四川宜宾地壳浅部三维S波速度结构及方位各向异性

利用四川宜宾及周边地区布设的30个临时台站连续44天的波形记录,采用背景噪声互相关方法提取了周期为1—15 s的瑞雷面波相速度频散曲线,然后使用基于面波射线路径追踪的瑞雷面波直接成像方法得到0—10 km深度范围内三维S波速度模型,最后利用该模型作为初始模型采用相同的反演框架得到该地区的方位各向异性结构.结果表明:浅层...     

基于交叉梯度约束的地震初至纵波与瑞雷面波联合反演

本文提出了一种初至纵波(P波)与瑞雷面波的交叉梯度联合反演策略.通过对初至P波进行全波形反演可以获得近地表P波速度结构;通过对仅含瑞雷面波信息的地震数据转换到频率-波数域进行加窗振幅波形反演(Windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion,w-AWI)可获得近地表横波(S波)速度结构.在二者反演的目标函数中均加入P波速度和S波速度的交叉梯度作为正则化约束项,使得在反演过程中P波速度和S波速度相互制约,相互约束,从而实现对地震初至P波与瑞雷面波的联合反演.数值模拟结果表明交叉梯度联合反演可以提高S波速度反演分辨率,而P波速度反演结果并没有得到提高.实际资料的反演结果表明,交叉梯度联合反演能够获得更加可信的近地表速度结构.     

基于频率-贝塞尔变换法的关东盆地S波速度成像

将一种新的方法——频率-贝塞尔变换法（F-Jmethod）应用于日本NIED在关东盆地布设的MeSO-net台网的背景噪声数据中,证明频率-贝塞尔变换法可以有效地从背景噪声中提取高阶频散曲线.利用提取的基阶和高阶频散曲线反演关东盆地区域的沉积层和地震基岩层的S波速度结构,并将我们反演得到的S波速度结构与Koketsu等提出的日本综合速度结构模型进行对比讨论.我们的例子证明,在基阶面波的基础上,高阶面波能减少在反演中的非唯一性,得到更为准确的S波速度结构.     

中国西部地区地壳上地幔S波速度结构

利用10～184 s基阶瑞利波频散曲线反演得到了中国西部及邻近区域地壳上地幔(0～300 km)的S波速度结构.反演采用了传统的两步法,即通过时频分析获得频散曲线后,首先利用Occam方法反演出各周期面波速度在二维网格结点上的分布,然后反演每个结点下方的S波速度结构,从而给出研究区域的三维速度结构.     

自适应对数螺旋路径萤火虫算法反演瑞雷面波频散曲线

瑞雷面波技术是浅地层地质勘探的重要手段之一,通过瑞雷面波频散曲线反演可有效获得地下横波速度模型.然而,瑞雷面波频散曲线反演具有多参数、多极值和非线性等特点,面对复杂地震-地质条件下的瑞雷面波资料处理,传统方法难以快速、精确地对地层参数进行反演和重建.本文将自适应对数螺旋路径萤火虫算法(Adaptive Logarithmic Spiral-Lévy Firefly Algorithm,简称ALSL-FA)引入到瑞雷面波频散曲线反演中,有效解决了经典萤火虫算法(Firefly Algorithm,简称FA)精于探索,疏于开发的缺点.ALSL-FA集成了对数螺旋引导萤火虫路径,并在搜索过程中通过自适应切换因子实现了全局搜索与局部开发自适应切换,在增强局部开发能力的同时,确保了全局搜索的能力.通过Rastrigin函数求解,对比分析了FA、Lévy飞行萤火虫算法(Lévy Flying Firefly Algorithm,简称LF-FA)和ALSL-FA的运算性能;通过速度递增和含高速硬夹层地质模型的瑞雷面波频散曲线反演,比较了人工蜂群算法(Artificial Bee Colony alg...     

海南琼北火山区上地壳岩浆囊的地震背景噪声成像研究

本文利用位于海南、广西、广东等地区32个固定地震台站的背景噪声连续波形数据,基于波形互相关提取得到了Rayleigh波5～22 s的群速度频散曲线和6～11 s的相速度频散曲线,采用0.25°×0.25°的网格划分完成了面波层析成像．利用群速度和相速度频散曲线联合反演获得了海南岛及周边区域至25 km深度的三维S波速度结构．基于反演获得的三维S波速度结构模型,正演计算得到了不同周期的Rayleigh波群速度、相速度异常分布,并与面波层析成像的结果进行对比．结果表明：不同周期面波成像结果比较一致,大部分地区的差值小于0.04 km/s(约1%),表明本文反演得到的三维S波速度结构模型可以解释观测数据．本文研究发现：海南琼北地区地表至15 km深度存在显著的低速异常;5 km以上深度的低速异常可能是火山喷发后的裂隙内流体填充造成的;至于5～15 km深度,存在更加显著的低速异常,低值异常幅度低于-10%甚至更低,推测可能存在部分熔融的上地壳岩浆囊．基于S波速度低值异常与岩浆囊熔融百分比定量关系的研究结果,使用6～16 km深度的S波低速异常模型,本文计算得到的最大熔融百分比约为25%,岩浆...     

长三角地区地壳P、S波速度结构模型

利用收集到的瑞利面波频散数据和区域地震台网震相数据,分别采用面波层析成像和体波走时层析成像方法反演了长三角地区地下速度异常分布,获得了该区地壳P、S波速度结构.层析成像结果表明速度结构模型与地质特征基本一致,研究结果有助于深化对长三角地区沉积盖层和地壳结构以及强震活动深部环境的认识.     

云南地区地壳中上部横波速度结构研究

根据云南地区的基阶瑞利波相速度频散资料，用面波层析成像方法反演得到该区域中上地壳S波速度结构. 给出了研究区域内在4个深度上的S波速度水平分布图像和沿100.5°E、24°N、25°N、26°N及27°N的S波速度-深度剖面图. 结果表明：在小江断裂与红河断裂围成的川滇菱形块体内，26～30km深度处的速度明显低于周边地区，其南段从地表到15km深度均为明显的低速区域. 云南地区的强震（M＞6.0）震中位置与S波速度分布图像具有明显的相关性，主要分布于高速与低速的过渡区域.     

基于Love波相速度反演南北地震带地壳上地幔结构

收集了南北地震带区域地震台网中292个地震台站2008年1月至2011年3月期间的地震波形数据,由频时分析方法提取了Love波相速度频散曲线,经过反演得到了研究区内的Love波相速度分布.根据Love波纯路径频散,采用线性反演方法对0.25°×0.25°的网格点进行了一维S波速度结构反演,利用线性插值获取了南北地震带地区的三维S波速度结构.结果显示了松潘—甘孜地体和川滇菱形块体地区的下地壳具有明显的S波低速层分布,该异常分布特征支持解释青藏高原隆升及其地壳物质运移的下地壳流模型.在100至120km深度上,川滇菱形块体西北部呈现较强的S波高速异常,这可能是印度岩石圈板块沿喜马拉雅东构造结下插至该区域所致,该区域下地壳的低速软弱物质与上地幔的高速强硬物质形成了鲜明对比,暗示了地壳和上地幔可能具有不同的构造运动和变形方式,这为该区域的壳幔动力学解耦提供了条件.     

多尺度阵列嵌套组合反演宾川气枪源区横波速度结构

本文基于多尺度阵列嵌套组合的方式,利用频率-贝塞尔变换法(Frequency-Bessel,F-J方法)提取背景噪声面波频散信息,通过多个阵列融合的频散曲线反演得到宾川气枪发射台周边不同深度的横波速度结构.结果显示:浅层一阶面波频散信息的加入,使得基阶反演结果更加收敛,反演深度加深到8 km;深度在8 km以下的结构的研究利用多尺度阵列(密集台阵—宾川气枪台网—云南区域地震台网)嵌套组合的方式,面波基阶低频信息从0.55 Hz拓宽到0.008 Hz,使横波速度结构的反演深度显著增加,同时对反演过程提供约束,使得70 km深度以上的横波速度更收敛.由此本文所得的横波速度结构为该区地下结构的探测提供基础,多尺度阵列嵌套组合频散谱的研究方式也为以后区域结构的研究提供一种新的方法和思路.     

Love-Rayleigh wave incompatibility and possible deep upper mantle anisotropy in the Iberian peninsula

Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities are analyzed with the goal of retrieving information about the anisotropic structure of the Iberian lithosphere. The cross-correlation method is used to measure the interstation phase velocities between diverse stations of the ILIHA network at periods between 20 and 120 s. Despite the 2-D structure of the network, the Love wave data are too few to enable an analysis of phase velocity azimuthal variations. Azimuthal averages of Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities are calculated and inverted both in terms of isotropic and anisotropic structures. Realistic isotropic models explain the Rayleigh wave and short-period Love wave phase velocities. Therefore no significant anisotropy needs to be introduced in the crust and down to 100 km depth in the upper mantle to explain our data. A discrepancy is observed only at long periods, where the data are less reliable. Love wave data at periods between 80 and 120 s remain 0.15 km/s faster than predicted by isotropic models explaining the long-period Rayleigh wave data. Possibilities of biases in the measurements due to interferences with higher modes are examined but seem unlikely. A transversely isotropic model with 8% of S-wave velocity anisotropy in the upper mantle at depths larger than 100 km can explain the whole set of data. In terms of a classical model of mantle anisotropy, this corresponds to 100% of the crystals perfectly oriented in the horizontal plane in a pyrolitic mantle. This is a rather extreme model, which predicts at time delay between 0 and 2 seconds for split SKS.     

3-D Velocity Structure of the Middle and Upper Crust in the Yunnan Region,China

Using short-period (1–18 s) surface wave data recorded by 23 stations of the Yunnan Digital Seismic Network of China we determined phase velocities of the fundamental Rayleigh wave along 209 paths by the two-station narrowband filtering and cross-correlation method, followed by an inversion for phase velocity distributions at various periods using the Ditmar-Yanovskaya method. We then obtained a 3-D S-wave velocity structure of the middle and upper crust in the Yunnan region using the genetic algorithm. The results show strong lateral variation of phase velocity in the region. The short-period phase velocity variation is closely related to thickness variation of sedimentary layer in the shallow crust. Within the depth range of 26–30 km, the S-wave velocity in the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block is lower than in the surrounding areas. Most large earthquakes of M > 6.0 in Yunnan occurred in the transition zones between low and high velocities.     

松辽盆地沉积层结构的短周期地震背景噪声成像研究

使用位于松辽盆地内部的NECESSArray台阵连续两年背景噪声数据,通过波形互相关和多重滤波方法提取到2~14 s较短周期的Rayleigh波群速度和相速度频散曲线,基于快速行进（FMM）面波成像方法得到群速度和相速度成像结果,并采用最小二乘迭代线性方法反演获得了松辽盆地深至12 km的三维S波速度结构.本文成像结果显示：松辽盆地内部S波速度分布的横向不均匀性与该区域的构造单元呈现出良好的空间对应关系.从地表至下方的6 km深度,盆地北部比南部表现出更加强烈的低速异常,这一特征可能与盆地南北的沉积构造差异有关.中央坳陷区低速异常的边界与嫩江断裂走向相互平行,表明盆地基底断裂对盆地形成演化具有一定的控制作用.在垂直速度结构剖面中,2.9 km·s^-1的S波速度等值线与地震反射剖面显示的盆地基底深度大致对应.基于S波速度模型和盆地基底速度（2.9 km·s^-1）,我们获得精细的松辽盆地沉积层厚度模型,结果表明松辽盆地的沉积层厚度分布呈现出中间厚、四周薄的特征,中央坳陷区的沉积层厚度范围大约在3~6 km.     

Exploration of S-wave velocity profiles at strong motion stations in Eskisehir,Turkey, using microtremor phase velocity and S-wave amplification

We have explored 1D S-wave velocity profiles of shallow and deep soil layers over a basement at strong motion stations in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. Microtremor array explorations were conducted at eight strong motion stations in the area to know shallow 1D S-wave velocity models. Rayleigh wave phase velocity at a frequency range from 3 to 30 Hz was estimated with the spatial autocorrelation analysis of array records of vertical microtremors at each station. Individual phase velocity was inverted to a shallow S-wave velocity profile. Low-velocity layers were identified at the stations in the basin. Site amplification factors from S-wave parts of earthquake records that had been estimated at the strong motion stations by Yamanaka et al. (2017) were inverted to the S-wave velocities and Q-values of the sedimentary layers. The depths to the basement with an S-wave velocity of 2.2 km/s are about 1 km in the central part of the basin, while the basement becomes shallow as 0.3 km in the marginal part of the basin. We finally discussed the effects of the shallow and deep sedimentary layers on the 1D S-wave amplification characteristics using the revealed profiles. It is found that the shallow soil layers have no significant effects in the amplification at a frequency range lower than 3 Hz in the area.     

Determining Q of near-surface materials from Rayleigh waves

High-frequency (≥2 Hz) Rayleigh wave phase velocities can be inverted to shear (S)-wave velocities for a layered earth model up to 30 m below the ground surface in many settings. Given S-wave velocity (V_S), compressional (P)-wave velocity (V_P), and Rayleigh wave phase velocities, it is feasible to solve for P-wave quality factor Q_P and S-wave quality factor Q_S in a layered earth model by inverting Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients. Model results demonstrate the plausibility of inverting Q_S from Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients. Contributions to the Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients from Q_P cannot be ignored when Vs/V_P reaches 0.45, which is not uncommon in near-surface settings. It is possible to invert Q_P from Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients in some geological setting, a concept that differs from the common perception that Rayleigh wave attenuation coefficients are always far less sensitive to Q_P than to Q_S. Sixty-channel surface wave data were acquired in an Arizona desert. For a 10-layer model with a thickness of over 20 m, the data were first inverted to obtain S-wave velocities by the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method and then quality factors were determined by inverting attenuation coefficients.     

The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves and the lateral variation of lithospheric structure in Tibetan Plateau

According to a Sino-U. S. joint project, eleven broadband digital PASSCAL seismometers had been deployed inside the Tibetan Plateau, of which 7 stations were on the profile from Lhasa to Golmud and other 4 stations situated at Maxin, Yushu, Xigatze and Linzhi. Dispersions and phase velocities of the Rayleigh surface waves (10s–120s) were obtained on five paths distributed in the different blocks of Tibetan Plateau. Inversions of the S-wave velocity structures in Songpan-Ganzi block, Qiang-Tang block, Lhasa block and the faulted rift zone were obtained from the dispersion data. The results show that significant lateral variation of the S-wave velocity structures among the different blocks exists. The path from Wenquan to Xigatze (abbreviated as Wndo-Xiga) passes through the rift-zone of Yadong-Anduo. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves from 10s to 100s on this path are significantly higher than that on other paths. The calculated mean crustal velocity on this path is 3.8 km/s, much greater than that on other paths, where mean crustal velocities of 3.4–3.5 km/s are usually observed. Low velocity zones with different thicknesses and velocities are observed in the middle-lower crust for different paths. Songpan-Ganzi block, located in the northern part of Tibetan Plateau is characterized by a thinner crust of 65 km thick and a prominent low velocity zone in the upper mantle. The low velocity zone with a velocity of 4.2 km/s is located at a depth form 115 km to 175 km. While in other blocks, no low velocity zone in the upper mantle is observed. The value of Sn in Songpan-Ganzi is calculated to be 4.5 km/s, while those in Qiang-Tang and Lhasa blocks are about 4.6 km/s. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, Supp., 566–573, 1992.     

Lithospheric thickness in the western Pacific

Rayleigh wave phase velocities were determined by the single-station method for ten paths in the western Pacific. The data show that even 100 m.y. after formation, the phase velocity and upper-mantle structure are still dependent upon age. Inversion of the data gave a model with a lithospheric thickness of 76 km at 100 m.y., increasing to 104 km at 150 m.y., measured from the base of the crust.     

2015年8月12日天津化学爆炸产生的多模式面波分析及其应用研究

2015年8月12日天津滨海新区发生的强烈化学品爆炸造成了巨大的经济损失和社会影响.天津爆炸产生了清晰的大振幅面波信号,分析结果表明这组信号由基阶和高阶面波组成,可以追踪到约135 km外的远处台站.利用这组面波信号分别开展了以下研究：（1）利用附近三个台站记录的四个单频基阶Rayleigh波信号对爆破事件的绝对位置进行了网格搜索,结果与利用GPS测量的位置相差仅0.498 km;（2）分别利用网格搜索和主事件定位法,对两次子事件的相对位置进行了确定,距离约75 m左右,与前人研究结果吻合;（3）从面波记录中测量到36条基阶Rayleigh波、49条第一高阶Rayleigh波、9条基阶Love波和29条第一高阶Love波的频散曲线,并进一步反演获得研究区域地下4 km内的S波速度结构.反演结果显示地表处S波速度低至0.375 km·s^-1,在小于1 km的浅地表速度梯度较大,符合典型的盆地结构特征.本文的研究结果为类似爆炸等突发事件快速定位提供了新的思路,有助于灾后救援的迅速展开;同时得到天津滨海新区及周边浅层精细的速度结构,对于地震灾害评估有很大帮助.