草莓状黄铁矿形成机制及其研究意义

黄铁矿是沉积物中较为常见的矿物之一,而草莓状黄铁矿是由等粒度的亚微米级黄铁矿晶体或微晶体紧密堆积而成。基于已有的草莓状黄铁矿相关研究成果,本文综述了草莓状黄铁矿的形成机制,阐述了其对古环境恢复的意义。目前普遍认为草莓状黄铁矿的成因主要有两种,即有机成因和无机成因,前者认为有机质或细菌参与草莓状黄铁矿形成;而后者主要认为过饱和的黄铁矿浓度是微球粒草莓状黄铁矿形成的必备条件。草莓状黄铁矿粒径的大小是其古沉积环境的直接反映,被作为比较可靠的古氧化还原条件判别指标,已被广泛应用于古代及现代海洋沉积物的古环境恢复。目前,虽然草莓状黄铁矿粒径判别古环境的大小及分布范围还不统一,但普遍认为封闭的水体环境（硫化环境）草莓状黄铁矿粒径较小且变化不大,且随着含氧程度增加,草莓状黄铁矿的粒径大小增大且分布范围趋于加宽。     

Melanterite and szomolnokite as weathering products of pyrite from the Bazhenovo Formation

Weathering of pyrite in the core recovered from black shales of the Bazhenovo Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous) in the West Siberian marine basin promoted the successive formation of melanterite (FeSO₄ · 7H₂O) and szomolnokite (FeSO₄ · H₂O). Szomolnokite was detected in West Siberia for the first time.     

基于珊瑚礁岛分区分层的淡水形成过程研究

为了探究土的分层特征对珊瑚礁岛下淡水透镜体形成的意义,在南海某珊瑚礁岛采用钻孔取样,分析每个钻孔不同层位样品的粒度。根据水平和垂直方向上的粒度特征,确定岛的水平分区和垂直分层;根据每个钻孔所代表的范围,确定每个水平分区的面积;根据每个钻孔中不同颗粒级配的样品所代表的厚度,确定每个垂直分层厚度。礁灰岩以上松散层的不同分区和分层的颗粒级配控制地层的渗透性,垂直和水平方向的渗透性特征控制淡水透镜体形成的难度、淡水透镜体的总厚度以及过渡带的厚度。根据岛的总面积和垂直分层数建立数值模型,得到不同时间、不同水平位置和垂直深度的地下水浓度特征的模拟结果。     

基于地震传播过程的滑坡动力稳定性分析

当进行滑坡地震稳定性分析时,一般对滑体取某一固定的加速度,这忽略了地震波的传播过程。滑坡在地震中破坏的根本原因是地震波在岩土体中传播时,在滑体和滑床间形成了加速度差。推导了加速度差的计算公式,以青海省玉树机场路3号滑坡为原型,以玉树机场强震观测台的实测加速度时程为动力输入,采用传递系数法计算滑坡动力稳定系数时程曲线。结果表明,天然状态滑坡的稳定系数为1.269,最小动力稳定性系数为0.962,最小平均稳定系数为1.069。滑坡的整体稳定性较好,不会形成整体失稳,但会有局部变形,与震后实测现象一致。     

草莓状黄铁矿的形成机制探讨及其对古氧化-还原环境的反演

【研究目的】草莓状黄铁矿广泛存在于现代沉积物和沉积岩中,其成因机制总体上分为有机成因和无机成因两种,尽管两种机制均有理论与实验的支撑,但尚未建立一种具有普遍意义的形成机制。【研究方法】本文对目前草莓状黄铁矿的形成机理、氧化还原环境的应用及后期环境变化的影响进行了系统的综合研究。【研究结果】不同氧化-还原环境下形成的草莓状黄铁矿在粒径、形态以及硫同位素之间均存在较大的差异,可做为反演古氧化-还原环境的指标。草莓状黄铁矿的微晶尽管与粒径具有一定的正相关性,但是两者在形态演化序列、生长模式、聚集因素等方面与古氧化-还原环境的关系尚不清楚。仅凭草莓状黄铁矿粒径与铬还原法测定的硫同位素反演古氧化-还原环境存在一定的局限性,需要其他指标综合判定,尚需进一步开展草莓状黄铁矿原位硫同位素值与粒径对古氧化-还原环境反演的研究。后期氧化可使草莓状黄铁矿表面化学成分发生变化,但粒径分布依然具有古氧化-还原环境的指示意义。【结论】草莓状黄铁矿的实验模拟、理论体系和多学科交叉的研究中仍存在一些问题,尚需进一步研究。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩中黄铁矿成因

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部广泛发育黄铁矿,通过对黄铁矿的矿物学特征、元素组成、硫同位素等的分析,讨论和揭示了该黄铁矿的成因。岩石矿物学研究结果显示黄铁矿具有多种赋存形式,呈零星或集合体充填于膏溶孔和溶蚀孔洞中,或与层状硬石膏相伴生;硫同位素地球化学分析结果显示,黄铁矿的δ34S值介于10. 50‰～24. 00‰之间,平均值为17. 33‰。盆地东南部具备薄层硬石膏、高温驱动和充足的烃类气体等热化学硫酸盐还原作用发生的条件,结合其产状证据认为黄铁矿形成于热化学硫酸盐还原作用。黄铁矿出现的地层中Fe含量较高,介于3 387. 50×10~(-6)～23 112. 50×10~(-6)之间,平均值为13 233. 33×10~(-6),为黄铁矿的形成提供了物质来源。盆地东南部多产低含H2S天然气,研究认为黄铁矿的形成是造成该地区H2S含量较低的主要原因。     

Effect of contaminant carbonaceous matter on the sorption of gold by pyrite

The effect of carbon or graphite coating on the adsorption of gold cyanide on pyrite was investigated with pure pyrite and a pyrite concentrate. In the carbon or graphite contaminated pyrite systems carbon and graphite not only acted as gold sorbents, but also enhanced gold adsorption on pyrite. The carbon coating enhanced gold adsorption on pyrite to a larger extent, in comparison with the graphite coating. The carbon or graphite coating on pyrite reduced the negativity of the pyrite surfaces, and hence improved the physical adsorption of gold cyanide on pyrite. In addition, the highly conductive coating of carbon or graphite on pyrite could enhance electron transfer in the electrochemical reactions occurring in the chemical adsorption of gold and gold reduction on pyrite. The preg-robbing by pyrite or the graphite-coated pyrite was reduced and further eliminated at higher cyanide concentrations. However, gold adsorption on the carbon-coated pyrite could not be prevented even at higher cyanide concentrations due to gold adsorption on the carbon coating. In comparison with pure pyrite, the pyrite concentrate had a higher capacity adsorbing gold, due to the presence of carbonaceous matter in the pyrite concentrate. Fine grinding intensified the smearing of carbon or graphite on the mineral particles, resulting in a larger extent of enhancement in the preg-robbing of the concentrate by the carbon or graphite coating.A diagnostic elution of the preg-robbing pyrite samples indicated that the reduction of gold at the pyrite surfaces was the dominant mechanism for gold adsorption on pyrite, followed by physical and chemical adsorption. Surface topological studies by SEM/EDX showed that gold adsorbed at defect sites on pyrite surfaces. For the pyrite with a 5% carbon coating, gold was observed to adsorb not only at the defect sites, but also at the smooth surfaces with carbon present. For the pyrite with a 5% graphite coating, carbon was also found at the pyrite surfaces, but gold was only detected at the defect sites. XPS studies revealed that part of the gold physically and chemically adsorbed on pyrite or pyrite coated with carbon or graphite. Some gold cyanide was reduced at the pyrite surfaces, with the sulphide ions of pyrite being oxidised to elemental sulphur.     

双谱速度分析下的地层压力预测

为提高依靠地震速度谱数据进行压力预测的准确度,提出将主成分分析( PCA) 判断准则应用到双参数速度扫描中来拾取地震速度,从而减少扫描数据时随着反射层数的增加及偏移距的增大而造成的偏差,并将所得速度参数及时间参数应用到改进的Fillippone 公式中,改善了压力预测的精度。     

Effect of contaminant carbonaceous matter on the sorption of gold by pyrite

The effect of carbon or graphite coating on the adsorption of gold cyanide on pyrite was investigated with pure pyrite and a pyrite concentrate. In the carbon or graphite-contaminated pyrite systems carbon and graphite not only acted as gold sorbents, but also enhanced gold adsorption on pyrite. The carbon coating enhanced gold adsorption on pyrite to a larger extent, in comparison with the graphite coating. The carbon or graphite coating on pyrite reduced the negativity of the pyrite surfaces, and hence improved the physical adsorption of gold cyanide on pyrite. In addition, the highly conductive coating of carbon or graphite on pyrite could enhance electron transfer in the electrochemical reactions occurring in the chemical adsorption of gold and gold reduction on pyrite. The preg-robbing by pyrite or the graphite-coated pyrite was reduced and further eliminated at higher cyanide concentrations. However, gold adsorption on the carbon-coated pyrite could not be prevented even at higher cyanide concentrations due to gold adsorption on the carbon coating. In comparison with pure pyrite, the pyrite concentrate had a higher capacity adsorbing gold, due to the presence of carbonaceous matter in the pyrite concentrate. Fine grinding intensified the smearing of carbon or graphite on the mineral particles, resulting in a larger extent of enhancement in the preg-robbing of the concentrate by the carbon or graphite coating.A diagnostic elution of the preg-robbing pyrite samples indicated that the reduction of gold at the pyrite surfaces was the dominant mechanism for gold adsorption on pyrite, followed by physical and chemical adsorption. Surface topological studies by SEM/EDX showed that gold adsorbed at defect sites on pyrite surfaces. For the pyrite with a 5% carbon coating, gold was observed to adsorb not only at the defect sites, but also at the smooth surfaces with carbon present. For the pyrite with a 5% graphite coating, carbon was also found at the pyrite surfaces, but gold was only detected at the defect sites. XPS studies revealed that part of the gold physically and chemically adsorbed on pyrite or pyrite coated with carbon or graphite. Some gold cyanide was reduced at the pyrite surfaces, with the sulphide ions of pyrite being oxidised to elemental sulphur.     

Formation of pyrite in freshwater sediments: Implications for C/S ratios

The vertical distribution of pyrite, acid volatile sulphide (AVS), carbon, and total S (St) were determined directly in the sediments of three lakes of different trophic status. The results showed that freshwater pyrite formation reflects the redox status of the sediment or overlying waters. It appears to form chiefly in reducing sediments which are subject to oxidizing influences, by either a low turnover of organic carbon or periodic incursions of oxygen. Although there are high concentrations of AVS in the near-surface sediments of productive lakes, very little is diagenetically converted to pyrite.The feasibility of using sulphur ratios to diagnose whether rocks were formed in marine or freshwater environments is assessed. New values for FeS₂/FeS of 0.5-5 show that this ratio does not provide a reliable test. Values of C/Sp, where Sp represents pyrite sulphur, lie within the range of 160–700 and are much higher than previously measured ratios of C/S_t of 1–50. These new determinations show that, if pyrite sulphur is unequivocally measured, C/S ratios may be a more sensitive indicator of salinity than had been previously thought.     

基于热-流-固耦合模型的石油钻井施工过程数值分析

岩土介质多场耦合问题需考虑诸多因素,温度、渗流及应力之间的耦合关系复杂,试验条件不易控制,且难以实现,因此,辅以数值模拟手段具有重要的意义。基于混合物理论,推导出岩土介质温度、渗流和应力耦合的数学模型及其控制方程,提出该数学模型的求解方法,以MATLAB语言为平台,将Abaqus程序作为一个模块嵌入迭代算法程序中,编制了多场耦合分析程序,并给出了2个典型算例验证该方法的有效性和实用性。然后,将建立的多场耦合模型和计算程序应用于石油钻井施工过程的模拟,重点分析井壁围岩内温度场、渗流场和应力场的变化规律,以及钻井液温度的变化对井壁稳定性的影响。研究成果对我国地下石油、核废料储存等工程设计和施工具有一定的指导意义。     

Mineralogical characteristics and recovery process optimization analysis of a refractory gold ore with gold particles mainly encapsulated in pyrite and Arsenopyrite

To interpret the leaching rules, select suitable treatment methods, or optimize the treatment process of refractory gold ores, an in-depth analysis of ore characteristics using ore mineralogy is required. In this study, the mineralogical characteristics of a low-grade refractory gold ore were analyzed by a variety of analytical techniques and methods. The ore composition was obtained by chemical analysis, and the main minerals include gold, pyrite, arsenopyrite, feldspar, mica, and quartz. Gold exists in the form of sub-microscopic gold with a particle size of fewer than 1.7 μm, of which 56.90 % is encapsulated gold, 16.97 % is semi-coated gold, and 26.13 % is fractured gold. The content, classification, shape, grain distribution, and occurrence state of the main minerals in the gold ore were obtained by microscopic observation and statistical analysis. Based on the results, the leaching rules of the gold ore were predicted, and suggestions for optimizing the pretreatment process were put forward. These results can accurately guide the pretreatment and leaching process of the gold ore and lay a foundation for the effective utilization of comparable gold ores.     

基于卷积神经网络和黄铁矿大数据判别金矿类型

黄铁矿是金矿中普遍存在的金属硫化物,其微量元素含量信息可以揭示出矿物形成时的相关矿物和流体组成与结晶特征,因此不同期次与金矿有关的黄铁矿及微量元素信息可以被用来预测矿床的类型。且相关研究历史已久,积累了大量的研究资料,然而由于研究思想和手段的局限性,传统方法往往存在无解性或多解性问题。随着大数据思想的发展和推广,研究人员试图采用机器学习算法来解决此类问题,已取得不错的效果。本次研究根据深度学习思想建立黄铁矿微量元素数据集并进行深入研究,采用“成分数据图像化”和“数据增强”等手段,解决了前人采用深度学习方法进行此类分类任务时遇到的数据不平衡问题和卷积神经网络无法直接读取数据的问题。本文对比分析了基于四种卷积神经网络模型(Mobilenet V2、Resnet 50、VGG 16和VIT)采用黄铁矿微量元素成分数据进行金矿类型分类任务的精度与效果,发现采用卷积神经网络算法可以基于黄铁矿成分数据对不同类型金矿进行较为精准的分类任务。此方法比传统图解法具备更高的精准度与泛化能力,通过对金矿类型的预测可以为找矿勘查和深部预测工作节省成本,也为深度学习在地质矿产研究方面的应用和推广提供全新思路,具...     

基于层理影响的煤样加载过程声发射差异性分析

为了探究层理对煤矿开采过程中煤岩声发射特征的影响,在寺河矿采集煤样,根据煤样制作要求,分别沿轴向垂直层理方向和平行层理方向加工煤样。利用RMT-150B岩石力学实验系统和CDAE-1全数字化声发射检测及分析系统,对煤样加载过程中的应力-应变、声发射特征进行测试分析。测试结果显示：轴向垂直层理煤样不仅具有较高的岩石力学强度和声发射强度,而且声发射特征具有较强的突变性和滞后性。声发射特征的差异性体现了在加载过程中,轴向垂直层理煤样以整体变形、破坏为主,轴向平行层理煤样以局部变形、破坏为主,这为煤矿井下动力灾害的监测、预报提供了指导。     

基于不同侵蚀模型的高速崩滑碎屑流动力过程模拟分析

为实现高速崩滑碎屑流沿程侵蚀动力过程的模拟分析,采用连续理论方法对NomashRiver碎屑流动力过程进行了数值模拟。其中,在连续理论模型中采用3种不同侵蚀速率模型,并采用HLLC近似Riemann解对有限体积数值离散控制体单元的界面通量进行了计算求解。致灾范围及运动时间的计算结果均与实际灾害情况吻合良好,验证了计算模拟的正确有效性,并对最终堆积深度、运动速度和侵蚀区域侵蚀深度进行了分析讨论。结果显示:采用McDougall侵蚀模型得到的最终堆积平均深度和最大深度与实测情况较为接近;每个时刻采用Medina侵蚀模型得到的最大速度值最大,其次是采用McDougall侵蚀模型的结果,最后是采用Pitman侵蚀模型的结果;采用McDougall侵蚀模型得到的侵蚀深度分布较为连续,其最大值8.1m与估测值8m比较接近,采用Medina侵蚀模型和Pitman侵蚀模型得到的侵蚀深度结果则较为分散,其最大值分别为10.9m和8.6m。     

Soil alteration by continued oxidation of pyrite tailings

This work examines the alteration processes triggered after the oxidation of pyrite tailings deposited for 3 years over a carbonate soil. The infiltration of the acidic solution into the soil is causing important morphological, compositional and mineralogical changes in the profile. After 3 years of continued action of such alteration, a considerable degradation of the main soil properties was evident, the most notable being the decline in the cation-exchange capacity (caused by the decreases in clay and organic matter content), texture variation, greater electrical conductivity (10-fold greater than in unaffected soil), and the appearance of horizons with colorations strongly differing from those of the original soil (a discoloured layer with greyish tonalities in the first 5 mm, followed by a reddish-brown layer to a depth of 65–70 mm). At the same time, the carbonates have weathered, disappearing completely from the upper 35 mm and partially to 80 mm in depth. There has also been an intense acidification of the soil (with pH values close to 2.0 within the greyish layer) as well as a partial hydrolysis of the primary silicates (mainly feldspars and phyllosilicates), causing extreme infertility of the soil. The resulting products in this process give rise to intense neoformation of gypsum and hydroxysulphates of Fe and Al, which, together with the acidic conditions of the medium, determine the distribution of the main elements of the soil, both in their total and soluble forms.     

基于Green-Ampt模型的多层结构边坡降雨入渗改进计算方法及稳定性影响研究

降雨作用下,边坡土体的饱和度及含水率升高,基质吸力减小。随着降雨历时的增长,雨水入渗深度对坡体的稳定性产生影响。然而传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法并未考虑随入渗深度不断变化的基质吸力与层间积水点的形成,且忽略饱和层内沿坡体层面流动的部分雨水对入渗过程的影响,亦未考虑潜在滑动面位置随降雨历时的变化。将入渗过程分解为若干个子过程,并基于Green-Ampt（G-A）入渗模型对传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法进行改进,以对每个子过程进行求解,最后将其合并为整体入渗过程的解。在此基础上对层间积水点的形成时刻进行计算,进而分析雨水入渗深度与时间的关系,并研究降雨强度与雨水入渗深度对边坡不同位置处（湿润锋、饱和层）稳定系数和滑动面位置的影响。研究表明:（1）基于G-A模型的改进计算方法所得结果比传统多层结构边坡入渗计算方法所得结果更接近于数值模拟结果。（2）对于多层结构土质边坡,其安全系数随着雨水入渗深度的增加不断降低,并且在层间积水点形成时产生突变现象。（3）随着降雨历时和降雨强度的增大,边坡中潜在滑动面位置会产生变化,前期潜在滑动面位置出现在湿润锋处,后期则出现在饱和层交界面处。该方法提高了多层结构边坡传统降雨入渗计算方法的精度,更加全面的对多层结构边坡的稳定性进行评价,其工程应用范围亦得到进一步扩大     

Evaluation of the impact of pyrite oxidation on rock characteristics and environment by laboratory tests

Pyrite is a common and abundant sulfidic mineral subject to oxidation. The weathering characteristics of rock-bearing pyrite sometimes impose serious influences on the surrounding environment as the oxidation of pyrite (FeS₂) generates acid drainage that results in the acceleration of rock weathering and the discharge of heavy metals into the environment. Such an accelerated weathering of rocks can reduce its mechanical properties and therefore menace the stability of rock structures, such as excavated slopes and tunnels. The evolution of physical properties of rocks and the chemical composition of drainage were evaluated in this study by a weathering test using a double Soxhlet extractor for 1 month in a laboratory setting. Three groups of biotite gneiss classified according to their pyrite content were used for the Soxhlet extraction experiment (group A with less than 0.1 wt% of pyrite; group B with about 3.3 wt% of disseminated pyrite; group C with about 5.65 wt% of vein type pyrite). The massive groups A and B had limited weathering on the surface; however, group C with the pyrite vein experienced weathering on the surface as well as along the pyrite vein. The weathering type regulated by the occurrence of pyrite apparently controlled the mechanical properties of the rock samples and the chemistry of the drainage. Groups A and B showed no significant quick absorption ratio after the 1-month experiment; however, group C had about 10 % increase in value. The uniaxial compressive strength of the three groups decreased about 20, 10 and 45 % for groups A, B and C, respectively. The mechanical properties of the samples and the chemical compositions of the drainage indicate that the oxidation of pyrite contained in the samples accelerated weathering, resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties of the rocks, and could result in the discharge of heavy metals and acid into the environment with the drainage.