川西山区太阳辐射估算及其时空分布特征

山地地表接收的太阳入射辐射由于受到坡度、坡向及地形遮蔽等影响,导致其在时空分布上呈现较高的异质性。为定量分析山地地表太阳辐射的时空分布特征,本研究选择川西山区为研究对象,针对山地特殊地理环境,基于太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和周围地形反射辐射的参数化方案,采用Landsat系列卫星遥感影像数据和30m ASTER GDEM数据定量估算了研究区在不同时期的太阳辐射空间分布,并结合研究区的坡度、坡向、海拔等地形因子,选择夏、秋、冬不同季节对山地太阳辐射时空分布进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)经过贡嘎山站观测数据的验证,本研究所采用的估算方案能够取得较高的估算精度,平均绝对误差为48.7 W·m-2,相对误差为6%;(2)山地太阳辐射分布具有很强的地形规律,总体特点是山脊大于山谷,阳坡大于阴坡;(3)随着坡度的增加,太阳辐射呈现递减的趋势;而随海拔的上升太阳辐射总体来说呈现增加趋势,只是在低海拔处由于地形遮蔽和山顶由于坡度陡峭造成坡面入射角小而略有回落;(4)在不同的季节,太阳辐射受地形因子的影响程度有所差异,这与太阳高度角的大小有着直接的关系。     

基于DEM的山区气温空间模拟方法

气温作为一种农业资源是由太阳辐射到达大气形成的，在地球表面的分布地地表的地形特征密不可分（特别在山区）。数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model，简称DEM）作为一种地表形态的描述方式，在利用空间信息进行各种专题分析研究和规划决策过程中具有很大的实用价值。研究提出了以地理信息系统（GIS）为支撑，在常规统计模型（CSM）的基础上，利用地形的坡度、坡向因子进行山区气温空间小尺工模拟的修正模型－－地形调节统计模型（TASM），并在环青海湖地区进行实际应用。研究结果表明，地形调节统计模型优于常规的统计模型，从而为山区任一地域单元气温空间分布的快速计算提供了一种可行的方法，对山区气温资源的专题应用具有重要的意义。     

晴空下山区太阳辐射模拟

由于太阳辐射在山区的空间分布情况较为复杂,在Arcgis,Envi和C++基础上,提出了一个晴空条件下估算山区太阳辐射分布的模型。在借鉴国内外太阳辐射研究成果基础上充分考虑了地形因素和大气状况,利用Modtran大气辐射传输模型、DEM和Modis反照率数据建立了山区太阳辐射计算模型。以黑河上游山区为试验区,利用该模型模拟得到了黑河上游山区的太阳辐射,分析了坡度、坡向、海拔对太阳辐射空间分布的影响,并利用实测值对模型进行了验证,结果表明：该模型可较好地反映研究区内山区太阳总辐射的分布,可用于山区太阳辐射的估算。     

复杂地形任意天气情形下太阳直接辐射量模拟

以太阳辐射传输参数化模型为基础,结合MODIS影像两次白天的云产品和水汽产品及DEM,构建了复杂地形任意天气情形下每日太阳直接辐射量模型。选取代表不同气候类型与地形起伏状况的3个典型站点（拉萨、北京、额济纳旗）,以2007年每日实测值对模拟结果进行了验证,其相关系数分别为0.77、0.77和0.85。研究表明:有云天气下,云是影响地表太阳直接辐射数量和空间分布的主要因子;模型对时间步长不敏感。引起误差的原因主要是MODIS云产品的时空分辨率较低以及云的3D效应导致模拟的困难,对地形起伏较大地区,小比例尺的DEM也会导致较大的误差,同时实测值与模拟值的空间尺度不匹配也引起了一定误差。     

福建省复杂地形下旬平均气温分布式模拟

为建立高时空分辨率的福建省复杂地形下气温栅格数据集,利用福建省及其周边33个常规气象站观测资料,基于数字高程模型（DEM）数据,综合考虑海拔、太阳总辐射、地表长波有效辐射对旬平均气温的影响,模拟了福建省复杂地形下旬均温的空间分布。结果表明：1）常规站验证结果显示：各旬气温绝对误差平均值（MAE）最小为0.46℃,最大为2.3℃,全年平均为0.87℃;加密站验证结果显示,MAE最大为2.3℃,最小0.5℃,全年平均为0.96℃。2）模拟结果能反映旬均温的宏观分布规律与局地细节特征。宏观范围内,旬均温受纬度影响较大,由北至南气温逐渐升高,沿海地区旬均温整体高于内陆,山区旬均温明显较低;局地范围内,各坡向上气温差异显著,海拔越高、坡度越大,差异越明显;地形因子对旬平均温的影响具有季节差异,具体表现为冬季时地形因子对旬均温的影响最大,秋季次之,春夏季节中地形因子对旬均温的影响最弱。     

山区地形开阔度的分布式模型

 地形开阔度是影响山地辐射平衡及其分量的重要地形因子,是山区散射辐射、地形反射辐射等计算的重要参数。在复杂的地形条件下,地形开阔度的计算很难用数学公式描述。 利用数字高程模型（DEM）,全面考虑了坡地自身遮蔽和周围地形相互遮蔽的影响,提出了山区地形开阔度的分布式模型和算法。以1 km×1 km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下中国地形开阔度的空间分布。同时,利用100 m和1 km两个分辨率的DEM数据,从不同DEM分辨率和不同地貌类型两个方面探讨了地形开阔度的空间尺度效应,阐明了区域地形开阔度随地形地貌和空间分辨率的变化规律。所提供的山地开阔度的数据可作为基础地理数据供相关研究应用。     

地形对天山夏季降水影响的模拟

地形对局地云和降水的形成、发展过程起着重要作用。由于天山山脉对偏西、偏北气流的阻挡抬升作用,天山西部（喇叭口地形）和北坡中天山（东西走向）一带成为新疆云和降水最集中的地区。以新疆天山山区2013年8月24-26日一次典型强降水过程为例,利用WRFv3.5.1中尺度模式,通过改变初始场中的天山地形高度进行敏感试验,进而揭示天山地形对夏季山区及邻近区域降水的基本影响机制。控制试验较好地模拟出此次降水的空间分布、中心位置及起止时间、降水极大值高度等特征,与观测结果非常吻合。控制试验与敏感试验对比结果表明,天山地形对降水带分布影响不大,但对强降水中心的范围和量级影响显著。降水量与地形高度和抬升凝结高度的相对大小表现出较好的相关性,地形的阻挡抬升作用导致盛行气流产生较强的垂直上升运动,当达到甚至超过抬升凝结高度时,不稳定能量才得以充分释放,进而引起水凝物含量大大增加。地形对主要冰相水凝物雪晶和冰晶的高度分布影响不大,但对二者的中心值和维持时间影响显著。     

天目山阔叶林的TM影像及其地形的分维相关分析

在RS、GIS技术支持下,对天目山地区的TM影像进行处理与分类,得到研究区的阔叶林空间分布图。运用GIS空间分析与SPSS统计功能,对阔叶林的TM影像及其所处的地形进行分维估算,研究其分维的空间分布规律。阔叶林的TM影像分维在高程、坡度和坡向3个方面有分布规律:随海拔的升高、坡度的增加, TM影像分维呈增加的趋势;阳坡、半阴半阳坡比阴坡的影像分维大。阔叶林的地形分维在高程和坡向2个方面有分布规律:随海拔的升高,地形分维呈减小的趋势;阴坡比阳坡、半阴半阳坡的分维大;地形分维与坡度没有关系。阔叶林TM影像与其地形的分维之间存在正相关。     

地表空间水文过程三维可视化试验——以浙江黄土岭流域为例

地表空间水文过程涉及三维地理空间和一维时间,对其进行三维动态交互显示便于认知主体对水文过程形成正确的认识。本文以浙江黄土岭流域为试验区,结合地理信息系统和计算机图形学的方法和技术探究了流域空间水文过程的动态交互显示方法。利用OpenGL的三维建模和图像渲染功能表现三维的水文过程,其中双缓冲技术保障了水文过程时间变化的展示。探讨了表面建模,地形着色处理,光照法线计算,水体透明处理,时相水文数据处理及交互参数输入等方法,并建立了地表空间水文过程的显示系统。通过系统的运行表明,该系统能逼真地显示不同高程连续水体的三维动态变化。     

伊犁河谷2001-2014年地表温度时空分异特征

地表温度是地表能量平衡、区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要因子。为了辨析中国西北干旱区“天山湿岛”——伊犁河谷的地表温度时空分异,采用趋势分析法和空间数据统计法,探讨了2001-2014年不同土地利用/覆盖类型下地表温度时空变化规律,分析地表温度的时空分异特征及原因。结果表明：（1） MODIS LST产品的精度（平均R²=0.90）能够满足伊犁河谷地表温度时空变化分析的要求;（2）空间上,地表温度呈现出中部高四周低的变化趋势,高温区面积约占总面积的41%,低温区面积约占总面积的23%;时间上,伊犁河谷平均地表温度的年际波动较大,以2013年、2006年、2007年和2008年尤为突出;地表温度的年内变化呈现出单峰型分布,地表温度高值集中在3-8月,最高值出现在7月;（3）不同土地利用/覆盖类型下年均地表温度分布的总体特征为建设用地最高,稀疏草地、旱地等次之,冰川/积雪最低;（4）伊犁河谷地表温度变化趋势呈严重减少、基本不变和轻微增加区域面积分别占5%、37%和26%,以基本不变和轻微增加为主。伊犁河谷地表温度时空变化不仅受大尺度气候变化影响,还受土地类型差异影响,两者共同构成了不同地理区域及景观的温场格局,绿色植被对地表温度时空分布具有重要的调节作用。     

GIS-based modelling of topography-induced solar radiation variability in complex terrain for data sparse region

Solar radiation not only sustains the lives on the Earth, but also creates spatial and temporal variations of hydrological ingredients, such as vegetation, soil moisture, and snow. Precise quantification of spatial solar radiation incident on the Earth's surface which accounts for the topographic modulation, especially in complex terrain, underpins the study of many catchment hydro-meteorological and hydro-ecological processes. Topography is a key parameter that affects the spatial solar radiation pattern across different scales. This article addresses the issue of modelling spatial variability of actual solar radiation caused by topography from the hydrological perspective. Models with different algorithms and different complexities, from the simple empirical equations to process-based physical approach, have been developed to parameterize and calculate the potential radiation (under clear-sky condition) and the actual radiation (under overcast cloudy condition). Based on a review of the general steps of solar radiation modelling and the corresponding models for each step, two models with easily or globally available data for spatial solar radiation modelling in complex terrain, namely, the physically parameterized, remote-sensing-oriented Heliosat-2 model and the sunshine duration-based Angström–Prescott regression model are selected and implemented in a GIS framework. The capability of both models for simulation of cloudy-sky radiation on horizontal surfaces has been verified against observed station data showing an R ² greater than 0.9. The validity of the models for modelling inclined surface is tested by comparing against each other, which has shown a satisfactory agreement and demonstrated that the simple Angström–Prescott method performed reasonably well compared with the more elaborate Heliosat-2 method. Scale sensitivity of the models and the shading effect are examined with different digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions from 30 to 500 m and reveal the existence of a threshold grid size to resolve the topography-induced spatial solar radiation variability. Spatial mapping of potential solar radiation and actual solar radiation has been demonstrated in a small catchment in Southern Germany, with a spatial difference up to 30% in winter and 5% in summer. This may lead to a significant difference for the energy-limited hydrological processes, such as snowmelt, and evapotranspiration.     

Assessment of the importance of moderate spatial resolution cloud climatology data in solar radiation modeling

Improving solar radiation models is critical for supporting the increase in solar energy usage and modeling ecosystem dynamics. However, coarse spatial resolutions of solar radiation models overlook the impacts resulting from spatial variability of clouds at meso- and micro-scales. To address this problem, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud climatology developed by the National Severe Storms Laboratory was used to relate cloudiness to surface solar radiation observations. We developed a linear regression model between the surface solar radiation and MODIS cloud climatology and used the model to estimate average radiation across Oklahoma. Furthermore, the study compared the average error and coefficient of determination to measured ground radiation. Error analysis of the regression model showed that the differences between observed radiation and estimated radiation were spatially autocorrelated for the Aqua MODIS satellite scan. This suggests cloudiness alone is not sufficient to predict surface solar radiation. This study found that simple cloud datasets alone can account for approximately 50% of the variation in observed solar radiation at 250-m spatial resolution, but additional datasets such as optical depth, elevation, and slope are needed to accurately explain spatial distributions of incoming shortwave radiation.     

Influence of complex topography on global solar radiation in the Yangtze River Basin

Global solar radiation（GSR） is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model（DEM） data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors（e.g. slope, aspect, etc.）. Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.     

复杂地形对长江流域太阳总辐射的影响(英文)

Global solar radiation(GSR) is the most direct source and form of global energy, and calculation of its quantity is highly complex due to influences of local topography and terrain inter-shielding. Digital elevation model(DEM) data as a representation of the complex terrain and multiplicity condition produces a series of topographic factors(e.g. slope, aspect, etc.). Based on 1 km resolution DEM data, meteorological observations and NOAA-AVHRR remote sensing data, a distributed model for the calculation of GSR over rugged terrain within the Yangtze River Basin has been developed. The overarching model permits calculation of astronomical solar radiation for rugged topography and comprises a distributed direct solar radiation model, a distributed diffuse radiation model and a distributed terrain reflectance radiation model. Using the developed model, a quantitative simulation of the GSR space distribution and visualization has been undertaken, with results subsequently analyzed with respect to locality and terrain. Analyses suggest that GSR magnitude is seasonally affected, while the degree of influence was found to increase in concurrence with increasing altitude. Moreover, GSR magnitude exhibited clear spatial variation with respect to the dominant local aspect; GSR values associated with the sunny southern slopes were significantly greater than those associated with shaded slopes. Error analysis indicates a mean absolute error of 12.983 MJm-2 and a mean relative error of 3.608%, while the results based on a site authentication procedure display an absolute error of 22.621 MJm-2 and a relative error of 4.626%.     

贵州高原复杂地形下月平均日最高气温分布式模拟

在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,建立以天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的分布式模型,在模型中考虑了海拔高度、复杂地形下太阳总辐射、日照百分率对月平均日最高气温的影响.以贵州高原为例.应用100m×100m分辨率的DEM数据.1960-2000年贵州省及周边102个气象站常规气象要素观测资料以及NOAA-AVHRR观测资料,10个气象站的太阳辐射量资料,计算了贵州高原各月及年平均日最高气温精细空间分布.结果表明:(1)坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对月平均日最高气温的影响较大,由于局地地形因子的影响,复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征,局地地形对月平均日最高气温的影响是不容忽视的.(2)季节不同,局地地形因子对复杂地形下月平均日最高气温空间分布的影响不同,冬半年大于夏半年.月平均日最高气温随海拔高度的增加而降低.南坡随坡度的增大而升高:北坡随坡度的增大而降低.在坡向影响上,1-5月、10-12月偏北坡月平均日最高气温偏低,偏南坡月平均日最高气温偏高;7-8月因太阳高度较高,因此出现相反的情况.北坡高于南坡.     

起伏地形下黄河流域太阳直接辐射分布式模拟

1 Introduction Directsolarradiation (DSR)isthe key com ponentofthe globalradiation reaching the Earth.For the influence of terrain factors,calculation of DSR quantity of rugged terrain is considerably com plex (Oliphantetal.,2003). The solarradiation quan…     

起伏地形下黄河流域太阳直接辐射分布式模式

基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据和气象站观测资料建立了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射分布式计算模型,模型充分考虑了地形因子(坡向、坡度、地形相互遮蔽)对起伏地形下太阳直接辐射空间分布的影响;以1km×1km分辨率的DEM数据作为地形的综合反映,计算了起伏地形下黄河流域1km×1km分辨率太阳直接辐射的空间分布;深入分析了起伏地形下太阳直接辐射受地理、地形因子影响的变化规律.结果表明受地形起伏和坡向、坡度等局地地形因子的影响,山区年太阳直接辐射量的空间差异比较明显,向阳山坡(偏南坡)的年直接辐射量明显高于背阴山坡(偏北坡).