Dynamic factor analysis of long-term growth trends of the intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in southern Taiwan

We examined environmental factors which are most responsible for the 8-year temporal dynamics of the intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in southern Taiwan. A dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a dimension-reduction technique, was applied to identify common trends in a multivariate time series and the relationships between this series and interacting environmental variables. The results of dynamic factor models (DFMs) showed that the leaf growth rate of the seagrass was mainly influenced by salinity (Sal), tidal range (TR), turbidity (K), and a common trend representing an unexplained variability in the observed time series. Sal was the primary variable that explained the temporal dynamics of the leaf growth rate compared to TR and K. K and TR had larger influences on the leaf growth rate in low- than in high-elevation beds. In addition to K, TR, and Sal, UV-B radiation (UV-B), sediment depth (SD), and a common trend accounted for long-term temporal variations of the above-ground biomass. Thus, K, TR, Sal, UV-B, and SD are the predominant environmental variables that described temporal growth variations of the intertidal seagrass T. hemprichii in southern Taiwan. In addition to environmental variables, human activities may be contributing to negative impacts on the seagrass beds; this human interference may have been responsible for the unexplained common trend in the DFMs. Due to successfully applying the DFA to analyze complicated ecological and environmental data in this study, important environmental variables and impacts of human activities along the coast should be taken into account when managing a coastal environment for the conservation of intertidal seagrass beds.     

Effects of different nitrate and phosphate concentrations on the growth and toxin production of an Alexandrium tamarense strain collected from Drake Passage

Nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) are believed to be two of the most important nutrients for the growth and toxin production for Alexandrium species. The study of the growth and toxicity characteristics of the Alexandrium spp. under the change of N and P can help us to understand the dynamics of algal bloom and toxification events in natural environments. A strain of Alexandrium tamarense (designated as Kci) was successfully isolated from the Drake Passage in 2001 and the clonal culture has been kept in our laboratory (Ho et al., 2003, 2012). In order to extend our understanding on the growth physiology and toxicity of this A. tamarense strain, growth and cellular toxin content were examined in unialgal batch cultures under different concentrations of N and P. The effects of variable N, P concentrations on growth, cellular toxicity (fg STXeq. cell⁻¹), and toxin composition (% molar) were determined in both exponential and stationary growth phases. The toxin profile, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD), was found to be remained relatively stable and was consistently dominated by the N-sulfocarbamoyl C-toxins (>90%) under different conditions and growth phases. There were also trace amounts of other carbamate gonyautoxins consistently expressed. The cellular toxicity varied under different N and P concentrations, as well as different growth stages. A positive correlation was observed between cellular toxicity and N concentrations, but the toxicity was enhanced when P was depleted. Both cell densities and growth rate of the cells were severely suppressed under N- or P-depletion. However, the biovolume of the cells tended to be larger at N- or P-depleted cultures. Results from the present study provide valuable insight for the ecophysiology of Alexandrium species in the coastal ecosystem of Drake Passage.     

摄食对锯缘青蟹溞状幼体生长和呼吸的影响

本文采用实验室和现场测定相结合的方法，研究了锯缘青蟹溞状幼体摄食率、摄食和饥饿对幼体生长发育蜕皮以及呼吸的影响.实验结果表明锯缘青蟹第一期溞状幼体(Z     

温度、盐度和光照对浒苔生长和光合作用的影响

Intensive Pyropia aquaculture in the coast of southwestern Yellow Sea and its subsequent waste, including disposed Ulva prolifera, was speculated to be one of the major sources for the large-scale green tide proceeding in the Yellow Sea since 2007. It was, however, unclear how the detached U. prolifera responded and resumed growing after they detached from its original habitat. In this study, we investigated the growth and photosynthetic response of the detached U. prolifera to various temperature, salinity and irradiance in the laboratory. The photosynthetic rate of the detached U. prolifera was significantly higher at moderate temperature levels(14–27°C)and high salinity(26–32), with optimum at 23°C and 32. Both low(14°C) and highest temperature(40°C), as well as low salinity(8) had adverse effects on the photosynthesis. Compared with the other Ulva species, U. prolifera showed higher saturated irradiance and no significant photoinhibition at high irradiance, indicating the great tolerance of U. prolifera to the high irradiance. The dense branch and complex structure of floating mats could help protect the thalli and reduce photoinhibition in field. Furthermore, temperature exerted a stronger influence on the growth rate of the detached U. prolifera compared to salinity. Overall, the high growth rate of this detached U. prolifera(10.6%–16.7% d~(–1)) at a wide range of temperature(5–32°C) and salinity(14–32) implied its blooming tendency with fluctuated salinity and temperature during floating. The environmental parameters in the southwestern Yellow Sea at the beginning of green tide were coincident with the optimal conditions for the detached U. prolifera.     

海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食的研究综述

海洋浮游细菌利用海水中的溶解有机碳合成自身物质,是海洋浮游生态系统的二次生产者。微型浮游动物是细菌的主要摄食者,也是细菌生产向较高营养级传递的中介。研究海洋浮游细菌的生长率和被(微型浮游动物的)摄食率对理解海洋浮游生态系统的功能具有重要作用。本文综述了利用改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)的培养方法研究海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食率的历程和现状,为我国的同类研究提供借鉴。改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)进行培养的方法有海水分粒级培养、海水稀释培养和添加选择性抑制剂培养。这些方法各有其局限性,应用并不广泛。细菌及其主要摄食者异养鞭毛虫群落在自然海区和实验室内都有生长周期,鞭毛虫的生长周期落后于细菌,因此细菌的生长率有时会小于被摄食率,有时会大于被摄食率。我国这方面的研究相对落后,应值得引起重视,建议从海水稀释培养法入手开展相关研究。     

Otolith chemical signature and growth of Chaetodon speculum in coastal areas of New Caledonia

Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They are currently exposed to increasing levels of anthropogenic perturbations. Several recent reviews point to the lack of good indicators for these perturbations especially to monitor their effects on fish populations or fish assemblages. The SW lagoon of New Caledonia is an ideal location to test indicator species in this context as contrasting sites are present within a small geographical range. This study analysed fish from four sites, one with heavy industrial pollution, another dominated by domestic waste, a third with historic mining activities, and the fourth as a control. The butterfly fish, Chaetodon speculum, was chosen to determine C. speculum's potential as an indicator species due to its link to coral, its sedentary behaviour and its wide geographical distribution. The size distribution, growth rate, age distribution and whole otolith composition were analysed at each site. Age and mean growth rate were analysed from daily increments of the otoliths. The concentrations of eight elements (Li, Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Sr, and Ba) were measured by ICP-MS in the otoliths of a subset of individuals. The sites under anthropogenic impact were distinct from the control site by fish size frequencies, age distributions, and the chemical content of their otoliths. The chemical elements Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, and Rb showed differences amongst sites. Fish belonging to the sites furthest from Nouméa could be discriminated in nearly 80% of samples or 60% of the cases when otolith weight or fish age respectively were taken into account. Ni concentrations of the otoliths were also higher in the bays where water concentrations of this element were known to be higher, but these differences were no longer significant once corrected for otolith weight. These results should be mitigated by the fact that: (1) despite significant differences between sites in age distribution and size frequencies there were no differences in growth rates or body condition; (2) differences in age or size were not correlated to perturbation levels; and (3) discrimination between sites based on chemical levels in the otoliths, even though significant, was not sufficient to identify the origin of the fish at a level useful for screening tests. The hypothesis that environmental differences between sites would be reflected in the otolith chemical composition is therefore not fully supported by our results.     

Kinetics of nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth and effects of growth conditions on nutrient uptake inChattonella antiqua

Chattonella antiqua was grown in a nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited semicontinuous culture system. Using the cells in steady growth state, the relationship between growth rate and cell quota and effects of growth conditions on nitrate, ammonium and phosphate uptake were examined. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, growth rate as a function of nitrogen cell quota followed the empirical Droop equation and the uptake of nitrate and ammonium was not significantly affected by growth rate. Similarly, under phosphorus-limited conditions, the growth rate as a function of phosphorus cell quota also followed the Droop equation and phosphate uptake was not significantly affected by growth rate.Combining the results obtained in the present study with those from previous studies on nutrient uptake, half saturation constants for growth (K _g ) were calculated for nitrate, ammonium and phosphate. Comparisons ofK _g with nutrient concentrations in the Seto Inland Sea in summer, where red tides ofC. antiqua often occur, suggest that phosphate is one of the controlling factors for the population ofC. antiqua.     

不同饵料对两种帘蛤科贝类生长性能的影响研究

为探讨不同饵料对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)与文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)生长和存活的影响,本实验选用紫菜(Pyropia)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)、海带(Laminaria japonica)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和人工配合饲料5种饵料,采用单一饵料投喂方式进行饲养.结果表明:小球藻组中特定生长率、存活率及饲料转换率与各饵料组均有显著性差异(P<0.05),青蛤的增质量率显著低于紫菜组、海带组及人工配合饲料组(P>0.05).在人工配合饲料组中青蛤与文蛤的特定生长率与各饵料组均有显著性差异(P<0.05),青蛤的增质量率与各饵料组无显著性差异(P>0.05),文蛤的增质量率显著高于紫菜组、浒苔组及人工配合饲料组(P<0.05).在3组大型藻中,海带组中青蛤的特定生长率为0.07％,增质量率为4.59％,饵料转换率为7.09％,存活率为74％;文蛤的特定生长率0.13％,增质量率为8.36％,饵料转换率为1.41％,存活率为55.6％.综上,小球藻和人工配合饲料有利于青蛤和文蛤的生长,在3组大型藻中,投喂海带有利于文蛤和青蛤的生长和存活.     

绿鳍马面鲀早期生长发育与摄食特性的研究

在人工培育条件下,采用实验生态学方法,对绿鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconusmodestus)仔、稚、幼鱼生长、发育与摄食特性的变化进行了研究。结果表明,绿鳍马面鲀仔、稚、幼鱼的各生长指标可拟合为具有1～2个生长转折点的2～3段直线,其中全长、体长、体质量、肛前长、头长、吻长和体高可拟合为3段直线,眼径可拟合为2段直线。头长在第一转折点后的生长速率显著高于其他指标,除头长和体高在第二个生长转折点后生长速率减慢外,其余各项生长指标生长速度均逐渐加快。3～4日龄"开口期"前后的仔鱼,摄食发生率和饱食率均较低,随后逐渐升高。摄食发生率在12日龄后达到100%,饱食率在25日龄后达到100%(消化道充塞度为3～4级)。绿鳍马面鲀仔、稚、幼鱼均为白天摄食类型,白天摄食量占全天摄食量的71.6%以上。随日龄增长,鱼苗饱食时间呈下降趋势,消化时间则呈上升趋势。了解绿鳍马面鲀早期的生长发育与摄食特性,可为人工育苗管理提供参考,以促进鱼苗生长,提高成活率。     

不同气候年间西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚微结构及生长特性差异

为研究不同气候年间西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚的生长变化特性,根据2019年(厄尔尼诺)和2020年(正常)相同月份(2～5月)中国灯光罩网渔船于西北印度洋采集的1 896尾鸢乌贼样本,通过角质颚研磨,对不同气候年间角质颚的微结构及其生长特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,西北印度洋鸢乌贼角质颚微结构包括头盖和脊突两部分,日龄生长纹以明暗交替的方式呈周期性生长,2019年角质颚生长纹间隔及宽度都较小,色素沉积更浅,纹路异常现象较多。协方差分析表明,不同气候年间角质颚外形特征参数与日龄的关系均存在性别间显著性差异。2019年雌性个体所有外形特征参数与日龄的关系均最适用指数函数表示,但2020年雌性个体所有外形特征参数与日龄的关系均最适用对数函数表示; 2019年雄性个体除下脊突长LCL (lower crest length)与日龄的关系最适用指数函数表示外,其余特征参数与日龄的关系均最适用幂函数表示,2020年雄性个体所有外形特征参数与日龄的关系均最适用线性函数表示。除2020年雄性个体6项特征参数的绝对生长率AGR (absolute growth rate)和瞬时相对生长率IRGR(insta...     

大菱鲆不同家系生长性能的比较

为培育优良的大菱鲆养殖新品种,收集了4个不同地理群体的大菱鲆作亲本,根据巢式设计,采用人工受精技术,在群体间和群体内构建了全同胞和半同胞家系,对其不同生长时期(生长阶段)全同胞家系的生长性能进行了比较.综合不同生长时期家系的体质量差异分析和不同生长阶段家系的生长速度分析,结果表明:来自英国和法国的群体间和群体内家系的生...     

投喂策略对多纹钱蝶鱼幼鱼生长的影响

为研究投喂策略对多纹钱蝶鱼(Selenotoca multifasciata)幼鱼生长的影响,实验选取初始湿体质量为1.19±0.35 g的多纹钱蝶鱼幼鱼进行养殖,实验为期60 d.1)投喂频率实验:实验设计4组,分别为F1(8:00投喂1次),F2(8:00、20:00投喂2次),F3(8:00、14:00、20:0...     

四种不同饵料对真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)生长与肠道微生物影响的研究

本研究分析了不同饵料对真蛸(Octopus vulgaris)生长与肠道微生物的影响。实验采用4种饵料:蓝点马鲛(鱼组)、天津厚蟹(蟹组)、四角蛤蜊(贝组)和日本枪乌贼(鱿鱼组)分别投喂真蛸,分析了各实验组真蛸的日均摄食量、特定生长率、饵料转化率、经济效益比,以及饵料对肠道微生物菌群结构和多样性的影响。实验结果表明:在生长性能指标方面,贝组的日均摄食量最高,而饵料转化率低于鱼组与蟹组;鱼组与蟹组的日均摄食量差异不大,但蟹组真蛸的特定生长率和饵料转化率高于其他三组且经济效益最佳;鱿鱼组的日均摄食量、特定生长率、饵料转化率和经济效益比均低于其他三组。在真蛸肠道微生物群落的丰富度与多样性方面,鱼组均高于其他各组,而鱿鱼组的丰富度最低;在门水平上,软壁菌门、螺旋体门、变形菌门等10个门为真蛸的优势菌群;在属水平上,摄食率最大的贝组真蛸肠道菌群中的支原体、乳球菌等11种菌为优势菌群,特定生长率最大的蟹组中真蛸肠道菌群中的弧菌、小纺锤状菌等5种菌为优势菌群。综合不同饵料对真蛸生长性能指标和肠道菌群的影响,认为蟹类是真蛸理想的饵料。     

Factors involved in growth plasticity of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.), identified by field survey and transplant experiments

In Arcachon Bay, a macrotidal coastal lagoon in southwest France, growth rates of cockles Cerastoderma edule (L.) differ greatly between locations. Sampling of populations at different tidal levels showed that the mean shell length was significantly and positively correlated with immersion time, whereas no correlation was found with population density and microphytobenthos biomass. Transplants of cockles between two intertidal sites were used to examine the relative importance of habitat and site of origin for growth rate and condition index. Artifacts due to manipulation were assessed, i.e. the impact of enclosures on growth, conditon index and mortality. During a 5-mo reciprocal transplant experiment, growth rates of the transplanted cockles and the cockles already present were similar, whereas the sites of origin did not affect growth rate. Condition index, however, displayed significant differences in relation to both transplant and origin sites. During a further 6-mo experiment in which cockles were transplanted from one site to four new sites, growth was mainly influenced by tidal level. These results indicate that net growth started when cockles were immersed 30% of the time. It is concluded that, on the scale of Arcachon Bay (156 km²), differences in growth and condition between cockle populations are largely phenotypic. Tidal level (i.e. food supply and emersion stress) accounts for most of these differences, but the existence of genetically or physiologically different populations cannot be excluded.     

不同流速和苗种规格对缢蛏平面流中间培育效果的影响

为了优化蛏苗集约化平面流中间培育技术,研究了不同进水流速和苗种规格对缢蛏中间培育效果的影响,并分析了集约化平面流中间培育系统的水质状况。结果显示,不同进水流速对缢蛏稚贝生长影响显著,稚贝生长速率随进水流速增加而增加,但成活率下降。通过流速与成活率和体质量日增生长量的线性回归分析,估算0.163L/s为适宜的进水流速。在适宜流速和相同放苗重量下,大规格苗种(8万粒/kg)生长速度显著高于小规格苗种(18万粒/kg),但因为小规格组放苗数量多,小规格组单位面积质量较其高出23.72%。除低流速组以外,平面流中间培育过程对叶绿素a和铵态氮有良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到36.99%和3.88%以上,这表明平面流集约化中间培育在利用海水池塘水体进行苗种中间培育的同时,也起到了池塘养殖水体的净化作用。综合认为,在养殖密度0.5kg/m^2、流速0.163 L/s的培育条件下,可以保证水体自污染程度较低,缢蛏苗种生长较快,成活率在73.12%以上。     

密度胁迫对日本囊对虾生长和水环境的影响

为了探讨密度胁迫对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)生长、存活及水质因子的影响, 作者设置了100尾/m²(DD)、200 尾/m²(GD)、400 尾/m²(GZ)、600 尾/m²(GG)4个养殖密度, 分析了不同养殖密度下日本囊对虾的生长量、存活率、肥满度及水质因子的差异。结果表明, 实验所监测的水质因子均在对虾生长的安全阈值内, 氨态氮、亚硝态氮、总氮和总磷含量表现出随养殖密度增加逐渐升高的趋势; 体长和体质量增长量、存活率与养殖密度呈负相关, 其中存活率处理间均达到极显著水平(P< 0.01), 且当养殖密度高于200尾/m²时存活率迅速降低; 低养殖密度(DD)处理的对虾肥满度与其他处理间差异均达到显著水平(P< 0.01)。因此, 在相似养殖条件下, 日本囊对虾的适宜养殖密度应该不高于200尾/m²。本实验过程中, 各处理间水质因子均在对虾生长的适宜范围内, 说明水质不是造成对虾死亡的主要原因。所以, 推测密度胁迫可能是造成日本囊对虾存活率低的主要原因。     

Applying Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory to simulate growth and bio-energetics of blue mussels under low seston conditions

A Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model for simulation of growth and bioenergetics of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been tested in three low seston sites in southern Norway. The observations comprise four datasets from laboratory experiments (physiological and biometrical mussel data) and three datasets from in situ growth experiments (biometrical mussel data). Additional in situ data from commercial farms in southern Norway were used for estimation of biometrical relationships in the mussels. Three DEB parameters (shape coefficient, half saturation coefficient, and somatic maintenance rate coefficient) were estimated from experimental data, and the estimated parameters were complemented with parameter values from literature to establish a basic parameter set. Model simulations based on the basic parameter set and site specific environmental forcing matched fairly well with observations, but the model was not successful in simulating growth at the extreme low seston regimes in the laboratory experiments in which the long period of negative growth caused negative reproductive mass. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the model was moderately sensitive to changes in the parameter and initial conditions. The results show the robust properties of the DEB model as it manages to simulate mussel growth in several independent datasets from a common basic parameter set. However, the results also demonstrate limitations of Chl a as a food proxy for blue mussels and limitations of the DEB model to simulate long term starvation. Future work should aim at establishing better food proxies and improving the model formulations of the processes involved in food ingestion and assimilation. The current DEB model should also be elaborated to allow shrinking in the structural tissue in order to produce more realistic growth simulations during long periods of starvation.     

Small macro‐benthic invertebrates influence the survival,growth and behaviour of juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in the laboratory

Recent settlers of many marine benthic invertebrates are cryptic, which exposes them to a suite of animals that differs from those they may experience as adults, potentially resulting in interactions causing mortality and/or reducing growth. Previous field experiments have indicated that such is the case with small juvenile green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis but which taxa are responsible for the mortality and reduced growth was not determined. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effects of small macro‐benthic invertebrates, specifically chitons, scaleworms and larger juvenile conspecifics, as well as the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms, on the mortality, growth and behaviour of small (<3 mm) juvenile sea urchins. The likelihood of survival of small juvenile sea urchins was lower in the presence of larger juvenile sea urchins or with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms than in the absence of animals. The small juvenile sea urchins survived and grew the best when they were with chitons and scaleworms. The behaviour of small sea urchins with the full suite of cobble‐dwelling organisms was more cryptic than the behaviour of urchins with scaleworms. This study indicates that interactions with the suite of small organisms living amongst cobbles can affect survival, growth and behaviour of small juvenile sea urchins, and that larger juvenile sea urchins can be a source of mortality for smaller conspecifics.     

On the growth of ocean waves

The availability of 10 h of continuous, uninterrupted field measurements of wind waves recorded in the western Pacific and containing a complete wave growth episode, has provided a distinct opportunity for us to make a novel, unprecedented examination of detailed wave growth processes. We found that the significance of the size of data used in the measurement, which can only be addressed with continuous and uninterrupted measurements, reflected the ineptness of the conventional approach toward further detailed understanding of realistic wave growth processes, as the conventional 20 min data size essentially stamped out any dynamics with time scale below 20 min. While our conventional understanding and modeling were generally operative and useful, they left no real vestige on time localized mechanisms such as wave grouping or wave breaking processes all with time scales much less than 20 min.