The patterns of distribution of chlorophyll a and primary production in coastal upwelling area off Zhejiang

-Investigations of Chi, a and primary production were carried out in the coastal upwelling area (27°'-30°30'N, west to 124°00'E) off Zhejiang in August and October 1981. The high-value areas of Chl. a were in nearshore waters and on top of the upwelling front, where Chl. a occurred the maximum 7.40 mg/m3. With the average of 1.25 g C/m2.d, the primary production was more than 2.0gC/m2·d incenteral area of the upwelling, and the whole surveyed area's output was about 4.4 ×104 tons C/d.     

A numerical study for the coastal upwelling and the coastal front off Zhejiang coast

A two-dimensional numerical model is constructed to study the interaction between the coastal upwelling and the coastal front off Zhejiang coast in summer. In the f-plane model, the shelf topography, continuous stratification, and Richardson number-dependent eddy coefficients are considered. The results show that the coastal up-welling off Zhejiang in summer can be divided into two regions, the nearshore one (Region A) and the offshore one (Region B). In Region A, the alongshore wind stress has more important effect on the coastal upwelling while in Region B, the upwelling is mainly induced by the Taiwan Warm Current. The results also suggest that the formation of coastal front off Zhejiang in summer is closely related to the strength of the coastal upwelling in Region A.     

闽浙沿岸海域溶解态铝的分布及其影响因素

闽浙沿岸海域是我国赤潮多发区之一,为研究浮游植物对铝的清除提供了良好的场所。于2007年5月和2008年5月对该区域溶解态铝的分布进行了调查分析,讨论了水团混合、悬浮颗粒物以及浮游植物水华对溶解态铝分布的影响,结果表明,溶解态铝的分布表现为近岸高、远岸低、表层浓度低于底层的特点,统计分析显示两年观测的结果无显著差异。影响溶解态铝分布的因素主要有水团混合和底沉积物的再悬浮,此外浮游植物水华对溶解态铝也具有一定的清除作用。     

用沿岸上升流指数分析中国东南沿岸风生上升流的特征

对1968年1月到2007年12月中国东南沿海(17°N～30°N,109°E～123°E)上升流指数月平均数据进行分析,结论如下:(1)风生沿岸上升流主要在4-8月间发生于海南岛东部、雷州半岛东部、汕头以北至浙江沿岸.(2)风生沿岸上升流的强度具有时空分布变化特征,其中海南岛东部沿岸上升流最强,浙江沿岸其次;整个中国...     

Phytoplankton assemblages in the CoOP-WEST coastal upwelling area

Elevated levels of phytoplankton were observed at the Northern California coastal upwelling ecosystem studied as part of the CoOP-WEST project during monthly summer surveys in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The high concentrations of chlorophyll were made up mostly of larger cells; the phytoplankton communities that resulted were dominated by centric diatoms. The highest chlorophyll a concentrations were observed when large diatoms or small colony-forming species dominated the assemblages. In contrast, when smaller nano-flagellates and picoplankton were dominant, total chlorophyll a concentrations were over four or five-fold lower than when diatoms were prevalent, illustrating the importance of large diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass. Each year, when chlorophyll concentrations were greatest, Chaetoceros species created a Chaetoceros-dominated system. A few other genera contributed to the upwelling diatom community, mostly the centric diatoms Asterionella, Thalassiosira, Rhizosolenia (including Guinardia and Proboscia), and the pennate Nitzschia. These diatoms have been described in other coastal upwelling ecosystems, and at this study site form a functional group that are apparently well adapted to the high-nutrient, turbulent conditions that are typical of these coastal regions.     

山东半岛东部近海海水溶解氧时空变化

山东半岛沿岸海域陆海相互作用强烈,有着复杂水动力环境的同时也是我国重要的渔业资源区和水产养殖区,针对其DO时空变化特征及影响机制的研究具有重要意义.本文基于2015—2017年期间的监测数据,研究了山东半岛东部近海海水溶解氧的时空变化特征,并结合实测的温度、盐度、pH数据探究其影响机制.结果表明:表、底层溶解氧的空间分...     

冬季婆罗洲岛西北沿岸上升流的时空特征及机理研究

Winter coastal upwelling off northwest Borneo in the South China Sea(SCS) is investigated by using satellite data, climatological temperature and salinity fields and reanalysis data. The upwelling forms in December, matures in January, starts to decay in February and almost disappears in March. Both Ekman transport induced by the alongshore winter monsoon and Ekman pumping due to orographic wind stress curl are favorable for the upwelling. Transport estimates demonstrate that the month-to-month variability of Ekman transport and Ekman pumping are both consistent with that of winter coastal upwelling, but Ekman transport is two times larger than Ekman pumping in January and February. Under the influence of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), the upwelling shows remarkable interannual variability: during winter of El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, an anticyclonic(a cyclonic) wind anomaly is established in the SCS, which behaves a northeasterly(southwesterly) anomaly and a positive(negative) wind stress curl anomaly off the northwest Borneo coast, enhancing(reducing) the upwelling and causing anomalous surface cooling(warming) and higher(lower) chlorophyll concentration. The sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) associated with ENSO off the northwest Borneo coast has an opposite phase to that off southeast Vietnam, resulting in a SSTA seesaw pattern in the southern SCS in winter.     

Poleward shift of the coastal upwelling region off the California coast

Yoshida (1967) pointed out that the coastal upwelling region may not coincide with the intense longshore wind region and shift poleward. In order to clarify this poleward shift from the existing data, the monthly mean distributions of the offshore Ekman transport and the coastal upwelling intensity are estimated along the California coast from U. S. Daily Weather Maps and from the CCOFI data in 1949, respectively. The results show that the center of the coastal upwelling region is generally shifted to the north from the position of the maximum offshore Ekman transport. The detailed discussions are given for the case of August 1949 when the shift is seen most clearly.     

Air-sea gas transfer in a shallow,flowing and coastal environment estimated by dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved oxygen analyses

We estimated gas exchange rates in Kabira Reef at Ishigaki Island, southwest Japan, using a mass balance calculation with dual “biological” tracers: dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The nighttime results allowed us to obtain reasonable gas transfer velocity k _w values, all of which exceeded those obtained in wind-dominant studies. The difference is likely due to the contribution of turbulence generated by the interaction between the current and bottom topography. The k _w obtained during high tides is consistent with that reported by Raymond and Cole (2001), whereas k _w during low tides is significantly higher, which seems to be caused by enhanced friction with the bottom of the reef and/or bubble-induced gas transfer by wave breaking at the reef crest.     

柘林湾水体溶解氧的分布特征及其与营养盐的关系

根据2001年7月～2002年7月间对柘林湾进行的溶解氧和营养盐含量的调查数据,探讨柘林湾海域溶解氧的时空分布规律及其与营养盐之间的相关关系.结果表明柘林湾的溶解氧含量年均值为5.88mg/dm^3,呈河口、湾外高,湾内低的平面分布规律.回归分析表明,柘林湾溶解氧含量与NO3-N含量呈显著的正相关关系,与PO4-P、NH3-N含量呈显著的负相关关系.大规模的养殖生产是影响柘林湾水体DO含量的一个重要因素.     

2003-2004年浙江沿岸海域浮游植物的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

2003年夏季和2004年夏、秋季,分别在浙江沿岸海域10m等深线(以下称内侧海域)和50 m等深线(禁渔线附近,以下称外侧海域)处共设置37个站位,对采集于大、小潮汛期间的浮游植物样品进行了种类组成、优势种、细胞丰度分布和群落结构特征的调查研究,并分析了其分布特征与环境因子的关系.结果表明,调查海域共鉴定出浮游植物3...     

Seasonal and inter-annual variation of mesozooplankton in the coastal upwelling zone off central-southern Chile

Zooplankton sampling at Station 18 off Concepción (36°30′S and 73°07′W), on an average frequency of 30 days (August 2002 to December 2005), allowed the assessment of seasonal and inter-annual variation in zooplankton biomass, its C and N content, and the community structure in relation to upwelling variability. Copepods contributed 79% of the total zooplankton community and were mostly represented by Paracalanus parvus, Oithona similis, Oithona nana, Calanus chilensis, and Rhincalanus nasutus. Other copepod species, euphausiids (mainly Euphausia mucronata), gelatinous zooplankton, and crustacean larvae comprised the rest of the community. Changes in the depth of the upper boundary of the oxygen minimum zone indicated the strongly seasonal upwelling pattern. The bulk of zooplankton biomass and total copepod abundance were both strongly and positively associated with a shallow (<20 m) oxygen minimum zone; these values increased in spring/summer, when upwelling prevailed. Gelatinous zooplankton showed positive abundance anomalies in the spring and winter, whereas euphausiids had no seasonal pattern and a positive anomaly in the fall. The C content and the C/N ratio of zooplankton biomass significantly increased during the spring when chlorophyll-a was high (>5 mg m⁻³). No major changes in zooplankton biomass and species were found from one year to the next. We concluded that upwelling is the key process modulating variability in zooplankton biomass and its community structure in this zone. The spring/summer increase in zooplankton may be largely the result of the aggregation of dominant copepods within the upwelling region; these may reproduce throughout the year, increasing their C content and C/N ratios given high diatom concentrations.     

Nonhydrostatic aspects of coastal upwelling meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries

Coastal upwelling meanders and filaments are common features off eastern ocean boundaries. Their growth is reinvestigated herein using a nonhydrostatic three-dimensional model and a reduced-gravity model, with the objective of assessing contributions from two mechanisms that emerge in the nonhydrostatic regime. The first mechanism is caused by the vertical projection of the Coriolis force in the momentum equation. It is found that the vertical Coriolis force often acts as a restoring force against numerical damping off eastern ocean boundaries and thus enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. The second mechanism arises from unstable ocean stratification when the cold upwelled water intrudes seaward over the warm layer. The unstable stratification, albeit transient, further enhances the growth of meanders and filaments. It is concluded that although nonhydrostatic effects do not change our understanding of how meanders and filaments grow, the realism can be enhanced using a nonhydrostatic model insofar as meanders and filaments off eastern ocean boundaries are concerned.     

台湾海峡中北部夏季溶解氧饱和度分布与上升流的关系

本文据台湾海峡中北部1983年5月至1984年5月、1987年7,8月和1988年5～7月调查资料,讨论了该海域夏季溶解氧饱和度分布特征及其与上升流的关系,结果表明该海区夏季上升流的中心位置经常出现于海坛岛北侧至湄洲岛一带海域,西南季风是该区上升流产生的主要动力因子,该区上升流平均流速为4.4×10~(-3)cm/s。     

Diversity and distribution of bacterioplankton in the coastal upwelling waters off Hainan Island,China

The diversity, community composition and 16 S rRNA gene abundance of bacterioplankton along a transect across an upwelling area off the eastern coast of Hainan Island（the Qiongdong upwelling） were investigated in August of 2016 using high throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR assay of 16 S rRNA genes. Compared with the offshore stations, the inner-shelf stations had higher bacterial gene abundance（up to 3 fold） and operational taxonomic unit richness, a result of the influence of upwelled a...     

春季长江口外上升流的月际变化——以123°E断面为例

上升流是长江口外海域的重要水文现象,为深入了解该海域上升流的活动特征及其月际变化,于2015年春季(4月、5月和6月)对长江口外海域的水文环境进行逐月综合调查,并以123°E断面为例进行分析。结果显示,在春季调查期间,长江口外海域始终存在上升流现象,是由台湾暖流挟带底层高盐海水自南向北不断推进,并在长江口外海域沿海底斜坡涌升而形成。上升流强度在春季逐月增大,表现为:上升流涌升高度逐月变浅,至6月高盐上升流水体的涌升高度已普遍抬升到约15 m以浅水层,最高达到约10 m水深处;其影响范围不断向北扩展。春季,上升流活动区上层海水的温、盐特征逐渐由相对低温、高盐转变为高温、低盐;位于下层的上升流水体的温、盐特征比较稳定,变化幅度较小;上升流活动区的温、盐跃层现象总体呈现出逐月增强的趋势,盐度跃层现象尤为显著,其水平分布呈现出自南向北逐月扩大的变化趋势;跃层深度不断抬升。调查结果的月际变化特征表明,台湾暖流北进强度的逐月增大是导致春季长江口外上升流活动不断增强的主要因素;随着春季低盐长江冲淡水的强度和范围逐月增大,其与下层上升流挟带的高盐涌升水之间的跃层效应逐渐增强,对下层上升流的涌升有抑制作用;春季苏北沿岸流活动对该海域上升流现象的影响不显著。     

Productivity cycles in the coastal upwelling area off Concepción: The importance of diatoms and bacterioplankton in the organic carbon flux

Recurrent coastal upwelling is recognized as one of the main factors promoting the exceptionally high productivity of the Humboldt Current System. Herein, we study time series data of gross primary production (2003-2006) and its fluctuation in relation to seasonal changes in the light and nutrient field of the Concepción upwelling ecosystem. Concurrent measurements of gross primary production, community respiration, bacterial secondary production, and sedimentation rates allowed a characterization of the main carbon fluxes and pathways in the study area. The integrated values of gross primary production were higher during the upwelling period (>1 g C m⁻² d⁻¹; October-April; that is, early spring to early austral fall). Seasonal changes in the system were also reflected in community respiration, organic matter sedimentation, and bacterial production rates, which varied along with the gross primary production. The significant correlation between gross primary production and community respiration (Spearman, r = 0.7; p < 0.05; n = 18) reflected an important degree of coupling between organic matter formation and its usage by the microplanktonic community during periods when gross primary production/community respiration were highly similar. Higher gross primary production values (>6 g C m⁻² d⁻¹) were consistently associated with maximum biomass levels of Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira subtilis. We observed a positive correlation between gross primary production and the sedimentation of intact diatom cells (Spearman, r = 0.5, p < 0.05, n = 17). Our data suggest that, in the Concepción upwelling ecosystem, bacteria utilize an important fraction of the gross primary production. If our interpretations are correct, they leave unanswered the question of how the system supports the extremely high fish biomass levels, therein pointing out the system’s limited capacity to buffer the evasion of CO₂ following upwelling.     

秦皇岛外海夏季溶解氧与pH的变化特征分析

溶解氧(DO)是海洋生物生存不可缺少的要素。随着人类活动的增加,全球近岸海域低氧情况愈发严重,已经成为威胁海洋生态系统健康的重要因素。通过对2017年5-9月秦皇岛外海区域的观测调查,探讨了该海域低氧与酸化的形成机制并计算了月平均耗氧速率。结果表明,5月秦皇岛外海水体混合较为均匀,表、底层DO浓度一致,均大于8 mg/L;6月开始形成密度跃层,与此同时底层DO浓度和pH开始下降;8月底层呈现明显的低氧和酸化状态,DO浓度下降至2～3 mg/L,pH下降至7.8以下;9月随着层化消失,底层水体DO浓度和pH逐渐升高。相关性分析显示,DO和叶绿素a (Chl a)以及pH具有良好的耦合性,说明秦皇岛外海区域的低氧发生过程主要为局地变化。同时表明DO浓度和pH主要受水体中浮游植物的光合作用和有机物有氧分解的影响。通过箱式模型计算得到2017年6-8月密度跃层以下水体及沉积物耗氧速率为951～1 193 mg/(m²·d)[平均为975 mg/(m²·d)]。综合来看,水体分层是秦皇岛外海低氧和酸化发生的先决条件,跃层以下的有机物分解耗氧则是底层水体...