山地旅游景区岩质边坡稳定性分析及其防治措施

山地旅游景区中因块体失稳和边坡失稳造成的人员伤亡事件不断发生,严重影响着旅游景区的安全运营。为保障旅游安全,本文以浙江某山地旅游景区进出口边坡为研究背景,通过三维激光扫描仪扫描边坡岩体,结合基于坐标投影法已开发的岩质边坡工程块体稳定性评价及可视化软件(CPG程序)对岩质边坡块体稳定性进行分析,并采用FLAC3D数值分析手段,对岩质边坡整体稳定性进行分析,最后利用有限元分析所提出的相应防治措施。研究结果表明,部分典型块体稳定性系数低于安全系数1.2,且受软弱夹层影响,边坡坡脚处有较大的剪应力及横向应力;钢栈桥最大拉应力区域较小,值均在1 MPa左右。在此基础上,提出清除块体、排水、锚喷、避让等多项综合措施,形成了具有山地旅游景区特色的防治对策。     

坐标投影作图法在川藏线宿瓦卡岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

边坡稳定性问题是川藏线工程建设面临的重要问题。野外调查发现基岩边坡失稳一般表现为块体塌落或滑动。基于岩体结构控制理论,作者以川藏线西藏境内宿瓦卡附近的人工高边坡为例,进行了块体边坡稳定性分析。对比现有理论方法的优缺点,采用坐标投影作图法及其计算机化程序CPH。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩体结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。根据现场量测取得的数据,采用CPH程序确定了块体边坡的结构面方程,从而求出各结构面产状。在此基础上建立水平切面图,并求得各块体顶点坐标,计算出块体的表面积及体积。根据极限平衡理论,运用CPH程序进行块体稳定性分析,并求出块体的稳定性系数。通过分析可知,坐标投影作图法及其计算机化的CPH程序在块体边坡稳定性分析中有着很好的应用效果。     

岩质边坡关键块体的搜索方法及工程应用

工程边坡开挖所揭露的某些结构面组合块体在破坏原有静力平衡状态后,进行应力重新分配,进而块体会发生失稳、滑动等变形,甚至影响到整个边坡发生破坏,因此,结构面组合块体的稳定性是决定岩质边坡稳定的重要因素。本文通过对某工程开挖边坡地形和结构面三维实体模型的建立,实现了边坡结构面与开挖地形实体模型在AutoCAD平台上的可视化操作,剖切不同位置的二维图形预测分析了边坡开挖后可能存在的结构面组合块体,采用块体计算程序(Swegde)验证关键块体并进行稳定性评价。结果表明:三维实体模型及剖切技术与块体计算方法的结合,易于搜索关键块体。事实证明,该方法操作简便,计算结果准确,搜索方法具备可行性。     

缓倾外层状结构边坡变形破坏模式及支护对策研究

高速公路开挖形成越来越多的工程边坡。缓倾外层状结构边坡作为一种典型的岩质边坡,一般情况下整体稳定性较好,但在特定的结构面组合状况下,开挖后也可能产生整体变形破坏。本文以软弱结构面和长大裂隙发育的公路工程边坡为例,通过岩体结构及边坡一定范围内已有边坡破坏现象的调查研究,采用工程地质类比和三维离散元法综合分析边坡变形破坏模式,并针对变形破坏模式的特点,提出支护对策。研究结果表明,结构面贯通坡体形成切割块体的后缘和侧缘边界时,缓倾外层状结构边坡可沿层面产生滑移-拉裂变形,若滑面与临空面具有一定夹角,边坡的变形可表现为旋转式滑移-拉裂;结构面组合控制的缓倾外层状结构岩质边坡稳定性受坡体中下部的关键块体控制,一旦关键块体失稳,将引起上部块体的连锁失稳,此类边坡变形控制的重点是对关键块体分布区域进行强支护;支护工程实施后的变形监测结果表明,基于变形破坏模式分析的边坡支护方案保证了边坡施工和运营过程中的安全。     

复杂岩质高边坡半确定性块体三维稳定性研究

通过工程地质学中的赤平投影原理对各个结构面产状进行统计分析,找出优势结构面组合,再对非确定位置的结构面按一定间距进行搜索,利用运动学分析方法对各个块体进行分析,确定出可能从坡体上滑出的块体。结合三维刚体极限平衡法,计算出各个可能块体组合在不同工况下的稳定系数,找出最危险滑块,进而对边坡进行稳定性评价,通过具体的工程实例进行了验证。结果表明,将工程地质学方法、运动学分析方法与刚体极限平衡法结合起来分析复杂岩质边坡可以提高边坡稳定性评价的准确性,对工程具有很好的指导意义。     

某水电站引水洞进口侧山体边坡块体识别

某水电站进口侧山体边坡岩体为完整性较差的中--薄层状灰岩,岩体中主要发育3 条断层、1 组岩脉和4 组优势节理,严重影响了该山体边坡的稳定性。根据结构面分布,采取块体理论搜索边坡上的关键块体,通过赤平投影法找出边坡上所有的非空裂隙锥,将这些非空裂隙锥与临空面组合,从而获得所有可动块体; 利用矢量法计算不同运动形式下块体JP 编号、净滑力即可获得关键块体。结果表明: 该水电站引水洞进口侧山体边坡有4 块关键块体( JP 编号为00010111、00110111、10110111、 10111011) ,为该边坡稳定性的进一步研究提供了基础。     

弯曲结构面几何条件的图解方法及其应用

分析岩体和山体稳定性的主要问题也就是确定结构面及临空面之间的相对位置关系及组合方式。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩石工程中结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。对于弯曲结构面,采用“以直代曲”的原理,将其简化为有限个小平面的集合体进行分析。以蛇蟠岛国际旅游度假村清风洞室群1号洞为例,采用坐标投影作图法对弯曲结构面进行分析,来解决弯曲结构面几何条件的描述和确定问题。     

基于块体理论的多结构面控制下岩质边坡关键块体研究

岩质边坡具有不连续性、多变性及各向异性的特点,其稳定性很大程度上受边坡内部发育的多结构面的影响,表现为块体的不稳定性,因此,寻求对边坡稳定性造成不良影响的关键可动块体是一项重要课题。通过块体理论全空间赤平投影与矢量计算的方法,捕获关键块体,并通过矢量计算确定块体的运动方式,计算其稳定系数,证明了全空间赤平投影在确定可动块体上的简便性,其直观的图示能避免矢量法较为繁琐的计算步骤,而在可动块体运动形式的判别上,两者必须相辅相成。通过应用块体理论确定的关键块体相较于传统方法应用于岩坡稳定性分析时强调的“整体性”而更加侧重于边坡内部块体的“个体性”与“精准性”,突破了岩质边坡稳定性分析的模糊性问题,也使边坡防治更精准更具针对性。     

三维复杂块体系统边坡深层加固条件下稳定性及破坏机制模型试验研究

白鹤滩水电站左岸为强卸荷岩体三维复杂块体系统高边坡,采用三维地质力学模型试验,进行了边坡变形特性、失稳破坏过程、破坏机制、边坡稳定性及加固处理效果研究。模型试验表明,边坡失稳模式为块体滑动破坏,破坏形态表现为底滑面的剪切破坏和后缘结构面的拉裂破坏以及块体沿底滑面和侧滑面的滑动。边坡破坏过程为模型结构面初裂、结构面组合块体边界贯通、最终至边坡整体失稳3个阶段。采用地质力学模型试验综合法获得了左岸块体系统边坡整体稳定安全系数,典型块体稳定安全系数与三维刚体法及块体单元法(BEM)计算成果对比基本一致,模型试验综合法安全系数相对较大。同时,针对层内错动带LS_(337)界面部位相对变位监测表明,深层混凝土置换洞加固有效地控制了底滑面的滑动变形,提高了相关结构面组合块体的稳定性,边坡加固效果较为明显。研究成果对白鹤滩工程左岸强卸荷区三维复杂块体系统边坡及类似工程边坡稳定性及加固处理具有重要的指导意义。     

金沙江溪洛渡水电站拱肩槽工程边坡块体稳定性评价

采用层次性分析原理，研究了金沙江溪洛渡水电站拱肩槽工程边坡各类结构面和临空面组合而成的块体特征，将边坡块体分为确定性块体、半确定性块体和随机块体三个层次；采用块体理论计算评价了不同层次的块体在天然、地震、爆破、地下水状况下的稳定性，并对影响块体稳定性各种内外因素做了敏感性分析，建立了一套非规则边坡块体稳定性分析评价的技术思路和方法体系。研究表明，拱肩槽边坡出现确定性块体的可能性较小，边坡中的不稳定块体大部分为半确定性块体，且规模较小，影响深度有限，切割边界不完善。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861