南海东北部海陆联测与海底地震仪探测

利用三分量海底地震仪、陆上便携式地震仪和海上气枪震源在南海东北部首次进行了海陆联合的深地震探测,测线呈北北西-南南东方向,垂直于区域构造走向,总长达500km,所获得的数据质量好,深部信息丰富,可分辨出Pg、Pn、PmP等地震相,为南海东北部深部地壳结构及油气盆地形成演化的研究提供了重要的基础数据。     

南沙西南部下地壳高速层成因

高速层成因的争议限制了对南海深部结构、构造演化以及南海完整演化历史的认识.运用Oasis Montaj软件对穿越南沙西南部的最新地震测线进行重震联合反演,分析莫霍面起伏、地壳厚度及高速层的分布,计算全壳伸展因子和现今高速层的温度、识别火山时代,并探讨高速层的成因.南薇西盆地和礼乐盆地区伸展因子为1.5~4.0,未达到蛇纹石发育条件;南沙海槽区伸展因子大,最大为11.2,海水可通过深大断裂下渗与橄榄岩反应生成蛇纹石,高速层处温度低于蛇纹石稳定温度;通过地震剖面确定火山在南海停止扩张之后形成.研究结果表明,南沙西南部高速层按成因分为两类,南薇西盆地和礼乐盆地区为南海扩张停止后火山喷发残余的岩浆,而南沙海槽盆地区为早期橄榄岩的蛇纹石化与南海停止扩张后岩浆的混合体.      

南海重力异常特征及其显著的构造意义

在南海地区地震测深数据有限的情况下,利用重力异常可以研究南海大范围的深部地壳结构及地质构造展布特征。基于空间重力异常,结合最新的地形、沉积物厚度及地震测深等数据,分别从地震约束的莫霍面反演和无约束的三维相关成像两个视角研究南海的地壳结构,利用壳幔界面起伏、地壳厚度及三维等效密度分布来探讨地壳结构的纵横向变化。同时,联合采用延拓、水平梯度及线性构造增强滤波方法聚焦重力异常中的区域线性特征,突出显示了反映地壳横向变化的深断裂、洋陆转换边界、海盆扩张轴等线性构造的展布。重力解释与贯穿南海南北的广州-巴拉望地学断面对比表明,重力异常反演及异常的区域线性特征,较好地揭示了南海海域大范围的地壳结构与区域构造展布。     

南海海盆区深部结构的不对称性及控制因素

南海海盆区具有复杂的构造演化史,但目前对其深部结构的不对称性的研究和控制因素的探讨还存在不足.利用南海最新的重力数据和从27条地震剖面上获取的海盆范围沉积物精确数据计算了全海盆的剩余地幔布格重力异常(residual mantle Bouguer anomaly,RMBA),并反演了海盆的地壳厚度,运用Crust1.0...     

Crustal structure beneath the east side of Pearl River Estuary from onshore-offshore seismic experiment

ABSTRACT

The land-sea transition zone in the northern South China Sea (SCS) records important information from the continental rifting to the seafloor spreading. The crustal structure is the key to explore the deep tectonic environment and the evolution of the SCS. In 2015, the onshore-offshore 3D deep seismic experiment was carried out on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Explosions and air guns were used as sources on land and at sea respectively in this experiment.Onshore seismic stations and Ocean Bottom Seismographs (OBSs) synchronously recorded the seismic signals. We focus on an onshore-offshore seismic profile (L2, SE-trending) along the eastern side of the PRE. By modelling the seismic travel times, we constructed a P-wave velocity model along the profile. The model shows that the sediment on land is thin and has seismic velocities of 4.5–5.5 km/s. In contrast, thickness of the offshore sediment gradually increases to more than 4.0 km, and the velocities vary between 2.0 km/s and 4.5 km/s. The onshore and offshore crustal velocities are 5.8–6.8 km/s and 5.5–6.8 km/s, respectively. At depth between 15 km and 20 km, a low-velocity layer (LVL; only 5.9 km/s) is detected, pinching out under the Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ). The LVL has probably accommodated the crustal extension beneath the land area, resulting in low extent of the crustal thinning. A slightly uplifted Moho exists beneath the Dongguan fault depression zone, representing a place where hot mantle materials ascend. Localized thickening of the sediments and rapid thinning of the crust characterize the LFZ, and it can be regarded as a tectonic boundary between the South China (SC) with normal continental crust and the northern SCS margin with extended continental crust.     

黔西南中部卡林型金矿床冲断褶皱构造的地震 勘探证据及意义

地震勘探资料对黔西南中部卡林型金矿赋存层位上二叠统龙潭组煤系地层、东吴不整合面和广西不整合面显示良好。该地区卡林型金矿主要受冲断褶皱构造的控制。在地震剖面上,根据卡林型金矿在冲断褶皱构造中的位置,可以将其划分为两类,即断层控制型金矿和断层伴生型金矿。在断层控制型金矿床中,断层 “上陡下缓”,为低角度逆冲断层,断层上盘常发育不对称背斜构造,断层向下在上二叠统龙潭组煤系地层、“大厂层”凝灰岩和东吴运动形成的不整合面间滑脱,金矿体产于低角度逆冲断层中,在浅部为脉状矿体,在深部渐变为缓斜穿层矿体。断层伴生型金矿床发育于由高角度断层引起的层间滑动带,呈似层状。印支晚期华南古特提斯洋的相继闭合是形成北西向和北东向两组主要冲断褶皱构造的主控因素。地震勘探资料揭示,黔西南中部还存在与已经发现卡林型金矿的冲断褶皱构造带类似的构造,找矿前景较好。     

南海中央海盆条带状磁异常特征与海底扩张

在我国南海中央海盆中分布着大范围的规律性很强的条带状磁异常(近50万km²)。对它们进行分析、对比与解释,认为这是我国疆界内存在的由中央扩张脊型海底扩张产生的磁条带地层的反映,是洋壳增生的一个实例。它发生在新生代第三纪中晚期,距今32.3Ma～1.7Ma,具有太平洋西部边缘海底扩张型特点。对国内外地学界有争议的南中国海的形成与演化有了进一步的认识,对南海深部地质构造、地壳结构的研究和矿产资源开发等都具有重要意义。     

关于南海北部特提斯的讨论

南海及邻区处于欧亚大陆与冈瓦纳古陆拼合带的东南端,是特提斯构造域和濒太平洋构造域交汇的重要地区.特提斯缝合带沿金沙江-哀牢山构造带进入南海,人们从而认为南海可能存在特提斯洋遗迹,并认为缝合带存在于磁静区中.本文通过对南海北部陆坡地球物理资料的解释结果,包括重力、磁力、海底地震和深反射地震数据,以及区域地质特征分析,研究...     

南海中西部地貌单元划分及其特征和成因分析

南海中西部处于南海北部和南部的过渡带,夹持于印支地块和南海海底扩张中心之间,其特殊的地貌对于研究整个南海地质地貌有重要意义。本文基于广州海洋地质调查局在南海中西部海洋地质调查项目获取的水深、底质调查及地震剖面数据,结合该海域以往研究成果,提取了有关地貌的信息,编制了南海中西部地貌图。把研究区划分出陆架、陆坡和深海盆地三个二级地貌单元,以及水下岸坡、水下浅滩、海岭、峡谷、麻坑、阶地、盆地、海台、海山、深海扇、深海平原等众多次级地貌单元。文章详细描述了该海域各地貌单元的特征,提出了断层、火山、构造隆起和浊流等地质作用是本区地貌形成的主要因素。     

南海东北部磁静区深部构造及成因模式

2001年7-8月,国家重点基础研究发展规划项目（973）的二级课题《中国边缘海前新生代基底特征及其构造格局》与两岸合作课题《南海东北部与台湾间的构造及地球物理研究》合作在南海东北部地区开展了重、磁、震资料的海上采集航次,获取了大量珍贵数据,其中973NH-01与MLTW测线垂直穿越了南海东北部传统意义上的磁静区。以这两条测线的重磁资料为主,结合地震解释剖面,对磁静区的重磁异常特征、重磁基底及深部构造进行了深入的分析和研究,并结合前人工作对磁静区的成因模式提出了新的解释,认为磁静区位于南海北部被动大陆边缘的洋陆交界带（COB）,独特的动力构造背景导致其下伏的地幔高热物质上涌并沿构造薄弱带侵入成岩墙,进而造成区域居里面抬升,磁性层减薄,磁异常减弱而形成磁静区。     

珠江口外海域滨海断裂带沿构造走向的变化特征

珠江口外海域滨海断裂带是南海北部陆缘重要的控震和发震构造,其研究关系到区域防震抗震、地壳稳定性评价及对南海构造演化的认识.为探明滨海断裂带沿构造走向上的变化特征,对2015年珠江口海陆联测数据进行了处理,使用射线追踪、走时模拟等方法,获得了珠江口西侧的地壳纵波速度结构模型和滨海断裂带在珠江口地区的发育位置和构造形态等信息.结果显示,珠江口西侧滨海断裂带总体倾向SE,向下可能延伸至莫霍面;沉积层在断裂带陆侧较薄,在滨海断裂带处突然增厚;断裂带内地壳速度为5.3~6.7 km/s,相对两侧地壳表现出低速特征;莫霍面的埋深由断裂带陆侧的28.5 km抬升至其海侧的24.5 km;海陆两侧的地壳结构具有明显的非均一性.对比前人在珠江口东侧的研究成果,珠江口外滨海断裂带总体形态特征相似,但也表现出明显的差异,自东向西,断裂带内部的结构形态从简单变得复杂,逐渐发育明显的阶梯状断层;北界断裂从断距很大的陡崖式正断层逐渐转变为断距较小的低角度正断层,且北界断裂的位置向北错动了一段距离,断裂带内的低速异常则逐渐变弱.本研究不但可以加深对滨海断裂带浅、深部结构的认识,而且还能为研究南海北部陆缘的发震构造提供参考.      

深地震探测揭示的华南地区莫霍面深度

从20世纪70年代以来, 在华南地区进行了大量的深地震探测研究。本文通过对华南地区的深地震探测研究的总结和梳理, 探讨了华南大陆及其邻近海域的莫霍面变化情况, 结果表明: 华南大陆莫霍面形态变化较大, 总体变化趋势是由西部向东部呈逐渐抬升; 华南大陆最深的莫霍面出现在攀西地区北缘, 最浅的莫霍面出现在衢州盆地, 两者差35 km; 华南地区周缘断裂均存在莫霍面错断; 华南加里东造山带莫霍面深度浅于台湾造山带; 东海边缘海与南海北缘地壳厚度明显不同。这些特征可能指示了不同区域所经历的岩石圈及地壳演化过程不同, 其中攀西地区的莫霍面较厚可能同青藏高原物质东流有关, 华南造山带的地壳减薄缘于后期遭受的伸展作用, 东海及南海的莫霍面深度反映了两者处于不同的陆缘位置, 前者为活动大陆边缘, 后者为被动大陆边缘。     

南海西北次海盆及其邻区的地热流特征与研究

西北次海盆是南海海盆的一个重要构造单元,揭示西北次海盆的地热流特征对于整体认识南海海盆热状态和热结构至关重要.沿着OBS2006-1地震剖面采集的一批实测地热流数据显示,该热流探测剖面横穿南海北部陆坡、西北次海盆、中沙隆起、东部次海盆4个构造单元,结合地震解释剖面等资料对西北次海盆进行地热流特征分析及研究.结果表明:西北次海盆的平均热流密度值为104.5±9.9 mW/m2,与中沙隆起相邻的东部次海盆北部的平均热流密度值为97±2.5 mW/m2,热流密度值的空间变化与地幔埋深起伏相对应,并受地幔热源所控制;通过研究热流异常点,发现水深相近的相邻站位之间的海底表层沉积物温度差异是判别测站受海底地下水热循环影响程度和类型的依据之一;用最新海洋地热流探测成果,结合区域地质与地球物理资料,推测西北次海盆形成演化时代与西南次海盆相近,只是它的生命史比较短暂.      

南海中央次海盆OBS位置校正及三维地震探测新进展

南海中央次海盆首次开展的三维海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer, OBS)探测试验, 对于全面认识南海扩张脊处速度展布特征及海底扩张历史有着重要意义.海底地震仪的位置是研究三维地震结构的关键参数之一, 高精度的三维OBS数据处理, 决定着后期地震结构反演模型的分辨率与准确性.利用直达水波走时信息, 综合最小二乘法反演原理, 并采用蒙特卡罗法模拟OBS降落海底的过程, 完成了南海中央次海盆试验区39台OBS数据格式转换与位置校正工作; 同时探讨了蒙特卡罗法应用于位置校正的精度问题.处理后OBS综合记录剖面中展示了多组清晰可靠、来自珍贝-黄岩火山链下深部结构中的P波震相, 如Pg、PmP和Pn震相, 为下一步南海中央次海盆的三维层析成像奠定了坚实数据基础.      

中亚造山带东段深地震反射剖面大炮揭露下地壳与Moho结构——数据处理与初步解释

深地震反射大炮数据能够准确地获得下地壳和Moho的精细结构及其横向变化信息,揭露岩石圈尺度的构造样式与深部过程。中亚造山带东段位于古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋三大构造域的叠合区域,其岩石圈结构记录了大洋,特别是古亚洲洋消亡方式和大陆增生的深部过程。本文选用横过中亚造山带东段（奈曼旗—东乌珠穆沁旗,长约400 km）深地震反射剖面中的24个大炮数据和2个中炮数据,通过数据处理获得了近垂直反射的大炮单次剖面,揭露出中亚造山带东段下地壳及Moho的精细结构,刻画出古亚洲洋消亡极性与中亚造山带增生造山的深部过程：西拉木伦缝合带与贺根山缝合带构成古亚洲洋消亡的双缝合带,西拉木伦缝合带下方古亚洲洋板块以向南消亡为主,贺根山缝合带下方古亚洲洋板块以向北消亡为主,后者规模大于前者。在两个缝合带之间下地壳呈现出几个大规模的块状弧状反射体,推测是大洋中的残余微地块,在古亚洲洋消亡过程中拼接在一起,成为中亚造山带增生造山的一部分,并遭受了碰撞挤压和后造山伸展作用。Moho位于双程走时12 s附近（厚度约36 km）,近于水平展布,沿整条剖面起伏不大。平缓的Moho成因与造山后的地壳伸展作用相关。     

基于各向异性理论的深水区地震资料叠前处理技术

南海北部深水区白云凹陷海底地质构造复杂、速度变化剧烈,各向异性现象普遍存在,多次波极为发育,地震成像难度大。为了更好地提高该深水区地震资料的成像质量,笔者引入了基于各向异性介质的叠前地震资料处理技术,并将其应用到深水白云6-1工区。该技术系列主要由三维广义多次波衰减、各向异性速度分析和偏移成像等技术组成。深水资料应用结果表明：GSMP建立的多次波模型,能有效地压制多次波,使剖面更显著;基于各向异性的高密度速度分析可以更好地描述地质信息;剖面的断层能量在基于各向异性叠前时间偏移处理后得到聚焦,最终该技术系列提高了地震资料的成像质量。     

Types,characteristics and implication for hydrocarbon exploration of the Middle Miocene deep-water sediments in Beikang Basin,southern South China Sea

The internal seismic architectures of the Middle Miocene in Beikang Basin, southern South China Sea, were investigated and described using regional 2D seismic data from Guangzhou Marine Geology Survey. In particular, five typical seismic facies were identified based on an integrated analysis of the amplitude, continuity, contact relationship, and morphologies of seismic reflections. Bathyal-abyssal fine-grained sediments, deltaic front sandy bodies, turbidites, and small-scale turbidite channels were developed in the Middle Miocene according to the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the sedimentary basins in the southern South China Sea. The findings of this study suggest that deltaic front sandy bodies and turbidites can be considered as the two major types of deep-water clastic reservoirs for the depression stage of Beikang Basin. A well-developed source-reservoir-cap assemblage was composed by deep rift-stage source rocks, deep-water clastic reservoirs of the Middle Miocene, and bathyal-abyssal deep-water fine-grained sediments after the Middle Miocene, implying a good potential for hydrocarbon exploration.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Three‐dimensional seismic characterization of a complex sediment drift in the South China Sea: Evidence for unsteady flow regime

This study describes a previously unobserved reflection seismic configuration comprising a honeycomb planform and a repeated erosion/infill cross‐section, based on high‐resolution three‐dimensional/two‐dimensional seismic data and bathymetric data. The honeycomb structures cover an area of more than 5000 km² and are developed within the Late Miocene to recent deep‐water sediments of the north‐western South China Sea. Linear erosional troughs up to 10 km long and 1 km wide are widely developed in this area, are intimately related to the particular seismic configuration and interpreted to represent a new type of sediment drift that is caused by unsteady bottom current regimes operating since the Late Miocene. The unsteady bottom current regimes are suggested to be triggered by irregular seabed morphologies. Considerable sea‐floor topography was generated as a direct result of tectonic movements in the area since the Late Miocene, and this topography then influenced the pathways of strong bottom currents. This study highlights that: (i) an unsteady bottom current regime can be laterally extensive and persist for millions of years; (ii) structurally controlled sea‐floor relief plays an important role in controlling the depositional pattern; and (iii) the bottom currents were active since the Late Miocene, flowing from the south‐east through the Xisha–Guangle Gateway and crossing the honeycomb structure zone. This study documents a new style of drift and will help to improve current knowledge of palaeoceanography and understanding of the South China Sea deep‐water circulation which is at present still poorly understood.     

Prospective prediction and exploration situation of marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas in the South Yellow Sea

The South Yellow Sea Basin is a large sedimentary basin superimposed by the Mesozoic-Paleozoic marine sedimentary basin and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrestrial sedimentary basin, where no oil and gas fields have been discovered after exploration for 58 years. After the failure of oil and gas exploration in terrestrial basins, the exploration target of the South Yellow Sea Basin turned to the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. After more than ten years’ investigation and research, a lot of achievements have been obtained. The latest exploration obtained effective seismic reflection data of deep marine facies by the application of seismic exploration technology characterized by high coverage, abundant low-frequency components and strong energy source for the deep South Yellow Sea Basin. In addition, some wells drilled the Middle-Upper Paleozoic strata, with obvious oil and gas shows discovered in some horizons. The recent petroleum geological research on the South Yellow Sea Basin shows that the structure zoning of the marine residual basin has been redetermined, the basin structure has been defined, and 3 seismic reflection marker layers are traceable and correlatable in the residual thick Middle-Paleozoic strata below the continental Meso-Cenozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin. Based on these, the seismic sequence of the marine sedimentary strata was established. According to the avaliable oil and gas exploration and research, the marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic oil and gas prospects of the South Yellow Sea were predicted as follows. (1) The South Yellow Sea Basin has the same sedimentary formation and evolution history during the sedimentary period of the Middle-Paleozoic marine basin with the Sichuan Basin. (2) There are 3 regional high-quality source rocks. (3) The carbonate and clastic reservoirs are developed in the Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata. (4) The three source-reservoir-cap assemblages are relatively intact. (5) The Laoshan Uplift is a prospect area for the Lower Paleozoic oil and gas, and the Wunansha Uplift is one for the marine Upper Paleozoic oil and gas. (6) The Gaoshi stable zone in the Laoshan Uplift is a favorable zone. (7) The marine Mesozoic-Paleozoic strata in the South Yellow Sea Basin has the geological conditions required to form large oil and gas fields, with remarkable oil and gas resources prospect. An urgent problem to be addressed now within the South Yellow Sea Basin is to drill parametric wells for the Lower Paleozoic strata as the target, to establish the complete stratigraphic sequence since the Paleozoic period, to obtain resource evaluation parameters, and to realize the strategic discovery and achieve breakthrough in oil and gas exploration understanding.©2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

二十一世纪的地震勘探技术

2 1世纪 ,地震勘探技术将进一步发展 ,三维地震的主流技术地位仍不可动摇 ,提高三维地震的分辨率是进一步提高三维地震解决地质问题能力的主要发展方向。三维叠前深度偏移技术将进一步发展并成为常规处理技术 ,全三维可视化解释将使三维地震信息得到更充分的利用。多波地震将全面应用于油气勘探。该项技术的应用 ,将使地震勘探技术从构造勘探真正推向岩性勘探 ,推向直接找油找气。时间延迟地震标志着开发地震已走向实用 ,其技术的发展有赖于三维地震技术发展