High order numerical code for hyperbolic mild-slope equations with nonlinear dispersion relation

Based on the hyperbolic mild-slope equations derived by Copeland (1985), a numerical model is established in unstag- gered grids. A composite 4 th-order Adam-Bashforth-Moulton (ABM) scheme is used to solve the model in the time domain. Terms involving the first order spatial derivatives are differenced to O ( Δx )4accuracy utilizing a five-point formula. The nonlinear dispersion relationship proposed by Kirby and Dalrymple (1986) is used to consider the nonlinear effect. A numerical test is performed upon wave propagating over a typical shoal. The agreement between the numerical and the experimental results validates the present model. Biodistribution and applications are also summarized.     

降雨径流与洪水淹没模型耦合的应用研究

洪水研究包括径流与淹没两种模式。为了探究流域降雨产汇流与淹没情况、提高洪水预报精度,本研究在传统流域水文模型的基础上耦合二维水动力学模型,建立水文-水动力耦合模型。以我国吉林温德河流域为研究实例,模拟了2017年“7·13”洪水在下游口前镇所处子流域洪水淹没过程。首先对基础数据进行预处理,建立HEC-HMS水文模型并进行参数优化后,最终获得流量过程水文结果作为水动力学模型边界条件,之后建立HEC-RAS二维水动力学模型对重要子流域进行淹没模拟。耦合模型计算结果显示,水文模型经多参数优化流量模拟的NSE系数为0.988,水动力计算最大淹没水深达9.3 m相对误差为-5.2%。从泛洪模拟结果来看,子流域上游部分的农田大量被淹,淹没水深范围在0.5~2.0 m,平均流速基本在1 m/s以下。下游口前镇内最大淹没水深接近1 m,水流速度0.2 m/s至1.5 m/s,与实际的淹没情况相吻合。研究表明,所建水文水动力耦合模型模拟计算的结果准确率较高,对具有复杂水文、水力条件的流域的洪水预报具有重要的指导意义。     

Numerical simulation of an algal bloom in Dianshan Lake

A hydrodynamic model and an aquatic ecology model of Dianshan Lake,Shanghai,were built using a hydrodynamic simulation module and the water quality simulation module of Delft3D,which is an integrated modelling suite offered by Deltares. The simulated water elevation,current velocity,and direction were validated with observed data to ensure the reliability of hydrodynamic model. The seasonal growth of different algae was analyzed with consideration of observed and historical data,as well as simulated results. In 2008,the dominant algae in Dianshan Lake was Bacillariophyta from February to March,while it was Chlorophyta from April to May,and Cyanophyta from July to August. In summer,the biomass of Cyanophyta grew quickly,reaching levels much higher than the peaks of Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta. Algae blooms primarily occurred in the stagnation regions. This phenomenon indicates that water residence time can influence algal growth significantly. A longer water residence time was associated with higher algal growth. Two conclusions were drawn from several simulations: reducing the nutrients inflow had little effect on algal blooms in Dianshan Lake; however,increasing the discharge into Dianshan Lake could change the flow field characteristic and narrow the range of stagnation regions,resulting in inhibition of algal aggregation and propagation and a subsequent reduction in areas of high concentration algae.     

暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟方法研究——以上海中心城区为例

本文采用地理信息系统技术（GIS）与水文/水动力学相结合的方法,使用修正的SCS模型进行产流模拟,利用局部等体积法和水动力模型进行汇流模拟,建立了基于情景的城市暴雨内涝危险性模拟工具,并对相同雨强情景下不同汇流模型的模拟结果与精度进行了对比分析。结果表明：（1）局部等体积法计算简单,对降雨的时程分配较为敏感,峰前历时和雨强对结果影响显著,较适合于雨型确定的城市暴雨内涝危险性快速模拟;水动力模型计算复杂,与整个降雨历时存在明显关系,模拟精度较高。（2）利用台风“麦莎”带来强降雨导致的积水实测数据,对模拟结果进行对比和验证,表明本文建立的水动力模型法模拟结果与实测降雨积水更为接近,更适合上海中心城区暴雨内涝危险性情景模拟。     

On multiple solutions to a low-spectrum model of oceanic current driven by the boundary force—The bimodality of the Kuroshio south of Japan

This low-spectrum model study on the multiple solutions to a nonlinear quasi-geostrophic oceanic current equation shows that they depend on the combination ofRo, Re, λ and ε, that the bimodality of the Kuroshio depends strongly on the nonlinear effect represented byRo and λ, and that its occurrence probability is reduced by the dissipation represented byRe and ε. The stability of solutions is discussed in detail with Hurwitz's theory. This work was supported by NSFC (No. 49070252)     

Numerical simulation and experimental study of the hydrodynamics of a modeled reef located within a current

The hydrodynamic forces and flow field of artificial reef models in steady flow were numerically investigated using the RNG k-ɛ turbulent model. The numerical simulation results are consistent with results observed by experimental means. A comparative study indicates that the corresponding errors of forces between calculated values and values observed in the experiment vary in the range of 2.3%–11.2% and that the corresponding errors of velocities vary in the range of 1.3%–15.8%. The flow field numerical results show that upstream and vortices exist when the current passes over and through the surface of the reef model. This study suggests that the numerical simulation method can be applied to predict the forces and flow field associated with artificial reefs.     

神农架大九湖PAHs多介质归趋模拟

选择美国环境保护署EPA优控污染物NaP（萘）、Phe（菲）、Fla（荧蒽）、BaA（苯并蒽）、Chr（屈）、Pyr（芘）和BaP（苯并芘）7种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,简称PAHs）作为研究对象,采用Level Ⅲ逸度模型对神农架大九湖地区PAHs多介质归趋进行了模拟,并利用神龙架大九湖大气、土壤、水体和沉积物中PAHs的实际监测数据对模型进行了验证;同时,将气候因素（温度、降水）对环境介质中PAHs转化的影响整合进模型中,探讨了气候变化对PAHs归趋的影响。结果表明:模型计算值与研究区PAHs监测值吻合良好,说明模型参数的选取合理可靠;不同PAHs的相间迁移通量具有一定差异,2环和3环PAHs则以沉积物向水体、水体向大气迁移为主,表现出由沉积物向水体和大气释放的特点,而4环和5环PAHs以大气向土壤和水体向沉积物迁移为主,体现出由大气向土壤和沉积物沉降的特点;温度与水-气、土-气和水-沉积物界面交换净通量存在明显的正相关关系,降水量与水-气、土-气界面交换净通量呈负相关关系,但与水-沉积物界面交换净通量呈正相关关系。本研究结果表明应重视因气候变化而引起的土壤、水体、沉积物的内源释放所造成的二次污染。      

Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Characteristics of a Metal Net for Deep-Sea Aquaculture

The investigation on hydrodynamic characteristics of a cage is important for its application in the deep-sea aquaculture in our country. With finite element method, the beam element is used to simulate a three-dimensional metal chain net, and the connector element is introduced as the interaction between metal net lines. A mechanical model for the metal net is constructed to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a metal net subjected to fluid current forces. The static simulation results show that the relative errors of the displacements are 2.13%, 4.19%, 6.64%, and 11.35% compared with static concentrated load tests under concentrated forces of 20, 40, 60, and 80 N, respectively. Both the transient hydrodynamic deformations and drag forces of the netting structures under different current velocities are obtained by solving the hydrodynamic equation of the netting structure. The average relative error of the current forces obtained by numerical simulations shows an 8.13% deviation from the drag tests of the metal nets in the tank under five current velocities. The effectiveness and precision of the simulation approach are verified by static and dynamic tests. The proposed simulation approach will provide a good foundation for the further investigation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of deep-sea aquaculture metal cages and the parameter design for the safety of such cage systems.     

基于SSA-Adam-BP神经网络模型的堰塞坝稳定性预测

现有的堰塞坝稳定性预测模型多为线性模型,无法充分考虑堰塞坝稳定性与其形态特征和水域条件之间的复杂非线性关系。鉴于此,结合反向传播神经网络模型和樽海鞘优化算法,提出了一种新型的堰塞坝稳定性预测模型SSA-Adam-BP。该模型通过网格搜索法选取确定模型结构的最佳超参数组合,进而利用交叉验证和绘制ROC曲线的方式分别对采用不同优化算法的模型进行评估。使用开源数据库中的全球153例堰塞坝数据对模型的实际应用进行了说明及验证。与传统线性模型的对比表明神经网络模型预测准确率较高,具有较低的误报率。将SSA与Adam优化算法结合提高了BP模型的全局搜索能力,其平均交叉验证准确率达到了91.73%,能够使用较少的参数实现对堰塞坝稳定性快速准确的预测。SSA-Adam-BP模型对近年来典型工程的稳定性能够准确预测,具有一定的实用性和系统平台推广应用价值。     

Spatial Autocorrelation and Localization of Urban Development

A nonlinear analysis of urban evolution is made by using of spatial autocorrelation theory. A first-order nonlinear autoregression model based on Clark’s negative exponential model is proposed to show urban population density. The new method and model are applied to Hangzhou City, China, as an example. The average distance of population activities, the auto-correlation coefficient of urban population density, and the auto-regressive function values all show trends of gradual increase from 1964 to 2000, but there always is a sharp first-order cutoff in the partial auto- correlations. These results indicate that urban development is a process of localization. The discovery of urban locality is significant to improve the cellular-automata-based urban simulation of modeling spatial complexity.     

Nonlinear Contact Between Inner Walls of Deep Sea Pipelines in Buckling Process

In order to study buckling propagation mechanism in deep sea pipelines, the contact between pipeline's inner walls in buckling process was studied. A two-dimensional ring model was used to represent the pipeline and a nonlinear spring model was adopted to simulate the contact between inner walls. Based on the elastoplastic constitutive relationship and the principle of virtual work theory, the coupling effect of pipeline's nonlinear large deformation and wall contact was included in the theoretical analysis with the aid of MATLAB, and the application scope of the theoretical model was also discussed. The calculated results show that during the loading process, the change in external pressure is closely related to the distribution of section stress, and once the walls are contacting each other, the external pressure increases and then remains stable after it reaches a specific value. Without fracture, the pipeline section will stop showing deformation. The results of theoretical calculations agree well with those of numerical simulations. Finally, in order to ensure reliability and accuracy of the theoretical results, the collapse pressure and propagation pressure were both verified by numerical simulations and experiments. Therefore, the theoretical model can be used to analyze pipeline's buckling deformation and contact between pipeline's inner walls, which forms the basis for further research on three-dimensional buckling propagation.     

Time domain Rankine-Green panel method for offshore structures

To solve the numerical divergence problem of the direct time domain Green function method for the motion simulation of floating bodies with large flare, a time domain hybrid Rankine-Green boundary element method is proposed. In this numerical method, the fluid domain is decomposed by an imaginary control surface, at which the continuous condition should be satisfied. Then the Rankine Green function is adopted in the inner domain. The transient free surface Green function is applied in the outer domain, which is used to find the relationship between the velocity potential and its normal derivative for the inner domain. Besides, the velocity potential at the mean free surface between body surface and control surface is directly solved by the integration scheme. The wave exciting force is computed through the convolution integration with wave elevation, by introducing the impulse response function. Additionally, the nonlinear Froude-Krylov force and hydrostatic force, which is computed under the instantaneous incident wave free surface, are taken into account by the direct pressure integration scheme. The corresponding numerical computer code is developed and first used to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients of the hemisphere, as well as the time history of a ship with large flare; good agreement is obtained with the analytical solutions as well as the available numerical results. Then the hydrodynamic properties of a FPSO are studied. The hydrodynamic coefficients agree well with the results computed by the frequency method; the influence of the time interval and the truncated time is investigated in detail.     

Three-dimensional water quality model based on FVCOM for total load control management in Guan River Estuary,Northern Jiangsu Province

Guan River Estuary and adjacent coastal area (GREC) suffer from serious pollution and eutrophicational problems over the recent years. Thus, reducing the land-based load through the national pollutant total load control program and developing hydrodynamic and water quality models that can simulate the complex circulation and water quality kinetics within the system, including longitudinal and lateral variations in nutrient and COD concentrations, is a matter of urgency. In this study, a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic, water quality model was developed in GREC, Northern Jiangsu Province. The complex three-dimensional hydrodynamics of GREC were modeled using the unstructured-grid, finite-volume, free-surface, primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model (FVCOM). The water quality model was adapted from the mesocosm nutrients dynamic model in the south Yellow Sea and considers eight compartments: dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), and chemical oxygen demand. The hydrodynamic and water quality models were calibrated and confirmed for 2012 and 2013. A comparison of the model simulations with extensive dataset shows that the models accurately simulate the longitudinal distribution of the hydrodynamics and water quality. The model can be used for total load control management to improve water quality in this area.     

应用神经网络建立水下拖曳体轨迹姿态水动力控制模型

以拖曳体的拖曳水池样机试验取得试验数据作为训练样本,采用LMBP算法,建立基于神经网络理论构建的可控制水下拖曳体轨迹与姿态水动力控制数值模型,并进行LMBP模型仿真检验。结果表明,利用所建全的神经网络模型对拖曳体在一定控制动作下的水动力响应预报是令人满意的。     

Tidal current and tidal energy changes imposed by a dynamic tidal power system in the Taiwan Strait,China

The Taiwan Strait has recently been proposed as a promising site for dynamic tidal power systems because of its shallow depth and strong tides. Dynamic tidal power is a new concept for extracting tidal potential energy in which a coast-perpendicular dike is used to create water head and generate electricity via turbines inserted in the dike. Before starting such a project, the potential power output and hydrodynamic impacts of the dike must be assessed. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model based on the Delft3D-FLOW module is established to simulate tides in China. A dike module is developed to account for turbine processes and estimate power output by integrating a special algorithm into the model. The domain decomposition technique is used to divide the computational zone into two subdomains with grid refinement near the dike. The hydrodynamic processes predicted by the model, both with and without the proposed construction, are examined in detail, including tidal currents and tidal energy flux. The predicted time-averaged power yields with various opening ratios are presented. The results show that time-averaged power yield peaks at an 8% opening ratio. For semidiurnal tides, the flow velocity increases in front of the head of the dike and decreases on either side. For diurnal tides, these changes are complicated by the oblique incidence of tidal currents with respect to the dike as well as by bathymetric features. The dike itself blocks the propagation of tidal energy flux.     

A nonlinear vortex induced vibration model of marine risers

With the exploitation of oil and gas in deep water, the traditional vortex induced vibration (VIV) theory is challenged by the unprecedented flexibility of risers. A nonlinear time-dependent VIV model is developed in this paper based on a VIV lift force model and the Morison equation. Both the inline vibration induced by the flow due to vortex shedding and the fluid-structure interaction in the transverse direction are included in the model. One of the characteristics of the model is the response-dependent lift force with nonlinear damping, which is different from other VIV models. The calculations show that the model can well describe the VIV of deepwater risers with the results agreeing with those calculated by other models.     

Nonlinear contact between pipeline’s outer wall and slip-on buckle arrestor’s inner wall during buckling process

In order to theoretically study the buckle propagation of subsea pipelines with slip-on buckle arrestors, a two-dimensional ring model was set up to represent the pipeline and a nonlinear spring model was adopted to simulate the contact between pipeline’s inner walls and between pipeline’s outer wall and slip-on buckle arrestor’s inner wall during buckle propagation. In addition, some reverse springs are added to prevent the wall of left and right sides separating from the inner wall of slip-on buckle arrestors. Considering large deformation kinematics relations and the elastic-plastic constitutive relation of material, balance equations were established with the principle of virtual work. The variation of external pressure with respect to the cross-sectional area of pipelines was analyzed, and the lower bound of the crossover pressure of slip-on buckle arrestors was calculated based on Maxwell’s energy balance method. By comparing the theoretical results with experiment and finite element numerical simulation, the theoretical method is proved to be correct and reliable.     

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城市暴雨内涝模拟模型优化与精度验证

本文采用“Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil”模型和线性光谱混合分解方法,获取像元中不透水面、植被、土壤覆盖信息,用于计算SCS模型产流参数综合CN（Curve Number）值;基于土地利用类型,采用经验值与数值实验逐步求精相结合的方法,确定水动力汇流模型参数曼宁系数,并用实测积水数据验证两次参数修正的模拟效果。以上海中心城区为例进行验证,研究结果表明：①将采用V-I-S模型得到的不透水面、植被、土壤信息设定CN值,能够降低积水分布的极值化现象,提高SCS产流模型产流量和产流分布精度;②采用经验法和数值模拟逐步求精法,按土地利用类型设定曼宁系数,使各时段最大积水深度高于原模型,说明曼宁系数是汇流模型的敏感参数。