is cut each 50 nautical miles by broad E-W striking valleys. The ridges climb about 300 to 400 m above the bottom of the furrows. Some peaks sitting on top of the ridges rise up to the shallowest depths of 3500 m.The internal cores of the ridges consist of basaltic ocean crust, as can be seen by the relative increases of the Bouguer gravity. In the central NOAMP area, the age of the crust is Paleocene to Eocene (magnetic anomalies 26 to 21). The E-W striking valley at 47° 30 N is interpreted as a fossil fracture zone, due to the Z-like bending of the magnetic anomalies.The sediment cover is rather thin on elevations (about 30 m). Therefore, the rough microtopography of the basaltic crust is not yet buried. Downslope mass transport of sediment by currnets and submarine slides raised the sediment thickness in the deeper furrows to more than 100 m, and smoothed out the floor. North of 47° N, there is an additional supply of sediment by turbidity currents from the depositional Maury Channel system south of Iceland.

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Relevés bathymétriques et physiographiques dans la zone NOAMP, bassin européen Ouest (17° W à 22° W, 46° N à 49° N)

Résumé Le Deutsches Hydrographisches Institut (DHI) de Hamburg, est en train d'exécuter un programme de mesures océanographiques dans l'Atlantique Nord-Est (NOAMP), dans le but de déterminer le cheminement du transport des substances dissoutes et particulaires du fond de l'océan vers les couches de surface. L'une des principales tâches, étant la détermination des déplacements des courants de fond, elle exigeait une connaissance détaillée de la structure du fond de l'océan. En conséquence, la collecte des données océanograhiques fut accompagnée de relevés bathymétriques et d'un levé géophysique sur le site (profils continus de réflexion sismique, gravité, orientation du champ magnétique) de la zone centrale d'investigation. La cartographie de la zone centrale NOAMP a été réalisée à l'aide du sondeur «SEA BEAM» (RV «Polarstern», RV «Sonne»). Les sondages NBS enregistrés au cours des campagnes hydrographiques, étaient évalués pour une carte du voisinage extérieur.Le résultat le plus important, révélé par la cartographie, était un relief beaucoup plus complexe que celui auquel on pouvait s'attendre à la lecture des cartes existantes. La profondeur était comprise entre 3500 et 4900 m. Un système de dorsales et de sillons, avec une distance moyenne de crête à crête de 10 milles marins, s'étire parallèlement à la dorsale médiane de l'Atlantique (du NNE au SSW). Ce système est interrompu tous les 50 milles marins par de larges vallées de direction Est-Ouest. Les dorsales culminent de 300 à 400 m au-dessus du fond des sillons. Quelques pics situés au sommet des dorsales remontent vers les profondeurs les plus faibles qui sont de 3500 m.La structure interne des dorsales consiste en une croûte de basalte océanique comme cela peut être observé par l'augmentation relative de l'anomalie de Bouguer. Dans la partie centrale de la zone NOAMP, l'âge de la croûte s'étale du paléocène à l'éocène (les anomalies magnétiques de 26 à 21). La vallée de direction Est-Ouest située en 47° 30 N, est interprétée comme une zone de fracture fossile, attribuable à la sinuosité, en forme de Z, des anomalies magnétiques.La couverture sédimentaire est plutôt mince sur les hauteurs (de l'ordre de 30 m). C'est pourpuoi, la microtopographie grossière de la croûte basaltique n'est pas encore enfouie. Le transport en masse des sédiments suivant la pente descendante du aux courants et aux glissements sous-marins ont augmenté l'épaisseur du sédiment dans les sillons les plus profonds jusqu'à plus de 100 m et ont «lissé» le fond. Il existe au Nord de 47° N, un apport supplémentaire de sédiments amené par des courants de turbidité provenant du dépôt de Maury Channel au Sud de l'Islande.

     

Stabilität und Labilität im Kaltfrontbereich

Zusammenfassung So wie für das Himmelsbild in einer einheitlichen Luftmasse der vertikale Temperaturgradient die wichtigste Rolle spielt, so erweist sich für den Wetterablauf beim Kaltfrontdurchgang die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich von entscheidender Bedeutung. In den Registrierungen der meteorologischen Elemente zeigt sich meist deutlich der Unterschied zwischen «stabilen» und «labilen» Kaltfronten.

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Summary As significant the part, played by the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the appearance of the sky in uniform airmasses, as determinant for weather conditions during the passage of a cold front is the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area. Generally, the recordings of meteorological instruments show a pronounced difference between «stable» and «unstable» coldfronts.

     

Recent variations in the general circulation as related to glacier retreat in northern Scandinavia

Summary A review is given of the investigations on variations in the general circulation in middle latitudes made byWillett andPetterssen. According toWillett a «high-index» type of circulation pattern with a strong zonal flow has probably caused the recent climatic improvement in the northern latitudes while the «low-index» type with meridional flow would create a cooling off in the same areas. According toPetterssen an other type of «low-index» pattern with a weak zonal flow and strong meridional exchange of air has been the essential cause of the warming up of the northern latitudes in Europe. This implies that the definition of the «low-index» type is not clear and gives rise to misunderstanding. Making use of our experience on glacier retreat in northern Scandinavia it is concluded that thePetterssen type of circulation more probably than the «high-index» type has caused the warming-up in the North Atlantic area from which the retreat of the glaciers has followed.     

Seismic characterization of reservoirs with multiple fracture sets using velocity and attenuation anisotropy data

Knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fracture density and the azimuthal fracture orientation can greatly help in optimizing production from fractured reservoirs. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data contain information about the fractures present in the reservoir. In this study, we use the measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuths to infer information about the multiple fracture sets present in the reservoir. We consider a reservoir model with two sets of vertical fractures characterized by unknown azimuthal fracture orientations and fracture densities. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data is computed using the effective viscoelastic stiffness tensor and solving the Christoffel equation. A Bayesian inversion method is then applied to measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuth to estimate the azimuthal fracture orientations and the fracture densities, as well as their uncertainties. Our numerical examples suggest that velocity anisotropy data alone cannot recover the unknown fracture parameters. However, an improved estimation of the unknown fracture parameters can be obtained by joint inversion of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data.     

Subterranean structure of collapse caldera associated with andesitic and dacitic eruptions — Structural evolution of the Miocene Kakeya Cauldron,Southwest Japan

Three stages of collapse and doming of the inner subsided block are recognized in the Miocene Kakeya cauldron. The mechanism of the first collapse is not clear, but the second and third are volcanic in origin. The second collapse was triggered by eruptions of silicic andesite lava flows and pyroclastic ejecta. The boundary fault between the subsided block and its surroundings is nearly vertical. The subsided block formed a distinct basin structure, and its marginal part was intensely deformed by faulting. The third collapse took place cylindrically, accompanied by voluminous eruptions of dacitic pyroclastic materials. The collapsed block formed a basin structure with a gently dipping marginal part. The doming of the inner subsided block was due to increase of pressure in a magma chamber.The structure formed by the second collapse is not consistent with the concept of the subterranean structure of either the so-called «Krakatau»- (funnel-shaped) type or Valles-type calderas. The second collapse is transitional between «Krakatau»- and Valles-type calderas or a new type of volcanic depression. The features of the third collapse and the resurgent doming are similar to those of Valles-type calderas, except for the size of cauldrons and composition of magmas related to collapse. The similarities indicate that the Kakeya cauldron was formed in an extensional tectonic setting similar to that for Valles-type calderas.     

1947年青海达日7(3)/(4)级地震

1947年3月17日青海省达日地震发生在巴颜喀拉山北缘山区,震中烈度为10度,等震线长轴方向为北50°西,地震形变带长150公里,由一系列的陡坎、鼓包、凹槽和裂缝组成。从形变带的性质及其组合规律分析,震区主压应力方向为北东东—南西西。地震形变现象与挽近时期活动的北50°西的日查-克授滩断裂和北北西向断裂带的展布相一致。因此推断,此次地震是日查-克授滩断裂和北北西向断裂带现今继承性活动的结果。     

Elettrobisol simultaneo a cella tripolare

Riassunto L'A. ha qui escogitato una equivalenza bisol-monosol, realizzabile sul terreno, per instaurare «elettrodiaframmi», «elettroparatie» a qualsiasi distanza dagli iniettori di legante. Ne studia gli aspetti fenomenologici principali, corredandoli di grafici utili all'impiego del metodo.

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Summary This paper deals with the devising of an equivalence bisol-monosol, which can be performed into soil, in order to carry into effect «electro-diaphragm» and «electro-pilings» at any distance from binding-solution electro-injectors. Principal aspects of phenomena are studied, and graphs useful for applyng the method are given.

     

Mesures de temperatures dans l'ice — Cap du Groenland

Résumé Des mesures de températures ont été faites dans les Forages du Camp VI et de la Station Centrale, au cours de la Campagne de 1950, des « Expéditions Polaires Françaises 1948–1951 ». Ces mesures ne concordant pas avec celles effectuées par « L'Expédition Allemande au Groenland, A.Wegener, de 1930–31 », le ProfesseurKurt Wegener, dans un rapport intitulé « Température de l'Inlandsis du Groenland », commente les résultats, et, utilisant les résultats des deux Expéditions, établit la distribution de la température dans l'Inlandsis. — Le but de ce rapport est de justifier les mesures de 1950, de donner une limite d'utilisation de ces mesures, et d'expliquer les divergences entre les résultats des deux Expéditions.

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Summary In the drilled holes of Camp VI and «Station Centrale», temperature surveys were run during the 1950th expedition of «French Polar Expeditions 1948–1951» (MissionsPaul-Emile Victor). The measurements not being in agreement with those made by the «German Expedition to Greenland A.Wegener 1930–1931» Professor Dr.Kurt Wegener, in a report published in this revue (Die Temperatur in Grönländischen Inlandeis), comments the results and, using the results of both expeditions, gives the temperature distribution in the Greenland Ice-Cap. — The purpose of this report is to justify the 1950th surveys, to state the readings accuracy and to find out the causes of the divergences between the results of both expeditions.

     

The major pressure oscillation, 1875 to 1960

Summary Pressure anomaly maps for the world for different periods have been constructed from barometric information received as a result of international appeals. Maps of changes by 5-year periods have been shown to reflect a pressure see-saw between West Greenland and the Indian Ocean. The sign of this pattern is defined by the «pressure parameter», approximately the reversed pressure in the latter area. The parameter seems to represent much more reliably than sunspot numbers the effective changes in solar radiation. Changes by 30-year periods, at least between 1876/1905 and 1906/35, follow a geographical pattern very similar to that of the ordinary southern oscillation, with at least one marked «discontinuity» in the nodal zone off south-east Australia. In contrast to the map of changes by five-year periods, West Greenland now acts as a negative area, that is, its pressure fluctuates in sympathy with the Indian Ocean. However, there is a phase difference, associated with «south-steering», and a difference of wave-length between the Arctic and the Tropics, and historical evidence suggests that Greenland can also be a «positive» area. In low latitudes, the major pressure oscillation has for over a century been closely in phase with the major sunspot oscillation, that is, an oscillation of the order of 60 to 90 years. A sudden change to low parameter phase in the next decade or so is therefore expected. This will be associated presumably with severe droughts in many low latitude regions and the characteristic changes in circulation patterns.     

Analysis of macroscopic fractures in granite in the HDR geothermal well EPS-1, Soultz-sous-Forêts, France

An exhaustive analysis of 3000 macroscopic fractures encountered in the geothermal Hot Dry Rock borehole, EPS-1, located inside the Rhine graben (Soultz-sous-Forêts, France), was done on a continuous core section over a depth interval from 1420 to 2230 m: 97% of the macroscopic structures were successfully reorientated with a good degree of confidence by comparison between core and acoustic borehole imagery. Detailed structural analysis of the fracture population indicates that fractures are grouped in two principal fractures sets striking N005 and N170 °, and dipping 70 °W and 70 °E, respectively. This average attitude is closely related to the past tectonic rifting activity of the graben during the Tertiary, and is consistent with data obtained from nearby boreholes and from neighbouring crystalline outcrops. Fractures are distributed in clusters of hydrothermally altered and fractured zones. They constitute a complex network of fault strands dominated by N–S trends, except within some of the most fractured depth intervals (1650 m, 2170 m), where an E–W-striking fracture set occurs. The geometry of the pre-existing fracture system strikes in a direction nearly parallel to the maximum horizontal stress. In this favorable situation, hydraulic injections will tend both to reactivate natural fractures at low pressures, and to create a geothermal reservoir.     

Gibt es eine «kritische Windgeschwindigkeit» für Prozesse an der Grenzfläche Wasser-Luft?

Zusammenfassung Eineabsolute «kritische Windgeschwindigkeit» für Prozesse an der Grenzfläche Wasser-Luft scheint nicht zu existieren. Unsere Beobachtungen liefern jedoch Anzeichen für das Vorhandenseinrelativer «kritischer Windgeschwindigkeiten, die vom Ueberströmungsweg, bzw. von der Wellenlaufstrecke abzuhängen scheinen. Diese relativen «kritischen Windgeschwindigkeiten» sind durch folgende-Merkmale gekennzeichnet: Aenderung der Struktur der Meeresoberfläche (glatt-rauh); Umschlag der laminaren Wassergrenzschicht zur Turbulenz; Ueberbrechen der Schwerewellen; Minimum des Widerstandskoeffizienten der Meeresoberfläche.

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Summary It seems that there is no absolute «critical wind speed» for air-sea boundary processes. From our observations it may, however, be referred that there are relative values of the «critical wind speed» which seem to depend on the fetch. These relative values of the «critical wind speed» are characterized by the following marks: The sea surface pattern is changed (smooth-rough);, the boundary layer in water turns from laminar to turbulent flow; the gravity waves break; the resistance coefficient of the sea surface has a minimum.

     

Über die DÜnung aus einem Windfeld,welches am Beobachtungsort in einiger Entfernung vorbeizieht

Zusammenfassung Es werden die zum Teil recht verwickelten Bedingungen besprochen, denen eine am festen BeobachtungsortA auftretende DÜnung genÜgt, wenn das wellenerzeugende Windfeld sich dem PunktA wohl nähert, an ihm dann aber in einiger Entfernung vorbeizieht. Es werden getrennt behandelt: 1. wandernde Windfelder, welche seit langer Zeit eine ausgereifte Windsee besitzen, 2. wandernde Windfelder, deren Ausbildung erst kÜrzere Zeit zurÜckliegt.An geeigneter Stelle wird ein Diagramm gegeben, welches die Bestimmung der angular spreading factors (W. J. Pierson jun., G. Neumann und R. W. James [1953]) wesentlich erleichtert.Abschließend wird die Frage erörtert, ob ein Punkt am Rande des Windfeldes den gesamten Windfeld-Leerand ausreichend repräsentieren kann.

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On swell generated by a fetch passing at some distance from the observation point

Summary The paper treats the rather complex conditions that may lead to the occurrence of swell at a fixed observation pointA when the wave generating fetch though approaching pointA passes it at some distance. Two contingencies are separately discussed: 1) moving fetches associated for a long time past with a fully developed wind sea, 2) moving fetches whose generation took place only quite recently.The paper includes a diagram which largely facilitates the determination of the angular spreading factor (W. J. Pierson jun., G. Neumann, and R. W. James [1953]).In the end, the question is discussed whether one point on the border of the fetch may be regarded as being sufficiently representative of the entire lee-side of the fetch.

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Sur une houle soulevée par un »fetch« qui passe le point d'observation à quelque distance

Résumé Ce travail traite les conditions assez complexes qui peuvent conduire à l'apparition de houles à un point fixe d'observationA si le »fetch« qui a soulevé les vagues en question s'approche de ce point mais finit par le passer à quelque distance. On discute deux éventualités: 1) des »fetches« progressifs dont les vagues de vent on depuis longtemps terminé leur developpement, 2) des »fetches« progressifs qui n'ont accompli leur formation que depuis peu.On a introduit dans le travail un diagramme qui rend beaucoup plus facile la détermination des facteurs d'extension angulaire (»angular spreading factors«) (W. J. Pierson, jun., G. Neumann et R. W. James [1953]).Enfin, on discute la question si un seul point sur le bord du »fetch« peut suffisamment représenter les conditions dominant sur tout le bord sous le vent.

     

Die Höhen- und Zeitabhängigkeit des Austauschkoeffizienten in der Bodenschicht

Zusammenfassung Es werden tägliche Gänge des Austauschkoeffizienten an zwei Stationen, Leafield (England) und Ismaila (Aegypten), die jeweils einen bestimmten Klimatyp repräsentieren, mit und ohne Berücksichtigung des Turbulenzcharakters berechnet. Die Berücksichtigung des Turbulenzcharakters (in erster Näherung in Abhängigkeit von Strahlung und Wind) führt zur charakteristischen Auswahl, z. B. zum Konvektionstyp, Stratustyp, die Nichtberücksichtigung zur klimatologischen Auswahl. Beide Auswahlen werden miteinander verglichen und Kriterien über ihre Anwendung festgelegt. Zusätzlich werden die jährliche Variation betrachtet und die Gänge in empirisch- analytische Funktionen zerlegt. Als Grundlage zur Berechnung dienen die Temperatur- bzw. Temperaturgradientregistrierungen vonN. K. Johnson undG. S. P. Heywood (⁷) über 5 Jahre in 5 Niveaus (1.2, 2.4, 30.4, 57.4, 87.7 m, Leafield) und die vonW. D. Flower (⁸) über ein Jahr in 4 Niveaus (1.1, 16.2, 46.4, 61.0 m, Ismaila). Es wird gezeigt, dass der lineare Höhenansatz für den Austauschkoeffizienten, der für eine adiabatische Atmosphäre gilt, nicht auf eine wirkliche Atmosphäre angewandt werden darf; als ein günstiger Ansatz wurde im Höhenintervall von 10–100 m dasGauss'sche Fehlerintegral gefunden, der durch die Berechnung der Austauschkoeffizienten in zwei Messtufen für Leafield geprüft werden kann; die bisherigen Berechnungen beschränkten sich auf eine Meßstufe und ergaben keine Möglichkeit, den Ansatz zu prüfen. Dieser Höhenansatz ergibt einen stetigen Uebergang von der Boden- zur Oberschicht, oder anders ausgedrückt, von der Schicht mit höhenabhängigem Austausch zu der mit höhenkonstantem, so erhält man die vonC. G. Rossby (⁹) eingeführte Restturbulenz (residual turbulence). Es werden tägliche Gange des Austauschkoeffizienten im einzelnen diskutiert; besonders der Spezialfall der klaren Junitage von Leafield (Konvektionstyp der gemässigten Breiten), für den eine Modellvorstellung entworfen wird, bei der die Wechselwirkung von Strahlung, Schichtung, Temperatur und Austausch gleichzeitig betrachtet wird.Ausgehend von der zweiten Diffusionsgleichung des atmosphärischen Austauschs wird gezeigt, dass sowohl für den Austausch als auch für das Integral der Diffusionsgleichung die Trennung der Variablen möglich ist mit der Einschränkung, dass bei Tagen bzw. Auswahlen von Tagen mit ausgesprochenem täglichen Gang für Tag und Nacht verschiedene höhenfunktionen erforderlich sind. Die beiden separaten (gewöhnlichen) Differentialgleichungen, die nach der Trennung der Variablen erhalten wurden, werden vorerst getrennt integriert und die Konstanten jeweils voneinander unabhängig berechnet; damit erhält man einerseits die Möglichkeit, die durch Integration der Zeitabhängigkeit des Austauschkoeffizienten erhaltene neue Zeitfunktion mit der der gegebenen potentiellen Temperatur zu vergleichen, andererseits den Höhenansatz ein zweitesmal zu prüfen. Die numerische Prüfung der Zeitabhängigkeit wurde für die Auswahl «Alle Junitage Leafield», die der Höhenabhängigkcit für die Auswahl «Bedeckte Dezembertage Leafield» durchgeführt. Abschliessend werden die beiden Gleichungen zusammen betrachtet, die Integration vorgenommen, eine numerische Auswertung jedoch nicht ausgeführt.

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Summary The daily variation of the «Austauschkoeffizient», i. e. eddydiffusivity, has been computed for two stations, Leafield (England) and Ismaila (Egypt), representing each other a special type of climate. On the side one attention has been given to the character of turbulence as mainly influenced by insolation and wind leading to a characteristic selection, for instance a «convection-type»; on the other side normal monthly values have led to a climatologic selection. Both selections have been compared and criterions for their use determined. Additionally the daily variations have been analysed in known functions, their annual variations regarded.The foundations for this analysis were the registrations of temperature or temperature-gradient ofN. K. Johnson andG. S. P. Heywood for 5 years at 5 levels (1.2, 12.4, 30.5, 57.4, 87.7 m, Leafield) andW. D. Flower for 1 year at 4 levels (1.1, 16.2, 46.4, 61.0 m, Ismaila).A main result is that the linear function with height of the «Austauschkoeffizient», confirmed for an adiabatic atmosphere, cannot be applied to a real atmosphere; the error-function integral has been found a good approximation in the interval between 10 and 100 m, which can be tested by computing the daily variation of the «Austausch-koeffizient» at two levels; previous results were limited to a single level without this possibility of testing. This variation with height gives a steady transition from the layer with variable «Austauschkoeffizient» to the one with constant «Austauschkoeffizient» thus getting the residual turbulence ofC. G. Rossby. Special types of the daily variation of the «Austauschkoeffizient» have been discussed, especcially the convectiontype of middle latitudes (Leafield, clair days), for which a model has been given, regarding the mutual effects of insolation, gradient, temperature and «Austausch».Basing on the second partial differential equation of atmospheric diffusivity it has been shown that both for the «Austauschkoeffizient» and the integral of this equation the separation of the two variables (t=time,z=altitude) is possible with the limitation that for days respectively selections of days with great daily variation different functions with height for day and night are necessary. This resulted in getting two ordinary differential equations, which at first have been integrated separately, and so determined their constants. Now it was possible to compare the daily variation of the integral with that of the given potential-temperature, additionally to prove the function with height for a second time. A numerical proof for the daily variation has been made for the selection «all days of june, Leafield», for the function with height for the selection of «covered days of december, Leafield». Finally both differential equations have been considered together, a numerical example has not been given for special reasons.

     

Elastische Multipolwellen in einem Medium,das aus homogenen,isotropen, planparallelen Schichten besteht

Zusammenfassung Gegeben ist ein festes, elastisches Medium, das aus homogenen, isotropen, planparallelen Schichten aufgebaut ist. Im Innern einer Schicht wird ein punktförmiger Störungsherd von Multipolcharakter angenommen. Die Störung setzt zur Zeitt=0 ein. Unter Anwendung der Laplace-Transformation werden nach dem Verfahren vonCagniard «Exponentialkoeffizienten» und «Übertragungsfaktoren» berechnet, die gestatten, die elastischen Verschiebungen der an den verschiedenen Unstetigkeitsflächen reflektierten und gebrochenen Wellen zu bestimmen.

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Summary (Elastic waves of multiplet type in a solid consisting of homogeneous isotropic layers with plane parallel boundaries) — An unlimited elastic solid consists of homogeneous isotropic layers, separated by plane parallel boundaries. A point in the interior of one layer is a multiple source of elastic waves. The disturbance begins att=0. By aid of Laplace-transforms, «exponential coefficients» and «transmission factors» have been calculated according to the method shown byCagniard. By aid of the «transmission factors» we can determine the elastic displacements of the waves reflected and refracted at the boundaries.

     

Implications of principal stress axes and eigenvalue ratios on critical orientation of fractures. Application to two tectonic regions in Alaska

The principal stress axes and eigenvalue ratios of the stress tensors from two active seismic regions in Alaska (eastern Aleutian Arc and eastern Gulf of Alaska) are computed. These results are obtained using focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to 8.2 and show for both regions slightly different compressional states with an orientation of the pressure axis of N26°W for the eastern Gulf of Alaska and N27°W for the east Aleutian Arc. The eigenvalue ratios for the eastern Gulf of Alaska and east Aleutian Arc are 0.84 and 0.99, respectively. The algorithm used in computations allows us to detect some focal mechanisms which are incoherent with respect to the obtained stress tensors. These incoherences are explained in terms of some tectonic features of the region. The orientations of possible pre-existing fractures which would need an unrealistically high maximum shear stress to start a slip on their fault planes are also investigated. These critical orientations depend on a constitutive frictional law as well as on eigenvalue ratios and eigenvectors of the stress tensors. The orientation, which is given in our case by the angle between the normal vector to a fracture and the regional tensional axis, is approximately 59° for the eastern Aleutian Arc. This angle ranges from 49° to 59° for the eastern Gulf of Alaska. It must be pointed out that fractures which need unrealistically high shear stress to start slip on their fault planes are defined by a very narrow band of possible angles between tensional direction and the normal vector to fault plane.     

Bemerkungen zu J. Georgi's meteorologischer Solarkonstanten

Summary It is shown thatLinke's definition of the «subzonal» solarconstant meets best the problems of the meteorologist.Georgi's «meteorological» solarconstant neglects waveregions very important in biology and in atmospheric heating and has to be rejected. The «astrophysical» solarconstant needs further knowledge of X-rays, radio and corpuscular radiation in units of energy.     

K-Ar chronology of the volcanic eruptions in the Canarian archipelago: Island of La Gomera

A geochronological study of the Island of La Gomera (Canaries) has been carried out by the K-Ar method. The 26 new ages obtained, together with the 17 previous determinations, show that above the main unconformity of the island, separating the « basal complex » from the later volcanic series, there is a unit of « lower old basalts » more than 10 m.y. old. Polymictic volcanic breccias were emplaced between 10 and 9 m.y. ago. The « upper old basalts » above them were formed between 9 and 6 m.y. ago, with a peak of activity around 7 m.y. After a period of erosion (6-5 m.y.), a thick series of « young basalts » associated with trachytic and phonolitic domes and flows, were rapidly emplaced between 4.5-4 m.y. ago. Finally, local basaltic activity took place 2.8 m.y. ago. The age of the basal complex is not well known, although three ages (14.6, 15.5 and 19.3 m.y.) have been obtained for some alkaline intrusives which seem to represent the youngest events in the complex.Research funded under Project n. 1771. CAYCIT. Spain.     

Höhenwinde auf dem Seeweg Kapverdenregion — La Plata

Zusammenfassung Durch die Deutsche Atlantische Expedition auf «Meteor» 1925–27 und das maritim-aerologische Werk der Deutschen Seewarte wurden zahlreiche Höhenwindmessungen auf dem Atlantischen Ozean gewonnen. Die Bearbeitung dieses Materials, für das Gebiet südlich von 20° Nordbreite und die Messungen bis 1937, geschieht im Rahmen des Meteorwerkes, in Band XVI als Fortsetzung von Band XV-Kriegsereignisse und Schwierigkeiten der Nachkriegszeit haben die Veröffentlichung leider stark verzögert. Für die vorliegende Mitteilung werden einige Teilergebnisse ausgewählt, die sich auf den Seeweg nach Südamerika beziehen; als Beitrag zur Gewinnung erforderlicher quantitativer Daten über die allgemeine Zirkulation.Für die Höhenstufen 4–5, 9–10 und 14–15 km werden die mittleren Windelemente und die Streuung der Windgeschwindigkeiten behandelt. Es wird die Schichtung der Luftströmungen im Vertikalprofil des Seeweges für 0–15 km Höhe gegeben. Auf die Struktur des Urpassates (der tropischen Ostströmung) und der tropischen Westwindschicht der hohen Troposphäre in den verschiedenen Jahreszeiten wird näher eingegangen.

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Summary By the German Atlantic Expedition on the «Meteor», 1925–1927, and the marine-aerological work of the Deutsche Seewarte numerous upper air wind measurements were gained from the Atlantic. The evaluation of this material for the area in the south of 20° northern latitude and of the measurements up to 1937 is done within the scale of the «Meteorwerk», vol. XVI as a continuation of vol. XV. In consequence of war events and the difficulties of the time after the war the publication has been delayed considerably. For the information on hand, some partial results are selected which refer to the route to South America; as a contribution for gaining necessaryquantitative data on the general circulation.For the levels 4–5, 9–10, and 14–15 km the average wind elements and the dispersion of the wind velocities are treated. The stratification of air currents in the vertical profile of the route is given for the height of 0–15 km. It is entered into particulars of the structure of the «Urpassat» (tropical easterlies), and the tropical West-wind layer of the upper troposphere in various seasons.