单点高密度地震资料的信息重构去噪处理方法

单点高密度地震勘探技术采用点激发、点接收、小道距、大道数的采集方式,可以弥补常规组合采集方法存在组内干扰等缺点,满足高精度地震勘探的需要.单点高密度地震资料单炮记录信噪比较低、去噪难度较大,采用常规去噪技术效果不理想.单点高密度空间采样具有空间无假频采样,真实记录地震波场的优势,可以对单炮记录数据进行信息重构.信息重构去噪处理方法,就是根据噪音差异最大化的去噪思想,将单点高密度地震资料的信息进行重构,尽量使得重构后的资料中噪音在各地震道之间的差异加大,然后再进行去噪处理.信息重构方法可以在时空域实现,也可以通过分频处理实现.该方法简单灵活,可以得到较好的去噪效果,改善地震资料的成像精度.     

密点速度分析技术在塔河油田西南部低幅构造中的应用

随着地震勘探精度的不断提高,常规速度分析方法已不能满足精细构造分析、储层描述及各向异性研究等对速度精度的要求.研究应用高密度叠前速度求取技术,自动拾取地震记录规则波的走时、振幅、波场相干性及炮点射线参数、检波点射线参数等信息,求取不同偏移距道上波峰时间处的反射波速度,并针对地质条件,采用空变时变速度滤波、频率滤波、倾角参数滤波等手段提高速度精度.将该技术应用于塔河油田西南部TFT地区1200km2叠前三维地震资料的精细速度分析,落实了主要目的层低幅度构造,确定了构造形态和要素;通过差异速度分析、AVO反射能量包络差及速度变化规律研究,对泥盆系东河砂岩进行了储层异常区带划分.     

一种基于压缩感知的地震数据重建方法及其在城市活断层地震勘探中的应用

在城市地区采用地震勘探方法时,由于地表障碍物、地形等因素的影响,地震检波器不能按照观测系统设计规则布设,采集的地震数据存在道缺失,常规的浅层地震数据处理方法由于没有采用数据重建方法,因此会影响地震数据处理和解释的效果.压缩感知技术被引入到地震勘探中已经有十余年,但都是在石油地震勘探中应用,其原因是石油地震勘探数据量大,信噪比高.由于浅层地震勘探的覆盖次数小,信噪比低,在浅层地震勘探中应用压缩感知技术存在一定的挑战,能否应用压缩感知技术于城市浅层地震勘探尚未可知.本文对压缩感知理论在浅层地震勘探中的应用进行探索,将模拟的压缩感知采集的数据进行重建;以曲波变换为稀疏变换,通过构造0-范数的一种逼近函数建立稀疏反演模型,并提出了一种快速的求解方法.模拟数据实验表明,本文方法能够很好的对缺失地震数据进行重建.对某地区地震活断层勘探的实际地震数据进行了模拟的压缩感知采样和数据重建,并对原始数据、压缩感知采集数据和重建数据分别进行了相同的地震数据处理,偏移成像结果验证了基于压缩感知的重建方法能够获得和常规采集数据相当的处理结果.本文验证了基于压缩感知的地震数据重建技术在浅层地震勘探中的可行性,为后续的研究打下了良好的基础.     

多采样率地震勘探技术（MrSET）探讨

时间采样以及空间采样问题是地震勘探基本问题,空间采样方式包括规则采样、非均匀(非规则)采样、随机采样等.从地震波场的带限性、空间域非均匀性、地下构造多样性出发,提出多采样率地震勘探技术(MrSET),尝试组合不同空间采样方式.多采样率地震勘探观测系统设计一般应满足5项准则,探讨了多采样率数据处理基本方法,并以合成数据和实际数据的处理效果为基础,总结了多采样率地震勘探技术的7个方面优势.在相同道密度前提下,与规则采样相比,多采样率地震勘探技术更能满足复杂地震波场、弱能量绕射波与散射波充分采样的需要,是一项能提高反射地震数据成像精度的地震勘探技术,经过进一步研究将有巨大潜力成为(陆上、海洋)节点地震勘探时代常规技术.     

胜利探区隐蔽油气藏高精度勘探地震采集技术进展

为满足隐蔽油气藏老油田进一步勘探开发对地震成像精度的要求,胜利油田不断研究、发展和完善高精度地震采集技术和方法,来提高野外原始地震资料品质.在胜利探区,针对复杂岩性隐蔽油气藏勘探的实际需求,对影响地震资料品质的高密集空间采样观测系统设计、近地表结构探测与建模方法、新型炸药震源研制与激发技术、数字检波器接收及低噪声施工等地震采集技术环节进行了重点研究,取得了一系列成果,进一步发展和完善了高精度、高密度地震采集技术系列.在胜利油田YX、B12和LJ等多个地区的应用显著提高了原始地震资料的品质.     

基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术

我国南方碳酸盐岩广泛分布,具有巨大的油气资源潜力和勘探前景.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目选择我国典型南方海相碳酸盐岩裸露区开展地震勘探技术攻关.针对该区地表灰岩普遍出露、激发弹性波能量转换少、散射噪音干扰严重等勘探难点,研究和应用了“宽线+折线”地震采集技术和与其配套的拟三维地震处理技术,能较好地压制噪音,提高剖面信噪比,在主要目的层得到了较好的成像效果,桂中1井钻探结果与地震勘探解释成果吻合较好,检验了该方法用于南方碳酸盐岩地区勘探的有效性.     

基于稀疏约束的地震数据高效采集方法理论研究

随着地震勘探目标复杂化和精细化程度的提高以及"两宽一高"等采集技术的广泛应用,当前地震数据采集的时间越来越长、成本越来越高.针对此问题,本文基于压缩感知理论开展了地震数据高效采集方法的改进和探索研究.根据波动方程解的一般表示式,从波场传播的角度给出了地震数据具有稀疏性的数学物理依据及寻找适应地震数据稀疏变换的一般方案;在稀疏性先验信息的指导下,发展了具有"蓝色噪声"频谱特征的改进的分段采样方法,并基于最优化理论提出了地震数据重建方法.地震数据的稀疏性理论、稀疏约束下的高效采集方法以及地震数据的重建方法构成了相对完善的地震数据高效采集理论.把该理论用于指导地震数据采集,即利用稀疏约束的随机采样方法改变常规规则密集测网中炮点和检波点(或二者之一)的分布,设计了三种随机且均匀的高效采集测网,提出了利用相应测网获取的地震数据重建为常规规则密集测网地震数据的针对性方案,并使用重建精度、高效采集数据的直接成像和重建后再成像的结果对比证明了上述重建方案的有效性.基于Marmousi模型的高效采集试验检验了本文构建的基于稀疏约束的地震数据高效采集方法理论框架在提高当前地震数据采集效率、降低勘探成本上的优势以及方法的有效性和可行性.     

地震散射波模拟成像方法在铜陵某矿区的应用

针对深部隐伏的金属矿床,以铜陵某矿区为例,应用散射波正演模拟技术,对金属矿地震数据野外采集中涉及的偏移距、覆盖次数、道间距等参数进行了不同炮记录的模拟对比,辅助指导非均匀地质体金属矿地震勘探野外数据采集的观测系统设计;针对该地区实际采集的地震数据,应用基于等效偏移距的共散射点成像方法,对金属矿地震数据进行了处理,通过与常规反射波法处理结果对比,散射成像效果较好,说明散射波技术在金属矿地震勘探中应用有一定的可行性和适用性.     

陆上复杂介质下高精度叠前宽方位角地震采集技术——以镇巴工区为例

随着勘探目标日益复杂,常规的窄方位角地震采集技术已经难以满足当前勘探需求.宽方位角采集技术含有丰富的方位角信息,有利于对深层、高陡构造、各向异性岩体进行成像.国外宽方位角勘探多集中在以墨西哥湾岩下油藏为代表的地区,而国内宽方位角勘探研究多集中在陆上.本文以镇巴区块为例,针对地震资料信噪比低和高陡复杂构造成像难的问题,进行宽方位角三维观测系统设计及采集攻关,在增强激发接收效果、压噪能力、提高静校正精度、改善陡倾角地层成像效果等方面采取了针对性技术措施.这些技术措施的应用不仅大幅度改善了地震剖面的成像质量,而且具有普遍的推广意义.     

高密度空间采样地震数据特点分析

中国陆相沉积盆地的地质结构复杂,储层岩性的多变,需要有高精度的勘探方法。高密度空间采样是提高地震勘探精度的一项新技术。本文简要说明了点激发和点接收技术,分析高密度空间采样的野外工作方法,介绍了Gijs j．o．Vermeer提出的对称采样原理,从波场连续性的角度探讨了高密度空间采样技术。重点分析高密度空间采样数据的特点, 即:高密集的初至波有利于近地表结构的调查,可提高静校正的精度;小偏移距、小点距接收增加了浅层的有效覆盖次数,提高浅层反射的成像精度; 对规则噪声可实现无假频采样,室内的噪声分析和噪声压制的精度随着提高;高密度采集使波场连续性增强,使得各种数学变换的精度提高,有利于不同波场的分离。最后指出高密度空间采样地震勘探技术的难点在于室内数据处理,针对海量数据的分析和处理方法还需要进行深入细致的研究工作。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.