在变形岩石中确定应变椭球体方法的探讨

本文研究了四十年代以来确定变形岩石应变椭球体的方法,并结合实例给出一种简明、精度较高的从三个或更多任意截面上的二维应变测量数据,计算三维应变椭球体之主轴大小和方向的算法。     

共传播纵波研究砂岩非线性弹性特性

静态和动态的非线性弹性探测实验已经清晰地揭示了岩石具有较强的非线性弹性特性,其中动态探测方法运用共振在岩石内部加载稳定的应变取得了较好的效果,但是野外探测具有一定的难度.本研究利用传播的纵波在岩石内部加载应变,发展了共同传播的纵波研究岩石非线性弹性特性的方法.该方法通过相对低频高振幅的纵波在岩石内的传播在岩石内部加载一...     

模拟应变软化岩石三轴试验过程曲线

在经典弹塑性理论框架下,认为岩石材料在应变软化过程中遵守摩尔-库仑强度准则,塑性变形服从非关联流动法则。对两组岩石在三轴试验中呈现的应变软化行为进行了分析,获取了峰值前后强度参数的大小。采用应变软化模拟方法,将应力-应变曲线峰后应变软化阶段简化为一系列应力跌落和塑性流动的脆塑性过程,在给定的强度参数演化规律基础上,得到了岩石的应力-应变曲线、侧向应变-轴向应变曲线、体应变-轴向应变曲线和塑性体应变-轴向塑性应变曲线。模拟得到的应力-应变曲线与试验结果吻合较好,其他曲线与相关试验测试规律基本一致。研究成果对确定岩石强度参数与认识岩石峰后强度演化规律有一定的指导意义。     

岩石内变量蠕变模型研究

通过一系列砂岩、页岩和辉绿岩室内蠕变试验,获得了不同应力和初始应变状态下岩石蠕变特性。通过误差分析讨论了计算蠕变速率时如何选择时间增量。讨论了复杂加、卸载条件下时间相关蠕变模型的局限性,提出采用不可恢复应变作为内变量来描述复杂条件下岩石蠕变性质,并据此提出了岩石的内变量蠕变模型。试验数据与模型拟合结果对比表明,内变量蠕变模型较好地反映了3种岩石的蠕变行为。此外,还初步讨论了模型在岩石率相关性质研究中的适用性,并利用相关试验数据进行了验证。     

煤系沉积岩应力–应变与应变–渗透率特征

通过对济宁三号煤矿岩样进行现场采取和室内试验分析,探究对开采有威胁的3煤层顶板砂岩和红层的渗透率特征。试验结果表明,中粗砂岩的渗透率最大,泥岩样的渗透率相对较小;应力对岩石的渗透率有很大的影响,主要体现在节理的法向闭合和剪胀效应,其中应力剪胀能显著地改变岩石节理的渗透性;岩石应变渗透率曲线,表现出渗透率峰值"滞后"的特点;在岩石处于弹塑性阶段时候,渗透率的变化剧烈且具有不可预测性,然而岩石渗透率与体积应变有很好的一致性。通过对实验结果的归纳总结,本文将岩石在全应力应变过程中渗透率变化划分成5个阶段:微裂隙压密闭合阶段、微裂隙随机扩展阶段、裂隙扩展贯通阶段、裂隙错动充分发育阶段和裂隙二次闭合阶段。     

基于强度参数演化行为的岩石峰后应力-应变关系研究

基于岩石材料峰后强度参数的演化行为,结合强度准则,提出了建立峰后应力-应变关系的一般方法。在此基础上,基于摩尔-库仑强度准则,以最大主应变 作为应变软化参数,假设黏聚力 ,内摩擦角 为主应变 的分段线性函数条件下,给出了岩石材料的峰后应力-应变关系式的求法。在数值算例中,利用提出的方法,给出了大理岩在不同围压下的应力-应变曲线,算例显示,利用这一方法求得的峰后应力-应变关系曲线变化趋势与试验数据基本一致,表明该方法在研究峰后应力-应变关系上具有一定的合理性。     

单轴压缩下岩石应变局部化的应变梯度塑性解

通过在屈服函数中引入材料内部长度建立应变梯度塑性增量本构关系,对岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下应变局部化的二维情况进行了研究。首先,建立了在Mises屈服准则下平面应变情况的岩石材料应变局部化带的带宽与其倾角的关系式,讨论了其带宽的分布范围和最大值与最小值形成的条件,给出岩石材料破坏Ⅰ, Ⅱ类变形的条件,并推出破坏的临界角度;其次,对岩石材料Ⅰ类变形进行了详细地分析,讨论了在不同泊松比 和 条件下材料应变局部化带的倾角的变化范围;最后,利用所得的结论同材料破坏的库仑准则进行对比研究,对内摩擦系数给予了合理的解释。     

均匀离散分布的平面应变过程和Fry法应变测量

本文运用 Apple Macitonsh 计算机对无应变的均匀离散点分布进行系列平面应变模拟,应变叠加模式分别采用具普遍意义的成岩压实+顺层缩短(LPS)+压溶作用和成岩压实+简单剪切+压溶作用。对各应变阶段的变形点分布进行相应的 Fry 法应变测量,并配合低变形砂岩样品的 Fry 法应变分析实例.证实 Fry 法应变测量方法为一非常有用的应变测量方法,其结果不仅能较好地揭示全岩总应变特征,而且能揭示出许多应变叠加的信息,Fry 法揭示的全岩有限应变椭球主面的方位也较为真实可靠。而 Fry 法运用于应变分布不均匀的劈理化岩石中时,能揭示不同变形域的应变特征,从而达到应变分解的目的。     

赣西北中元古界双桥山群岩石有限应变分析

对赣西北中元古界双山群岩石进行系统的有限应变测量,结果表明,双桥山群岩石的主要应变型为平面应主为,其对数Flinn参数K值在0．74－1．44之间,若石应变强度T值在2．59－4．60之间,平均为3．15,表明岩石应变强度较大,岩石有限应变强度具有南强北北,东强西弱的规律,有限应变的椭球X轴优势方位为近东西向,反映双桥山群岩石在变形作用过程中,近南北向压应力作用占主导地位。     

岩石分数阶体积变形模型及其试验研究

为了可以合理地描述岩石的体积变形行为,从分数阶微积分出发,基于分数阶常黏性和变黏性系数Abel黏壶元件,提出了环向-轴向应变分数阶黏壶,构建了岩石在单三轴压缩,松弛及蠕变条件下的分数阶体积应变-轴向应变关系,得到了模型的解析解,新模型可为求解岩石的体积应变提供一种新方法。在完整砂岩、泥岩试样及单裂隙砂岩试样的单三轴压缩、松弛及裂隙花岗岩蠕变试验数据的基础上,通过拟合分析确定了分数阶导数体积-轴向应变关系模型的参数,并进行了参数敏感性分析,揭示了围压、单裂隙倾角、微分阶数及模型参数对体积应变的影响规律。结果表明,利用该黏壶构建的体积-轴向应变关系模型,不仅可以更好地描述岩石体积变形的剪缩、剪胀特性,还能够反映岩石的松弛及蠕变变形特性。     

Strain analysis of passive elliptical markers: success of de-straining methods

Where passive elliptical markers are homogeneously and coaxially strained the strain ellipse ratio may be estimated to within 10%. This takes account of inaccuracies in measurement and does not assume knowledge of the strain ellipse's orientation. Between 50 and 75 markers are needed to achieve this accuracy and larger sample sizes do not significantly improve on this. The de-straining methods use two different tests for randomness of the de-strained fabric. One of these, the runs test, is particularly sensitive to clustering in the angular distribution and may be of particular value in de-straining sedimentary fabrics. De-straining methods are warranted where the strain ellipse ratio is ?3.0 in natural data.     

鄂东南铁山不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是亚洲首个发现骨节状石香肠构造的地区。以该区不对称骨节状石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、运动学涡度等相关参数及有限应变椭圆长轴展布方位的分布图。对所获数据资料研究表明:该不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层的应变受其能干层控制,有限应变值与其离能干层的距离趋于负相关,且与其矿物颗粒粒径呈负相关,在平行于石香肠构造伸展方向上基质层有限应变分布不均;石香肠体附近与之相近规模的变形构造可使其相应基质中的应变分布紊乱;该不对称骨节状石香肠构造是由早期平行于层面简单剪切叠加晚期平行层面伸长、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切作用形成。与不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造对比研究表明,两者基质层中简单剪切与纯剪切的分布均分别与其相对增厚与减薄区段对应,而两者形态的不同主要与石香肠体不连续处充填物的能干性不同有关,再次表明两者均是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

Estimation of viscosity contrast and finite strain from deformed elliptical inclusions

A method of strain analysis is described which takes into account a possible competence difference between the strain markers and the rest of the rock. Using data consisting of the sectional shapes and orientations of groups of inclusions from conglomerate-like rocks, limits are placed on the possible effective viscosity contrast between the inclusions and the rock as a whole as well as on the bulk finite strain suffered by the rock. These results are calculated using a computer program, based on the theory for the deformation of elliptical cylinders. The method can be considered an extension of the Rf/φ method, but provides more information and involves less restrictive assumptions.     

岩石有限应变测量反向轮法的计算机CSD软件设计

用计算机实现反向轮法测岩石有限应变的过程, 可提高有限应变测量的准确性和效率.开发出了用Visual Basic 5.0编写的CSD软件, 利用岩石薄片图像或者矿物颗粒轮廓图测出岩石有限应变的大小及应变椭圆长轴方向, 同时测出矿物颗粒分布的优选方位.其操作相当简便, 首先统计出图像中0°~180°各方向上矿物颗粒的边界数目; 然后在方位-边界坐标系中投点, 并利用最小二乘法进行数据点的多项式曲线拟合; 最后求出曲线的极值点坐标, 并根据坐标绘制相应的应变椭圆.软件运行中, 统计出的边界数据和拟合曲线以及应变椭圆图形都是可视的, 并能进行相应的保存.      

基于3D-DIC技术岩石广义应力松弛特性试验研究

基于可视化三轴压缩伺服控制试验系统和三维数字图像相关技术(简称3D-DIC技术),开展了不同流变方向系数α下的广义应力松弛试验,对广义应力松弛过程中砂岩表面的应变演化规律进行了探讨。研究结果表明:在流变过程中若砂岩有发生破坏的趋势,其表面的轴向、径向应变场的应变集中区域逐步显现,轴向应变集中区域由层状离散分布逐渐向即将出现裂纹的位置集中,而径向应变场中在裂纹即将形成区域附近应变增长速率最快。不同表面位置轴向、径向应变差异的演化速率与其整体演化速率的变化趋势呈现正相关,在即将形成裂纹附近的轴向、径向应变变化量发展经历减速、等速、加速3个阶段,而远离裂纹处的应变则可能先增大后减小,不同位置应变值的等时曲线演化则预示裂纹即将形成的区域。随着流变方向系数α由0.3、0、-3.0、∞、3.0依次变迁,流变过程中轴向、径向应变场整体演化的均值与方差均上升,说明其演化速率加快,应变集中现象更显著,且砂岩破坏前后的应变场演化差异增大。     

Kinematics in Magmatic Rocks with Special Reference to Gabbros

The orientation of particles in suspension flow and the kinematicanalysis of magmatic rocks are illustrated by flow structuresin layered gabbros from the Skaergaard intrusion and the Omanophiolite. In homogeneous flow by simple shear, the shape-preferredorientation of particles tends to become parallel to the flowplane at large strain. Shear criteria are given by tiling, obliquitiesbetween particles of different aspect ratios, and obliquitiesbetween these structures and passive markers (enclaves). Heterogeneousflow with flow partitioning (S/C, shear bands) and vorticity(folds, rotated enclaves) produces spectacular magmatic structuresin layered gabbros, mimicking solid-state structures in metamorphicrocks; they give shear-sense indications concordant with homogeneousflow markers, but are much easier to use. The strong layeringin these gabbros, which is itself flow related, tends to channelthe flow and can often be used as a flow-plane indicator.     

Strain analysis using deformed line distributions

This paper describes a new technique of strain analysis using passively deformed linear markers which were initially uniformly or symmetrically distributed in a plane. The axial ratio of the strain ellipse is determined from the quartiles or other percentiles of the deformed distribution. The technique permits statistical testing of assumptions and rapid reconstruction of the undeformed state.     

Stress–Strain Model for Carbonate Rocks Based on Haldane’s Distribution Function

Summary. This paper presents a model created by the author to predict stress–strain relationships for weak to strong carbonate rocks (σ_c < 100 MPa) exhibiting axial strains up to 1%. The stress–strain model based on Haldane’s distribution function (Haldane, 1919) relates the axial stress (or normalized axial stress) to the square of an exponential function where the exponent is axial strain. To obtain accurate stress–strain relationship over the whole pre-failure strain with the proposed stress–strain model, it is necessary to have only one datum point (peak axial stress and maximum axial strain at this peak stress). It is shown that the stress–strain relationships observed in laboratory compression tests on samples collected from six carbonate rock formations (chalk, dolomites and limestones) from different parts of Israel, agree well with the stress–strain prediction model proposed by the author.     

加载速度对岩样全部变形特征的影响

利用编制的计算平面应变压缩岩样轴向、侧向、体积应变及泊松比的FISH函数,采用FLAC模拟了加载速度对剪切带图案及岩样全部变形特征的影响。在峰前及峰后,本构模型分别取为线弹性及莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。加载速度较低及适中时,岩样发生单剪切破坏,剪切带倾角及宽度不受加载速度影响,应力-轴向应变曲线及应力与侧向应变曲线软化段的斜率不依赖于加载速度;高加载速度使岩样发生X型剪切破坏,两种曲线软化段较平缓;在相同的轴向应变时,高加载速度使剪切带长度降低。随着加载速度的增加,岩样失稳破坏的前兆越来越明显,当加载速度较高时,前兆反而不明显,这是由于应力存在较大的波动,导致不正确地估计了应力峰值所对应的轴向应变。在应变软化阶段,高加载速度使侧向应变与轴向应变曲线、泊松比与轴向应变曲线及体积应变与轴向应变曲线变平缓,也使体积应变与轴向应变曲线的峰值及对应的轴向应变增加。     

Rotation and strain of linear and planar structures in three-dimensional progressive deformation

Rotation and progressive strain have been studied for a sheet embedded in a matrix which undergoes rotational three-dimensional strain under constant volume conditions. The mathematics gives explicit information on the following features:

1. (1) The length and position (relative to a defined coordinate system) of the principal axes of the strain ellipsoid at any stage of the progressive deformation.

2. (2) The position and length of the principal axes in any plane intersecting the strain ellipsoid, also at any stage of the deformation.

3. (3) The position and length of passive markers which initially coincided with the principal axes in an intersecting plane. This is of consequence for the distinction between passively rotating structures and actively forming structures.

4. (4) The shear strain parallel to an intersecting plane or sheet, as indicated by the angular difference between the normal to an intersecting plane at any time and the marker at the same time which initially, however, was parallel to the normal. This layer-parallel shear causes boudins to rotate and the axial plane of buckles to tilt.

The relationships have been expressed quantitatively in the bulk of the paper and illustrated in diagrams. The analysis presented is basic for the study of the deformational behavior of competent sheets of rocks embedded in less competent ones.