水分胁迫及复水对豌豆干物质积累、根冠比及产量的影响

采用盆栽人工控水法,研究了水分胁迫及复水对豌豆（“银豌一号”）根冠干物质积累、根冠比及单株产量的影响。结果表明：在苗期、初花期及荚果充实期进行水分胁迫,豌豆根、冠干物质积累均受到抑制,随着胁迫强度的增强和胁迫时间的延长,根、冠干物质积累速率显著或极显著降低;水分胁迫导致豌豆的根冠比增大,与胁迫强度和胁迫历时呈现正相关关系。水分胁迫后复水,豌豆根系和冠层干物质积累及根冠比得到了一定程度的补偿,且随着胁迫强度的增强,补偿效应增大,胁迫历时的补偿效应在不同生育时期存在差异,且随着豌豆植株的逐渐成熟,补偿效应降低。水分胁迫后复水对豌豆单株产量的补偿效果以苗期最大,荚果充实期次之,初花期最小;且随着胁迫强度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,补偿效应减弱。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦物质分配及 产量构成的影响

通过设置不同土壤水分条件和不同生育期受旱处理,研究土壤水分条件对冬小麦生长发育的影响。从器官水平上详细考察了水分条件对小麦物质积累、分配以及产量的影响,并建立产量和耗水量关系。在相对适宜的土壤水分条件,茎秆所占比例较小,为24%,穗部则占56%;而过度灌溉和水分亏缺条件下,茎秆所占比例较大,分别为36%和37%,穗部比例相对较小,仅为43%和48%。各种条件下均以茎秆对产量的贡献量大。相对适宜的土壤水分条件,茎秆对产量的贡献量最大,为0.308g/茎;水分亏缺条件下,叶鞘对产量贡献量较适宜土壤水分条件的叶鞘贡献量要大,分别为0.18克/茎和0.09克/茎;而过度灌溉条件下各器官对产量的贡献量均较小。根据实测产量和蒸散耗水量模拟的产量、水分利用效率与蒸散耗水量的关系可知：禹城地区在现有的肥力水平和栽培管理措施下冬小麦的理论最大产量为6240kg/hm²,蒸散耗水量为473mm,而获得最高水分利用效率的蒸散耗水量为403mm。由于该地区地下水埋深浅,地下水对冬小麦生育期需水量的补给作用明显,试验年份冬小麦拔节期至成熟期地下水补给量占同期耗水量的22%。     

4树种主要生理指标对模拟水分胁迫的响应

比较了白毛锦鸡儿、荒漠锦鸡儿、驼绒藜和霸王的主要生理指标叶片含水量、自然饱和亏、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、可溶性糖和丙二醛（MDA）含量,在不同生长期（夏季和秋季）对不同浓度聚乙二醇（PEG=10%、20%、30%）及不同胁迫时间（0 h、12 h、24 h）模拟水分胁迫的响应差异。结果表明：①霸王、驼绒藜抗干旱损伤的能力总体比两种锦鸡儿强;②同样处理水平下,种间SOD活性差异不显著,各指标夏秋响应差异显著,秋季较夏季敏感,树种抗旱能力与生长期及生理状态有密切的关系;③相关性分析表明,水分胁迫后水分亏缺大的树种,质膜受伤重,SOD保护酶与可溶性糖对树种抵抗水分胁迫起到一定的保护作用,调节协同机制及响应时间存在差异。     

荒漠绿洲区间作和密植对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对间作种植模式下密植潜力薄弱、水资源不足、生产实践中难以同步提高产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的问题,在河西荒漠绿洲区通过大田试验研究了4个(5.25、6.00、6.75、7.50万株·hm^-2)玉米密度水平下玉米间作豌豆群体的产量和水分利用效率,以期为构建禾豆间作在密植条件下的高效节水技术提供理论依据。结果表明:玉米间作豌豆的土地当量比(LER)平均达到1.16,且LER随玉米密度的增大而增大。单位面积间作玉米的产量平均达到了相应单作的74.87%;随玉米密度的增大,作物产量的最大值均出现在高密度(6.75、7.50万株·hm^-2)处理中。间作0~120 cm土层平均土壤含水量平均低于单作玉米1.60%,但平均高于单作豌豆6.70%;两年内单作玉米和间作0~120 cm土层平均土壤含水量均在高密度(7.50万株·hm^-2)处理时最大。由于土壤贮水量、降雨量、灌水等诸多因素的影响,间作较单作增加了耗水量(ET),上述间作的ET比单作高19.23%~23.66%。与单作WUE加权平均相比较,间作的WUE分别高于单作11.08%、13.32%、18.86%和28.06%;不同玉米密度处理中,密度3(6.75万株·hm^-2)的WUE表现出了优势。因此,在河西荒漠绿洲区,同步提高作物产量和水分利用效率的有效措施之一是间作和密植条件。     

水分胁迫对冷蒿和差不嘎蒿体内水分状况的影响

在土壤正常水分条件下,冷蒿的ψ_w,ψ_π和ψ_π100远远低于差不嘎蒿,RWD、Va及Va·Vs^-1远远大于差不嘎蒿,维系其生命活动的膨压只占差不嘎蒿的30%。土壤极端干旱时,差不嘎蒿的上述参数发生大幅度变化,抗旱能力随之提高。极旱的午后,二种灌木均遭旱害威胁,其水分状况参数值(ψ_w,ψ_O、Va和RWD)相差很小。旱后复灌的情况下,差不嘎蒿上述参数同样发生大幅度变化,各参数值可恢复到对照水平;冷蒿在干旱和复灌期间参数相对变化较小。多水环境使二种灌木束缚水含量明显提高,从外观生长状况看差不嘎蒿优于冷蒿。     

极端干旱区胡杨吸水根系的分布与模拟研究

依据2006年7月在极度干旱区内蒙古额济纳旗的实测资料,对胡杨吸水根系根长密度的分布特征进行了分析和拟合,建立了根长密度垂直方向和水平方向的一维、二维分布函数,以期对胡杨根系吸水及胡杨SPAC系统进一步的研究提供有力的试验依据和理论支持。试验结果表明:在垂直方向,吸水根根量主要集中在0~80 cm的土层内,占吸水根总量的97.60%;在水平方向,0~220 cm范围内根长密度随距离的增加而逐渐增大;220~400 cm范围内根长密度随距离的增加而逐渐减小;在0~20 cm范围内,吸水根系仅占总量的0.47%;在160~220 cm范围内,吸水根系分布最为密集,占总量的18.57%。统一采用指数函数对胡杨吸水根系根长密度分布函数进行了拟合,拟合函数与实测数据的相关系数平方分别为:0.888 4、0.680、0.73和0.685,说明胡杨吸水根系根长密度分布也具有与果树相似的规律,基本符合指数衰减规律。     

盐分与水分胁迫对两种猪毛菜种子萌发的影响

通过对盐分与水分胁迫对钠猪毛菜和紫翅猪毛菜种子萌发的影响的分析,结果显示:钠猪毛菜与紫翅猪毛菜种子萌发的最适温度分别为25℃和20℃。在盐溶液和PEG溶液中,两个种子的萌发规律相似,都是随着水势的降低,萌发率和萌发速率下降。在盐胁迫下钠猪毛菜种子萌发的最低水势接近-7.2 MPa,紫翅猪毛菜种子萌发的最低水势接近-6.15 MPa;在水分胁迫下两种种子萌发的最低水势均未超过-2.0 MPa。并且在相同水势下,钠猪毛菜的最终萌发率、萌发指数高于紫翅猪毛菜。两个种对盐分胁迫的忍耐能力超过对水分胁迫。适宜萌发温度下,钠猪毛菜与紫翅猪毛菜的耐盐极限值分别为-6.29 MPa和-6.03 MPa。     

水分胁迫对绿洲影响的数值模拟

运用耦合了包含土壤-植被-水文参数化陆面过程的非静力平衡中尺度大气模式MM5,将水平分辨率提高到1km,通过数值模拟的方式,分别从地气间水热交换、对绿洲小气候影响、土壤湿度变化以及径流量的角度,研究了2002年7月下旬我国西北干旱区绿洲环境在不同水量滴灌条件下的变化,从理论上找到了较适宜绿洲小气候维持的滴灌水量。结果表明：1、绿洲下垫面为农田时,从土壤保湿和绿洲小气候维持角度考虑,500m^3／hm^2／10天的滴灌水量对7月下旬黑河流域中游绿洲是一个比较合适的灌溉量。2、500m^3/hm^2／10天的灌溉水量仅为同期大水漫灌定额下限的一半,上限的1／3,间接证明了滴灌是一种高效节水的灌溉方式,可以为干旱区节约大量水资源。     

陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究

为进一步探明陇中黄土高原区旱地春小麦产量形成对不同干旱胁迫的响应机制,依据甘肃省定西市安定区凤翔镇安家沟村2016—2018年大田控水试验数据以及定西市安定区1971—2018年气象数据,验证农业生产系统模拟(Agricultural production systems simulation,APSIM)模型模拟不同...     

土壤紧实度对马铃薯根系、匍匐茎、产量和品质的影响

使用外力压迫砂柱的盆栽方法,研究了土壤紧实度分别为0.79 MPa（T1）、0.98 MPa（T2）和1.24 MPa（T3）的基质对马铃薯品种夏波蒂、陇薯8号和青薯9号的根系及匍匐茎形态、块茎产量及其品质的影响。结果表明：（1）随土壤紧实度增大,马铃薯根系与地上部干重下降,根冠比升高,根系表面积与总长度减少,而根系平均直径增大;（2）土壤紧实度增大导致匍匐茎的纵向伸长、直径增加,三个品种匍匐茎长度和直径与对照T₁相比差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）;（3）三个品种块茎产量在T2处理下较对照T1差异不显著（P<0.05）,而在T3处理下的块茎产量较对照相比达到差异显著水平（P<0.05）,随土壤紧实度增大三个品种的商品率均低于对照T1,且达到显著差异水平（P<0.05）;（4）块茎干物质与淀粉含量增加,粗蛋白与还原糖含量下降,维生素C含量无显著性变化。紧实土壤不利于马铃薯根系、匍匐茎以及块茎的生长发育,也影响了品质的整体提高。     

黄土高原作物产量及水土流失地形分异模拟

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day mete- orological data of Yan'an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The in- fluences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops' runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farm- land more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible.     

Topographic differentiation simulation of crop yield and soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day meteorological data of Yan’an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The influences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops’ runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farmland more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible.     

基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力模型研究

坡耕地退耕还林还草作为保护生态环境的重要措施,已于2000年在长江上游及黄河中上游等地区进行大面积试点。然而,坡耕地退耕还林还草也引发一系列局域性和阶段性的复杂问题,如粮食安全保障、生态移民安置等。这些问题产生的重要根源是坡耕地空间分布差异导致的人口压力状况的空间差异。文章设计了4个基于GRID的坡耕地退耕人口压力指数模型,并以三峡库区的奉节县为例进行了模拟。     

大叶黄杨对土壤水分梯度胁迫的生长与生理响应

以盆栽大叶黄杨为试材,研究了大叶黄杨生长与生理指标对不同程度土壤水分胁迫的响应.结果表明:土壤水分胁迫对生长指标(苗重、苗高和地径)有明显的影响,变化表现出一致的规律性,即随胁迫程度加剧均呈现出下降趋势.干旱胁迫下生理指标的变化表现出差异性:束缚水/自由水的比值随胁迫程度加强而增大;水分饱和亏缺变化和丙二醛活性在轻、中...     

华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量对干旱胁迫响应的模拟研究——以武川县为例

为探究不同程度干旱胁迫对华北一作区马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响,以内蒙古呼和浩特市武川县为例,基于多年马铃薯生长发育资料和气象资料,对APSIM-Potato模型进行调参与验证,评价模型在武川地区的适用性。利用验证后的模型模拟马铃薯叶面积指数（LAI）、地上部生物量和产量对不同发育阶段干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明：（1） 各发育阶段天数的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差（RMSE）均在3 d内;LAI、地上部生物量和产量的模拟值与实测值的归一化均方根误差（NRMSE）分别为12.82%、17.35%和14.48%,均低于20%,表明APSIM-Potato模型在武川地区具有较好的适用性。（2） 随着干旱胁迫时间和强度的增加,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量随之减小。模拟单一发育阶段干旱胁迫时,马铃薯LAI、地上部生物量和产量对分枝-开花期水分胁迫的响应最大;模拟连续发育阶段干旱胁迫时,LAI、地上部生物量和产量对全生育期水分胁迫的响应最大。     

Effects of sawdust soil amendment on the soil, growth and yield of Solanum esculentum Linn. in waste engine oil-polluted soil

This study investigated the effects of sawdust as a soil amendment on certain growth parameters of Solanum esculentum Linn. grown in soil polluted with various concentrations of waste engine oil, and changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil. The purpose was to assess the soil remediation potentials of sawdust in waste engine oil-polluted soil. The experiment was divided into three regimes: control(air-dried soil without waste engine oil and with clean sawdust), polluted(waste engine oil-contaminated soil), and amended(oil-polluted soil amended with sawdust). Enough 3-kg soil samples were sieved and air-dried to prepare five treatment levels of waste engine oil-contaminated soil(30 m L, 1%; 60 m L, 2%; 90 m L, 3%; 120 m L, 4%; and 150 m L, 5%), as well as five additional treatment levels(the same amounts of oil contamination) in soil amended with sawdust. The treatment levels were replicated five times in a completely randomized design. A nursery bed was planted with a hybrid tomato variety(Roma V F) obtained from National Horticultural Research Institute(NIHORT) in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the maturation period, the growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and number of branches per plant were determined and then the harvested plants were oven dried at 70 °C for 48 hours to determine their dry weights. The effects of the sawdust amendment on the soil were assessed by determining the soil p H(glass electrode p H meter), total nitrogen(Kjeldahl method), total phosphorus(Bray-1 solution), and potassium(on the leacheate by a flame photometer). Chromium, lead, and cadmium contents were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance and a Duncan multiple-range test were employed to test significant differences in the soil properties of the three regimes. The growth performance of Solanum esculentum Linn. in the amended regime(soil with sawdust) at the 150-m L waste engine oil-contamination level was significantly higher than in the polluted regime(soil without sawdust). After plant harvest, the p H of the soil was shown to be clearly affected by the addition of waste engine oil. The control soil(air-dried only, no sawdust, no oil) had the highest p H value, 6.60, which was significantly different from the p H values at other levels of waste engine oil contamination. However, when amended with sawdust, the control soil had a significantly lower p H value than the unamended control soil. This study further demonstrates that sawdust has the potential of amending waste engine oil-contaminated soil for increasing tomato growth performance because it is capable of increasing the soil nutrient content and reducing the soil total hydrocarbon content.     

不同地形条件对沙漠植物生长和沙地土壤水分的影响

对沙坡头地区人工植被固定沙地内不同地形条件下土壤水分和植物生长的变化进行了研究。结果表明,沙地土壤水分的变化以及植物生长的变化依照不同的地形条件表现出一定的规律性。沙地土壤水分含量由高至低的变化趋势根据地形条件依次表现为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;灌木植物密度和盖度与土壤水分变化密切相关,由大到小的变化趋势同样为:丘间低地>迎风坡>坡顶>背风坡;而草本植物密度和盖度可能还受结皮等其它环境因素的影响,由大到小的变化趋势为:背风坡>坡顶>迎风坡>丘间低地。     

流域土壤有效厚度水平衡验证及其对陆面水碳通量模拟的影响

由于土壤特性和植被分布具有区域性,不同流域土壤有效厚度存在差异,进而影响土壤蓄水容量和陆面水碳等通量的时空分布。以湿润地区的东江流域,湿润、半湿润地区的淮河流域以及半湿润、半干旱地区的泾河流域为研究对象,采用LPJ动态植被模型,以水量平衡为目标率定土壤有效厚度,分析不同气候区典型流域土壤有效厚度以及土壤蓄水容量和陆面水碳通量（径流量R,实际蒸散发量ET和净初级生产力NPP）变化。结果表明：东江、淮河、泾河流域的土壤有效厚度分别为70 cm、90 cm和140 cm,土壤有效厚度和蓄水容量随着气候干旱程度增加而增加;土壤有效厚度的修正有效减低该模型水平衡误差,对陆面水碳通量模拟结果的影响程度与区域气候条件有关,湿润地区多年平均径流深和实际蒸散发修正前后变化显著,半湿润、半干旱地区NPP变化显著。研究成果为提高LPJ模型在不同气候区应用可靠性提供参考依据。     

不同防护措施对梭梭幼苗生长和土壤水分的影响

在策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带流动沙地对种植的梭梭幼苗采取了不同的处理措施（凋落物防护、固沙剂防护、防沙网防护和裸沙地,其中裸沙地作为对照）,研究不同防护措施对梭梭幼苗生长状况及地表100 cm内土壤含水率的影响,对恢复和重建绿洲-荒漠过渡带防护林体系具有重要意义。研究结果表明：（1）初春采用滴灌一次性供水135 L·m^-2,可以确保梭梭幼苗当年的生长需求。（2）不同防护措施下梭梭幼苗的株高、冠幅、基径、新枝长度均表现为：凋落物防护 > 固沙剂防护 > 防沙网防护 > 裸沙地,在生长末期凋落物防护下梭梭的株高、冠幅、基径、新枝长度分别达到115.7 cm、131.8 dm²、22.5 mm、73 cm。（3）不同防护措施对土壤含水率的影响比较明显,土壤含水率表现为：凋落物防护 > 固沙剂防护 > 防沙网防护 > 裸沙地,其中凋落物防护、固沙剂防护土壤含水率分别是裸沙地的1.31倍和1.16倍。因此,在极端干旱的绿洲-荒漠交错带,采用凋落物防护和固沙剂防护措施对提高沙地蓄水保墒能力和促进梭梭幼苗生长均有积极作用。