微生物成因鲕粒研究进展

鲕粒岩在古气候、古环境,以及古海洋领域有着独特的研究价值,然而学术界对于鲕粒成因目前仍没有统一认识.近年来,随着鲕粒形成过程中微生物诱导矿化证据的不断丰富,广为接受的"无机成因"观点正不断受到挑战.本论文从历史和当前视角,回顾了从"藻类参与"到"细菌参与",以及现在"有机矿化过程"在微生物成因鲕粒研究方面的历程,对鲕粒...     

北京西山地区下苇甸剖面寒武系张夏组鲕粒硅化成因探讨

鲕粒作为碳酸盐岩中非常重要的指相颗粒,其研究主要集中在成因上面,而成岩作用研究较少。北京西山地区下苇甸剖面寒武系张夏组发育大套鲕粒灰岩,通过对该剖面野外实测、薄片观察、XRD测试等手段,结合有机碳、热解等地化参数,对鲕粒的硅化机制及其硅质来源做了系统的研究。结果表明,鲕粒溶蚀再沉淀或者新生变形作用造成鲕粒边缘有机质富集,有机质演化释放的有机酸是硅质沉淀的主要因素,硅质来源主要为陆源输入和黏土矿物的转化。由于有机质主要富集在鲕粒边缘,形成有机质膜,从而造成硅质的沉淀主要沿鲕粒边缘发生,形成鲕粒边缘特有的硅化套,这种结果也从侧面反映了微生物在原始鲕粒形成中发挥了重要作用。     

Controls on platform‐scale patterns of surface sediments,shallow Holocene platforms,Bahamas

Isolated carbonate platforms occur throughout geological history, and commonly exhibit considerable spatial variability. To evaluate the controls on the nature of sediment accumulation across the expansive, shallow platform tops, this study systematically compares and contrasts patterns in surface sediments from several shallow (<10 m) Holocene Bahamian examples. Remote‐sensing data, field observations, petrographic characterization and quantitative grain‐size analyses reveal the spatial patterns of sediment accumulation on Crooked–Acklins Platform and the Berry Islands Bank. Integration of these data with synoptic observations of waves, tides and currents, along with regional geochemical data, provides a means to explore the factors that influence platform‐scale sedimentary patterns. These data illustrate that the platform interiors of both Crooked–Acklins Platform and Berry Islands Bank are blanketed with medium to coarse sand size sediment. Peloids are most common in the interior of Crooked–Acklins Platform, whereas the Berry Islands Bank includes more abundant composite grains. In both areas, very little mud is present, with surface sediments averaging <2% mud. Comparison of these results with published data from Little Bahama Bank, Great Bahama Bank and Caicos Platform suggest that, contrary to previous interpretations, the presence of open margins and/or brisk winds are not necessary for the occurrence of a platform top with little mud. Although the muddy sediment fraction of the interior can be suspended by elevated wave energy, wind‐generated current speeds in protected platform interiors are relatively low. Instead, in parts of the platform interiors, transport and winnowing of fines is enhanced greatly by tidal currents, which carry suspended sediments off the shallow platforms, even if shielded by islands. Beyond physical influences, however, regional geochemical compilations suggest that the Bahamian tides supply highly supersaturated waters rich in dissolved oxygen to these platform interiors. This exchange is interpreted to facilitate favourable conditions for calcium carbonate precipitation in the form of ooids, marine cements and hardened peloids across vast expanses of the platform interiors. Such fundamental controls on Holocene platform‐scale sediment dynamics are likely to have influenced carbonate systems through the geological record.     

Diagenetically formed ooids and intraclasts in South African calcretes

Certain South African calcrete (caliche) beds contain structures that very closely resemble normal marine ooids and intraclasts. The ooids/intraclasts are actually non-marine in origin, and were formed by an in situ process of calcretization and selective neomorphism. The term ‘diagenetic ooids/intraclasts’ is thus applied to distinguish these grains from marine ooids/intraclasts. Quaternary calcretes contain the only known ooids/intraclasts in any South African Cretaceous or Cainozoic rocks. The diagenetic grains are believed to have formed in the following manner. Rain water percolates through an unlithified calcareous sand deposit, dissolving carbonate along its downward path. This carbonate-laden water is eventually checked in its descent and drawn upward somewhat by capillary action. Evaporation and soil suction in the uppermost zones of the sediment body cause precipitation of a concentric coating of carbonate mud around individual grains (incipient ooids) or composites of grains (incipient intraclasts). As this dissolution-precipitation cycle is repeated the micritic coatings thicken and locally push grains apart. At this stage three things can happen: (a) sparry calcite may be introduced as an intergranular cement (very rare in these calcretes), (b) wet carbonate mud may fill the pore spaces and lithify to micrite (common), or (c) wet carbonate mud may fill the pore spaces and neomorphose to microspar (common). The last process causes ooids/intraclasts to stand out distinctively, since they are opaque, micrite-coated grains set in a fabric of clear microspar. This selective neomorphism of the micritic mud in pore spaces, rather than the micritic mud forming ooids/intraclasts, is probably a function of rapidity of lithification. The micrite of the coatings must have lithified quickly, before neomorphic crystal enlargement could occur, whereas lithification of the intergranular mud was delayed long enough for the growth of microspar crystals.     

Growth mechanisms and geochemistry of carbonate concretions from the Cambrian Wheeler Formation (Utah,USA)

Carbonate concretions provide unique records of ancient biogeochemical processes in marine sediments. Typically, they form in organic‐rich mudstones, where a significant fraction of the bicarbonate required for carbonate precipitation is supplied from the decomposition of organic matter in the sediments. As a result, carbonates that comprise concretions are usually characterized by broad ranges in δ¹³C and include values that are significantly depleted relative to seawater. This article reports results from a physical, petrographic and geochemical analysis of 238 concretions from the Wheeler Formation (Cambrian Series 3), Utah, USA, which are unusual in several respects. Most prominently, they formed in organic‐poor mudstones (total organic carbon = 0·1 to 0·5%) and are characterized by a narrow range of δ¹³C that onlaps the range of contemporaneous seawater values. Subtle centre to edge trends in δ¹³C demonstrate that concretion precipitation was initiated by local chemical gradients set up by microbial activity in the sediments, but was sustained during growth by a large pool of inorganic bicarbonate probably derived from alkaline bottom waters. The large inorganic pool appears to have been important in facilitating rapid precipitation of the concretion matrix, which occurred via both displacive and replacive carbonate precipitation during early diagenesis. Stable isotope data from cogenetic pyrite (δ³⁴S) and silica (δ¹⁸O) phases provide insight into the evolution of biogeochemical processes during concretion growth, and suggest that concretions were formed almost entirely during sulphate reduction, with only minor modification thereafter. Concretions of the Wheeler Formation appear to represent an end‐member system of concretion formation in which rapid growth was promoted by ions supplied from sea‐water. As such, they offer insight into the spectrum of processes that may influence the growth of carbonate concretions in marine sediments.     

Effects of freshwater Synechococcus sp. cyanobacteria pH buffering on CaCO3 precipitation: Implications for CO2 sequestration

In the present study, a mixed-flow steady-state bio-reactor was designed to biomineralize CO₂ as a consequence of photosynthesis from active Synechococcus sp. Dissolved CO₂, generated by constant air bubbling of inorganic and cyanobacteria stock solutions, was the only source of inorganic carbon. The release of hydroxide ion by cyanobacteria from photosynthesis maintained highly alkaline pH conditions. In the presence of Ca²⁺ and carbonate species, this led to calcite supersaturation under steady state conditions. Ca²⁺ remained constant throughout the experiments showing the presence of steady state conditions. Similarly, the Synechococcus sp. biomass concentration remained stable within uncertainty. A gradual pH decrease was observed for the highest Ca²⁺ condition coinciding with the formation of CaCO₃. The high degree of supersaturation, under steady-state conditions, contributed to the stabilization of calcite and maintained a constant driving force for the mineral nucleation and growth. For the highest Ca²⁺ condition a fast crystal growth rate was consistent with rapid calcite precipitation as suggested further by affinity calculations. Although saturation state based kinetic precipitation models cannot accurately reflect the controls on crystal growth kinetics or reliably predict growth mechanisms, the relatively reaction orders obtained from modeling of calcite precipitation rates as function of decreasing carbonate concentration suggest that the precipitation occurred via surface-controlled rate determining reactions. These high reaction orders support in addition the hypothesis that crystal growth proceeded through complex surface controlled mechanisms. In conclusion, the steady state supersaturated conditions generated by a constant cyanobacteria biomass and metabolic activity strongly suggest that these microorganisms could be used for the development of efficient CO₂ sequestration methods in a controlled large-scale environment.     

Geochemical evidence of microbial activity within ooids

Ooid formation remains elusive despite their importance as palaeoclimatic indicators and important contributors to global carbonate budget. Based on stable isotopes, nutrient and elemental analyses on solid components and ooidal leachates, this study supports the notion of microbial involvement in the development of ooids from Great Bahama Bank. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses on organic fractions identified geochemical signatures of microbial activity. The δ¹³C values for organic carbon in the bulk (?11·9 to ?16·9‰); intercrystalline/intracrystalline (?11·9 to 16·7‰); and intracrystalline phases (?12·4 to ?17·7‰) were similar and, except for the more enriched values of ooids from Butterfly Beach, were within the range of photosynthesisers. The δ¹⁵N values for the bulk (+0·5 to ?0·2‰); intercrystalline/intracrystalline (?0·3‰ to ?0·7‰) and intracrystalline organic matter (?0·3 to ?1·7‰) showed a narrow range consistent with nitrogen fixation. While positive δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values of the leached from the ooids provided evidence of denitrification, the carbonate associated sulphate δ³⁴S_CAS of the bulk sediments (+19·2 to +19·6‰) and δ³⁴S of the leachates (+16·6 to +18·3‰) provided weak indication of sulphate reduction, suggesting either that high concentrations of isotopically enriched S are overriding bio‐signatures of sulphate reduction or that microbes are preferentially using as an electron acceptor. In contrast, the elevated sulphate concentrations of the leachates suggest the occurrence of microbial sulphide oxidation within ooids. The high Mg/Ca of the leachates and scanning electron microscope analyses provide putative evidence of amorphous calcium carbonate and a formative role in CaCO₃ precipitation. Together, these findings indicate that a redox dependent microbial consortium may influence CaCO₃ precipitation in the form of ooid accretion, cementation and micritization. It is also inferred that ooid deposits are not suitable indicators of palaeoclimate because ooids are affected throughout their life by a complex chain of abiotic and biological processes which can lead to large geochemical offsets.     

Carbonate precipitation in the alkaline lake Specchio di Venere (Pantelleria Island,Italy) and the possible role of microbial mats

Alkaline lakes like the hydrothermally affected lake Specchio di Venere (Pantelleria Island, Central Mediterranean) are typical geological settings harbouring calcified microbial mats. The present work is focused on the discrimination between biotic and abiotic processes driving carbonate precipitation in this lake, using hydrochemical, mineralogical and isotopic data. Hydrochemical analyses demonstrate that the lake is nearly 10−fold supersaturated with regard to aragonite and seasonally reaches hydromagnesite supersaturation. Microscopic observations depict organosedimentary laminated structures consisting of microbial communities and aragonitic precipitates, which are rather disseminated in pores than directly linked to microorganisms. Oxygen isotopic data indicate that authigenic carbonate crystallisation from evaporating water is the dominant precipitation process, further suggested by the absence of textural evidence of diagenetic processes. Conversely, the observed δ¹³C values reflect an influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on carbon fractionation during the precipitation process, due to the selective sequestration of ¹²C in the biomass. The above considerations suggest that at lake Specchio di Venere the carbonate precipitation is mainly of inorganic nature, but a minor role played by biologically influenced processes in microbial mats is not excluded.     

Composition of carbonate overgrowths produced on Iceland spar calcite crystals buried in bahamian carbonate-rich sediments

High-magnesium calcite overgrowths were precipitated on Iceland spar calcite crystals buried in Bahamian sediments. Their composition was within the range of carbonate cements in this area. The precipitation rate of the overgrowths was slower and the magnesium content higher than predicted from laboratory experiments, possibly due to adsorption of organic compounds.     

Calcium and magnesium‐limited dolomite precipitation at Deep Springs Lake,California

Dolomite [Ca,Mg(CO₃)₂] precipitation from supersaturated ionic solutions at Earth surface temperatures is considered kinetically inhibited because of the difficulties experienced in experimentally reproducing such a process. Nevertheless, recent dolomite is observed to form in hypersaline and alkaline environments. Such recent dolomite precipitation is commonly attributed to microbial mediation because dolomite has been demonstrated to form in vitro in microbial cultures. The mechanism of microbially mediated dolomite precipitation is, however, poorly understood and it remains unclear what role microbial mediation plays in natural environments. In the study presented here, simple geochemical methods were used to assess the limitations and controls of dolomite formation in Deep Springs Lake, a highly alkaline playa lake in eastern California showing ongoing dolomite authigenesis. The sediments of Deep Springs Lake consist of unlithified, clay‐fraction dolomite ooze. Based on δ¹⁸O equilibria and textural observations, dolomite precipitates from oxygenated and agitated surface brine. The Na‐SO₄‐dominated brine contains up to 500 mm dissolved inorganic carbon whereas Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations are ca 1 and 0·3 mm , respectively. Precipitation in the subsurface probably is not significant because of the lack of Ca²⁺ (below 0·01 mm ). Under such highly alkaline conditions, the effect of microbial metabolism on supersaturation by pH and alkalinity increase is negligible. A putative microbial effect could, however, support dolomite nucleation or support crystal growth by overcoming a kinetic barrier. An essential limitation on crystal growth rates imposed by the low Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations could favour the thermodynamically more stable carbonate phase (which is dolomite) to precipitate. This mode of unlithified dolomite ooze formation showing δ¹³C values near to equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂ (ca 3‰) contrasts the formation of isotopically light (organically derived), hard‐lithified dolomite layers in the subsurface of some less alkaline environments. Inferred physicochemical controls on dolomite formation under highly alkaline conditions observed in Deep Springs Lake may shed light on conditions that favoured extensive dolomite formation in alkaline Precambrian oceans, as opposed to modern oceans where dolomites only form diagenetically in organic C‐rich sediments.     

黄骅坳陷古近系沙河街组一段下部湖泊碳酸盐沉积相及其对油气分布的控制作用?

黄骅坳陷王徐庄油田古近系沙河街组一段下部厚40-50m，由碳酸盐岩与泥页岩互层组成，为湖泊中的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混积台地沉积。碳酸盐岩主要为石灰岩，其中包括亮晶颗粒石灰岩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩和泥晶石灰岩。颗粒主要为腹足类，也有鲕粒和内碎屑。根据沉积特征，混积台地可进一步划分为亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩和滩间等三种相。亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩为高能持续动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面之上，以亮晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩为间歇动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面附近，以泥晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；滩间为安静低能环境，水深在正常浪基面之下，以泥晶石灰岩和页岩沉积为主。滩主要分布在台地边缘。同生断层的活动控制了台地的形成及滩的展布。亮晶颗粒滩是最好的储集相带，泥晶颗粒滩次之，滩间最差。油气分布主要受沉积相控制，高产井并不是位于构造高部位的滩间，而是位于低部位的亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩。     

碳酸盐鲕粒包壳结构研究综述*

在现代和古代碳酸盐沉积物中,碳酸盐鲕粒的包壳结构类型均较多,因其常被用于恢复古海洋的化学、物理性质演化而备受关注。对碳酸盐鲕粒包壳的研究始于 1879年,此后现代和古代鲕粒包壳的原生和次生结构特征和成因均得到了详细描述和深入探讨;然而,目前仍存在对现代鲕粒包壳原生结构的部分术语定义不明确、对古代鲕粒包壳原生结构的特征识别和分类不尽准确等问题。文中归纳了现代鲕粒包壳的原生结构类型及其主要特征,指出鲕粒包壳结构组合的常见类型包括放射状、同心状、同心—放射状等,且对包壳结构组合类型的识别是鲕粒包壳结构研究的关键。古代鲕粒受成岩作用影响,包壳原生结构保存程度可能不尽相同,甚至完全被次生结构所替代,但其原生结构类型与现代鲕粒类似,以放射状和同心状结构为主,只是同心状结构中的切线状纹层难以识别。中国的古代鲕粒研究虽已取得大量成果,但在对包壳原生结构的识别和应用方面尚存在一些误区,故在借鉴现代鲕粒包壳结构研究成果的基础上,笔者以华南下奥陶统鲕粒为例,论述了对古代鲕粒包壳结构如何进行特征描述、如何识别出保存较好的原生结构及如何利用包壳结构组合类型进行鲕粒分类等问题,展示了古代鲕粒包壳原生结构研究的重要科学意义。     

豫西渑池地区寒武系第三统张夏组的巨鲕及其成因

巨鲕是指那些直径超过2mm、海相成因的大型鲕粒,它们在结构上与鲕粒相似,但却远没有鲕粒分布广泛,成因也与鲕粒不尽相同。豫西渑池地区寒武系第三统张夏组发育了大量的巨鲕,其核心由粒径小于2mm的放射状鲕粒或泥晶球粒组成,形成于弱搅动的水体环境中;圈层以泥晶或由Girvanella丝状体组成的暗色纹层与由微亮晶方解石组成的浅色纹层交替发育为特征。巨鲕是在低、中等能量交替的滩间海环境中由Girvanella丝状体的生长、微生物诱导的钙化作用和无机碳酸钙沉淀而成的。Girvanella丝状体在巨鲕的内、外圈层均有分布,尤以外圈层分布更为密集,显示了微生物在巨鲕形成过程中具有重要作用,这为探讨巨鲕的成因提供了一个重要的实例。     

豫西宜阳地区寒武系馒头组鲕粒中的泥晶方解石特征及其成因

依据鲕粒的形态、结构及方解石组成,将豫西宜阳地区寒武系馒头组鲕粒灰岩中的鲕粒分为4种类型:不规则放射状泥晶鲕粒、泥晶套亮晶表皮鲕粒、同心放射状泥晶鲕粒和规则放射状微亮晶鲕粒。这些鲕粒多由泥晶方解石组成,且泥晶方解石可出现在鲕粒的不同部位,从而与研究区张夏组的鲕粒明显不同,后者由亮晶方解石组成。在电子显微镜下,鲕粒中的泥晶方解石表现为六边形蜂格和片状壁,而这种结构被认为是细菌或蓝细菌的细胞结构,是由附着的微小晶粒呈切向围绕细菌或蓝细菌排列所致。构成蜂格结构的矿物主要为碳酸钙,其被认为是蓝细菌死亡后灰泥化的结果。由此可见,鲕粒中泥晶方解石的形成与微生物的生命活动密切相关,这对于阐明鲕粒在其形成过程中受到微生物的影响具有重要意义。     

Dissolved carbon in pore waters from the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti (French Polynesia) and its basalt basement

This paper deals with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters from a 150 m deep hole drilled through the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti and its underlying basalt basement. Alkalinity-pH measurements were used to calculate the DIC species concentration, and DOC was analysed according to the high temperature catalytic oxidation technique. Salinity was used as a conservative tracer to help identify water origin and mixing within the hole. Water mixing, calcium carbonate dissolution and mineralization of organic carbon combined to form three distinct groups of pore water. In the deeper basalt layers, pore water with alkalinity of 1.4 meq kg^–1 pH of 7.6 and p(CO₂) of 1.2 mAtm was undersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. In the intermediate carbonate layer, pore water with alkalinity of more than 2.0 meq kg^–1, pH of 7.70 and p(CO₂) of 1.4 mAtm was supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. The transition zone between those two groups extended between 80 and 100 m depth. The shift from aragonite undersaturation to supersaturation was mainly attributed to the mixing of undersaturated pore waters from the basalt basement with supersaturated pore waters from the overlaying limestone. In the top of the reef, inputs from a brackish water lens further increased p(CO₂) up to 5.6 times the atmospheric P(CO₂).     

Dissolved carbon in pore waters from the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti (French Polynesia) and its basalt basement

This paper deals with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters from a 150 m deep hole drilled through the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti and its underlying basalt basement. Alkalinity-pH measurements were used to calculate the DIC species concentration, and DOC was analysed according to the high temperature catalytic oxidation technique. Salinity was used as a conservative tracer to help identify water origin and mixing within the hole. Water mixing, calcium carbonate dissolution and mineralization of organic carbon combined to form three distinct groups of pore water. In the deeper basalt layers, pore water with alkalinity of 1.4 meq kg^?1 pH of 7.6 and p(CO₂) of 1.2 mAtm was undersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. In the intermediate carbonate layer, pore water with alkalinity of more than 2.0 meq kg^?1, pH of 7.70 and p(CO₂) of 1.4 mAtm was supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. The transition zone between those two groups extended between 80 and 100 m depth. The shift from aragonite undersaturation to supersaturation was mainly attributed to the mixing of undersaturated pore waters from the basalt basement with supersaturated pore waters from the overlaying limestone. In the top of the reef, inputs from a brackish water lens further increased p(CO₂) up to 5.6 times the atmospheric P(CO₂).     

Ooids in Purbeck limestones (lowermost Cretaceous) of the Swiss and French Jura

ABSTRACT Ooids occurring in the shallow-water Purbeckian carbonate sediments of the Jura mountains can be grouped into six types. Gradations from one type to another and coexistence of the various types are common. Type 1 ooids are small and well rounded. They display fine concentric micritic laminae. In many cases their cortices are dissolved and replaced by void-filling spar. Microsparitic neomorphic replacement occurs locally. Type 2 ooids are large and have irregular shapes. They show fine micritic laminae and occasional layers of fine-radial crystals. They commonly evolve into oncoids. Ooids of type 3 display many fine-radial cortical laminae and are patchily micritized. They are medium in size and mostly well rounded. This type of ooid may pass into large, irregularly shaped coated grains. Type 4 ooids have 1 to 4 cortical laminae with a fine-radial structure and patchy micritization. They are medium in size and well rounded. Type 5 ooids have only one lamina with a coarse-radial structure. They are small and well rounded. Associated are spherical grains containing bundles of elongate crystals. Ooids of type 6 show superpositions of two or more different, radial and or fine micritic laminae. The cortical structure may also change laterally in the same lamina. The preferential dissolution of type 1 ooid cortices to form oomoulds indicates a primary composition of unstable carbonate. Sedimentological features and comparison with modern ooid occurrences point to formation on high-energy sandbars in normal-marine waters. Type 2 ooids grew in marine-lagoonal environments with quiet water and abundant cyanobacteria. The radially structured ooid cortices of types 3, 4 and 5 show no dissolution features. This implies that they were originally composed of stable carbonates, or that an unstable carbonate phase was transformed into a stable one at an early stage of diagenesis. Type 3 ooids occur together with marine faunas and indicate high water energy. Ooids of type 4 and type 5 originated probably from relatively quiet water of variable salinity. Coexistence of different ooid types and mixed forms of type 6 implies gradual or rapid changes in hydrodynamic, geochemical and microbiological conditions which were a feature of the Purbeckian depositional environments.     

塔北埃迪卡拉系奇格布拉克组多类型共生鲕粒特征及其成因探讨*

碳酸盐岩中的鲕粒是古沉积环境重建的重要载体之一。塔里木盆地北部露头剖面、星火1井区埃迪卡拉系奇格布拉克组潟湖相及浅滩相沉积中发现了多种类型鲕粒及其共生现象。文中通过剖面详勘、岩心观察以及薄铸片、阴极发光、环境扫描电镜等研究方法,阐明了不同类型鲕粒的基本特征及分布,探讨了鲕粒成核、生长的特殊沉积环境和成岩改造等过程。按显微结构、特殊形态、组合以及成岩改造,依次将研究区奇格布拉克组鲕粒划分出12种类型,其中大气淡水、快速拟晶白云岩化、重结晶、交代白云岩化等成岩作用主要发现于中等水动力条件形成的同心(圈)鲕、同心—放射状鲕等。近源风暴引起的底流和涡流产生的撕裂、磨损及搬运作用为泥晶(大)鲕、薄皮鲕、放射状泥晶(正常或大)鲕、脑状鲕以及部分球(或细菌)鲕、复鲕的成核和微生物作用提供了基本条件,而文石—白云石海中低能环境下的黏性软底质中广泛发育的文石—高镁方解石胶结促进鲕粒的形成; 前者发育于潮道或浅滩环境,后者发育于潮坪—潟湖环境,短暂风暴潮或底流是两者共生的可能原因。 微生物参与泥晶成核、一定水动力条件下台阶状生长、差异性成岩改造是前寒武纪多种类型鲕粒发育的主控因素。鲕模孔、粒间(内)溶孔、晶间孔、有机微孔等孔隙具有一定储集意义。对奇格布拉克组鲕粒的研究,有助于深化对前寒武纪古海洋和大气组分、黏性软底质中成核与生长中的水动力及微生物作用、早期成岩改造及孔隙形成与保存机理等的认识。     

广西隆安都结剖面下石炭统都安组上部鲕粒类型及其地质意义*

鲕粒是一类特殊的沉积颗粒,为古气候和古海洋环境的重要指示器。为了深入认识此类特殊颗粒的成因机制、形成环境及地质意义,对广西隆安地区都结剖面下石炭统都安组上部含鲕粒地层开展了古生物学、沉积学和岩相学研究。研究区共识别出5种主要的鲕粒类型: 放射状纹层鲕粒(O1)、规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O2)、不规则同心放射状纹层鲕粒(O3)、泥晶鲕粒(O4-A和O4-B)和复合鲕粒(O5)。各类鲕粒的显微组构和沉积环境指示其具有不同的形成过程,其中水动力条件影响和控制着鲕粒的发育和分布情况。研究区含鲕粒地层形成于维宪期末—谢尔普霍夫期,恰好对应早石炭世晚期冰川作用的开始。受冰川作用影响,全球海平面频繁波动,研究区地处低纬度地区并以浅滩和潮坪沉积环境为主,为鲕粒的形成提供了适宜的水体条件,即温暖、动荡的浅水环境。此外,含鲕粒岩层内广泛发育钙质微生物和微生物席,说明微生物活动在研究区较为常见,可能与鲕粒的形成过程具有一定的关联。     

Sedimentological,mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the ooids in Cleopatra (Sedir Island,Gökova Bay,SW Turkey) and Alexandria (NW Egypt) Beach sediments: A comparison and reality of myth of the love

According to the myth, ooid-rich sediments in Cleopatra Beach (Sedir Island, Turkey) were brought by ships from Alexandria Beach (Egypt) by the Roman leader, Marcus Antonius, for his lover Cleopatra. Ooids of both beaches have been compared in terms of sedimentology, mineralogy and geochemistry to determine reality of the myth of love. Sieve analyses exhibit that sediments of Cleopatra Beach are slightly better sorted than Alexandria Beach sediments, and have relatively smaller sized ooids, interpreted to represent a relatively less agitated environment. All ooids are composed mainly of aragonite characterized by high Sr contents (>8600 mg/kg). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, the cross-plot of δ¹⁸Oaragonite versus δ¹³C_aragonite values of ooids, and the presence of detrital grains such as gneiss and schist hint on two distinct groups of samples that correspond to the Cleopatra and Alexandria Beach ooids. These results suggest that the myth may not be realistic, and the ooids on the shore of Sedir Island were formed in-situ, e.g., during the Late Holocene.