A Mathematical Calculation Model Using Biomarkers to Quantitatively Determine the Relative Source Proportion of Mixed Oils

It is difficult to identify the source（s） of mixed oils from multiple source rocks, and in particular the relative contribution of each source rock. Artificial mixing experiments using typical crude oils and ratios of different biomarkers show that the relative contribution changes are non-linear when two oils with different concentrations of biomarkers mix with each other. This may result in an incorrect conclusion if ratios of biomarkers and a simple binary linear equation are used to calculate the contribution proportion of each end-member to the mixed oil. The changes of biomarker ratios with the mixing proportion of end-member oils in the trinal mixing model are more complex than in the binary mixing model. When four or more oils mix, the contribution proportion of each end-member oil to the mixed oil cannot be calculated using biomarker ratios and a simple formula. Artificial mixing experiments on typical oils reveal that the absolute concentrations of biomarkers in the mixed oil cause a linear change with mixing proportion of each end-member. Mathematical inferences verify such linear changes. Some of the mathematical calculation methods using the absolute concentrations or ratios of biomarkers to quantitatively determine the proportion of each end-member in the mixed oils are deduced from the results of artificial experiments and by theoretical inference. Ratio of two biomarker compounds changes as a hyperbola with the mixing proportion in the binary mixing model, as a hyperboloid in the trinal mixing model, and as a hypersurface when mixing more than three end- members. The mixing proportion of each end-member can be quantitatively determined with these mathematical models, using the absolute concentrations and the ratios of biomarkers. The mathematical calculation model is more economical, convenient, accurate and reliable than conventional artificial mixing methods.     

“未熟油”与“未熟生烃”异议

有关专家认为,“未熟生烃”是我国新生代盆地广泛存在的地球化学现象,本文剖析了这一论点背后隐含的矛盾,并以苏北盆地部分断陷中存在的“不等深等温”“不等深等熟”,成熟度指标与埋深关系的“平行变浅”分布等资料为依据,提出此现象当源于“古大于今”埋深史这一特定地质背景（或称为退化受热史）若以恢复的最大古埋深重新勾画产经曲线,所谓“低温早熟”现象即可消除,既然未熟生烃现象不存在,也就不存在未熟的石油,同时指     

凯里-麻江地区油苗与固体沥青的油源分析

对黔南坳陷典型古油藏、残余油气藏的精细解剖对南方海相碳酸盐岩层系油气勘探研究具有重要意义。本文运用碳同位素、饱和烃色谱、饱和烃色质及芳烃色质等技术,对黔东南地区二叠系—寒武系油苗与固体沥青进行了地球化学特征研究和油源分析。研究表明,凯里地区虎庄47井原油、洛棉志留系砂岩油苗和麻江地区奥陶系红花园组固体沥青三者同源,主要来自下寒武统牛蹄塘组的优质烃源岩。而麻江地区早二叠世茅口组油苗与虎庄47井原油明显不同,主要源于下二叠统栖霞组的优质烃源岩。     

东濮凹陷北部盐湖相原油特征与成因

东濮凹陷盐湖相油气成因与成藏机理研究薄弱。采用色谱/质谱(GC/MS)等常规技术,结合傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱、单体烃碳同位素技术,对东濮凹陷北部文明寨、卫城地区油气特征及其成因进行了解剖。结果表明,该区原油具有植烷对姥鲛烷优势显著、伽马蜡烷富集、升藿烷“翘尾”、甾烷异构化程度较低等咸水、盐湖相原油的典型特征。原油还具有正构烷烃单体烃碳同位素呈低碳重、高碳轻、近两段式分布的特征,与柴达木盐湖相原油有所差异。原油中检测到丰富的S1、S2、O1S1、N1、O1、O2、O3等芳构化程度较低的NSO化合物,其与该区低熟油的形成关系密切。油-油、油-岩详细对比表明,东濮凹陷北部原油主要来自埋深超过3 000 m的沙三—沙四段烃源岩、存在不同成熟度原油混合聚集现象。研究结果对该区进一步油气勘探具有重要指示意义。     

全岩热模拟新方法及其在气源岩评价中的应用

由中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院建立的全岩热模拟仪器分析方法是采用岩心样品(岩石颗粒0.5～2 mm)来模拟烃类生成的一项实验新技术.该方法模拟结果表明:(1)不同类型样品单位质量岩石的产气率与传统的加水温压模拟法结果具有可比性;(2)能够反映源岩在不同演化阶段的产气量;(3)比常规的有机碳评价方法能更准确地反映源岩在不同演化阶段的产气潜力.(4)全岩热模拟新方法经济、简便、分析周期短,可以用于大量常规样品分析,是判识有效气源岩及定量评价的一种快速、可靠的方法,在油气勘探过程中,将对烃源岩的评价发挥重要作用。     

未熟-低熟油生成机理的化学动力学研究及其初步应用

对树脂体、木栓质体、可溶有机质、富硫有机质、经细菌强烈改造过的有机质等各类与未熟─低熟油产出密切相关的样品及部分参照样品所进行的系统的化学动力学定量研究显示,虽然未熟─低熟油的产出和富集可能与多种不同的地质条件或因素有关,但它们的共同之处在于这些有机质较常规有机质具有明显偏低的成烃活化能。化学动力学模型的初步应用显示,这些有机质的确能在浅于常规生烃门限的地质条件下开始大量成烃,从而定量阐明了业已报道的各种地质条件下未熟─低熟油产出和富集的机理.     

灰色局势综合评判法在煤矿突水水源判别中的应用

目前煤矿水害已成为深部开采的一大灾害,其中很多突水在矿井淹没后找不到水源,给综合治理水害带来了很大的不便。地下水流动系统本身具有一定的灰色模糊性,根据这一特性,应用灰色局势综合评判法的相关亲缘程度的综合测辨隶属度R来判别矿区突水水源,并用实例进行了分析验证,为治理水害提供科学的依据。     

柯克亚凝析油气藏的油源研究

柯克亚原油成因复杂。笔者重点解剖了塔西南地区两套烃源岩侏罗系和二叠系的生物标志物特征,并厘定了区分两套烃源岩的指标,在此基础上,全面研究了柯克亚原油中生物标志物,认为柯克亚原油主要来源于二叠系烃源岩,同时原油中检测出微量的二萜类化合物,表明侏罗系烃源岩有一定的贡献。     

用生物标志物定量计算混合原油油源的数学模型

多烃源层叠合盆地混源油油源的定量计算是十分困难的问题.典型原油的人工混合配比实验显示,当两个生物标志物浓度不同的原油相混合时,各类生物标志物的比值参数随端元原油混入量呈非线性变化,以生物标志物比值参数和简单的二元线性关系方程定量计算混源油的混合比例将导致错误的结论.三个或者三个以上原油相混合时,各类生物标志物比值参数的变化更加复杂,各端元原油的贡献更加难以判识.但是,人工混合模拟实验表明混合油中生物标志物绝对含量与端元油的混入量呈线性关系,数学推导证明了这种线性关系,由此推导出相应的数学计算模型,其中:二元混合时比值参数与混入量呈双曲线关系,三元混合呈双曲面关系,四元及其以上的多元混合呈多维曲面,可以矩阵的方式定量计算各端元油的比例.依据这些数学模型,应用生物标志物的绝对含量和(或)生物标志物比值参数均可以定量计算出混源原油中各类原油的贡献比例.数学模型比通常的人工模拟实验方法更加经济、方便、精确和可靠.     

Heavy Oil and Oil Sands:Global Distribution and Resource Assessment

Global recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands have been assessed by CNPC using a geology-based assessment method combined with the traditional volumetric method, spatial interpolation method, parametric-probability method etc. The most favourable areas for exploration have been selected in accordance with a comprehensive scoring system. The results show:(1) For geological resources, CNPC estimate 991.18 billion tonnes of heavy oil and 501.26 billion tonnes of oil sands globally, of which technically recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands comprise 126.74 billion tonnes and 64.13 billion tonnes respectively. More than 80% of the resources occur within Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs distributed across 69 heavy oil basins and 32 oil sands basins. 99% of recoverable resources of heavy oil and oil sands occur within foreland basins, passive continental-margin basins and cratonic basins.(2) Since residual hydrocarbon resources remain following large-scale hydrocarbon migration and destruction, heavy oil and oil sands are characterized most commonly by late hydrocarbon accumulation, the same basin types and source-reservoir conditions as for conventional hydrocarbon resources, shallow burial depth and stratabound reservoirs.(3) Three accumulation models are recognised, depending on basin type: degradation along slope; destruction by uplift; and migration along faults.(4) In addition to mature exploration regions such as Canada and Venezuela, the Volga-Ural Basin and the Pre-Caspian Basin are less well-explored and have good potential for oil-sand discoveries, and it is predicted that the Middle East will be an important region for heavy oil development.     

Quantitative Assessment of Hydrocarbon Expulsion of Petroleum Systems in the Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

Based on a detailed survey of the distribution and organic geochemical characteristics of potential source rocks in the South Slope of the Niuzhuang Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, a new approach to assess the amount of hydrocarbons generated and expelled has been developed. The approach is applicable to evaluate hydrocarbons with different genetic mechanisms. The results show that the models for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion vary with potential source rocks, depending on thermal maturity, types of organic matter and paleoenvironment. Hydrocarbons are mostly generated and expelled from source rocks within the normal oil window. It was calculated that the special interval (algal-rich shales of the ES4 member formed in brackish environments) in     

湖相致密油资源地球化学评价技术和应用

湖相致密油或页岩油资源量和可采性评价关键问题:一是在什么地方;二是有多少;三是有多少可采出。本文讨论了解决这3个问题的关键性地质技术和理论。湖相致密油勘探层空间分布识别的关键是高有机丰度源岩层段和含油夹层精细识别。利用源岩测井地球化学评价技术可识别出湖相地层中不同w(TOC)区间的源岩层段,利用氢指数(I_H)与w(TOC)的相关性,可实现湖相源岩层非均质性精细表征。湖相致密油勘探层油的赋存形式分为两类:一是致密油勘探层中砂岩、粉砂岩和碳酸盐岩夹层中的油,呈游离态;二是富有机质源岩中的油,包括了吸附态和游离态。吸附油在目前的技术条件下难以开采,现阶段真正有工业价值的是游离油。根据实际地球化学数据可标定出源岩中游离油量和吸附油量模型,从而可计算出游离油量、吸附油量和总原地油量。致密油流动性控制了其可采性,而源岩成熟度和生烃转化率是控制烃类流动性的关键。利用湖相高丰度源岩(w(TOC)>2%)I_H演化可较高精度地标定源岩的成熟度和转化率。以泌阳盆地为例展示了如何从源岩生烃模型和实际岩石热解数据预测页岩油的流动性。     

油源断裂油气成藏期优势通道输导能力综合评判方法及其应用

本文通过油气成藏期油源断裂不同部位古活动速率相对大小分布,确定其油气输导的优势通道。并基于优势输导通道的断裂古活动速率、古倾角、目的层古埋深和源岩古剩余地层压力等指标,建立了一套油源断裂在油气成藏期优势通道输导能力的综合评判方法。以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷廊固凹陷为靶区,对大柳泉区块旧州油源断裂带在成藏期沙三中下亚段内的优势通道进行了厘定和油气输导能力综合评判。评判结果表明：旧州油源断裂6条分支断裂油气成藏期——沙二段沉积时期发育了10个优势通道,其油气输导能力以F₁和F₂分支断裂的6个优势通道输导油气能力相对较强,有利于油气运移,F₃、F₄、F₅和F₆分支断裂发育4个优势通道,其输导油气能力相对较弱,不利于油气运移。此评判结果与目前旧州断裂带附近沙三中下亚段内的油气分布现状相吻合,表明用此方法进行油源断裂成藏期优势通道的输导能力综合评判是可行性的。     

碳酸盐岩油源岩有机质丰度分级评价标准

碳酸盐岩油源岩分级评价标准研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。以塔里木、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯盆地地质参数（地层、地史、热史）为例分别计算了不同地质条件下单位面积碳酸盐岩的生油量及源岩和围岩的残留油量，进而根据物质平衡原理（排油量＝生油量－残油量）计算出排油量，以排油量为指标给出划分油源岩分级评价的标准，并计算出其对应的有机质丰度。模拟计算显示油源岩有机质丰度工业下限值TOCgy随源岩厚度的增加而减小；随成熟度的增加先减小后增加；随有机质类型（生烃潜力）的变好而减小，碳酸盐岩油源岩评价标准随地质条件的不同变化很大。建立了塔里木、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩油源岩的分级评价表。经过分析综合，归纳出我国碳酸盐岩沉积区有机质类型为Ⅱ型的成熟油源岩“非、无效、差、中、好”各级对应的TOC界限值分别为“0.25、0.5、0.8、1.5”。     

Quantitative Assessment and Zonation of Regional Crustal Stability in China

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东营凹陷南斜坡王家岗地区第三系原油特征及其意义

对原油烃类化学组成的剖析表明,东营凹陷南部缓坡带王家岗油田第三系沙河街组原油与邻区八面河油田沙河街组特征相似,都具有较高含量的甾烷、伽马蜡烷和脱羟基维生素 E, C27、 C28、 C29ααα甾烷呈" V"字型分布, Pr/Ph < 1,甾烷异构化程度不高等咸水湖相油特征,表明两区沙河街组原油成因相同及具有共同的油源.处于牛庄洼陷与其南斜坡过渡带的王家岗油田原油成因及成熟度与八面河油田原油的相同或相近,暗示后者主要来自牛庄洼陷而非仅局限于南斜坡未熟-低熟烃源岩.王家岗地区丁家屋子孔店组原油既有沙河街组原油的某些特征 (如高含量伽马蜡烷 ),也有其不具备而第三系孔店组烃源岩可能具备的某些特征 (如明显的 C29甾烷优势、较高含量的氧芴系列等 ).孔店组原油的双重特征及其相对较高的成熟度,说明孔店组油气的深层来源及其油源的混合性.相同成因、不同成熟度原油及不同油源原油的混合可能是叠合盆地的普遍现象.王家岗-八面河地区孔店组较高成熟度油气的发现表明该区具有广泛的深源油气前景.     

牛庄洼陷南斜坡未熟-低熟烃源岩排烃特征探讨

牛庄洼陷及其南斜坡烃源岩孔隙度、声波时差与伊蒙矿物含量测定结果表明,2 6 0 0m为成岩作用早期与晚期阶段的界限,在早期演化阶段南斜坡没有出现明显的异常压力,牛庄洼陷成岩作用晚期阶段有明显的压力异常。生物标志物演化与Ro值测定反映,该区有机质大量成烃起始阶段为 2 70 0m,牛庄洼陷南斜坡带 <2 70 0m烃源岩不具备大量排烃的生烃量条件与地质证据。牛庄洼陷南斜坡八面河油田原油的混合成熟度特征与混合的均一性,反映原油的混合作用在初次运移阶段可能即已发生,推测牛庄洼陷深部烃源岩在异常压力作用下通过微裂隙等间歇式排烃的同时,浅层未熟 低熟烃源岩生成的少量原油经由断层、应力产生的微裂隙与层理面,在地层压力及深部流体过剩压力参与下与成熟油混合幕式排出。烃源岩未熟 低熟阶段的排烃效率低于成熟烃源岩。     

海河流域大型水库饮用水水源地水环境安全评价及应用

对水库型水源地水环境安全评价的理论和方法进行研究,构建了基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-风险模型(DPSIR)的水库型水源地水环境安全评价指标体系,综合评价指标体系包括了降水、污染物入库量、水质状态指标、水质达标率以及水华爆发影响因子5个方案,11项指标。将该指标体系应用于岳城水库水环境安全评价,其结论主要有:(1)该模型的驱动力是降水带入面源污染,压力是流域输入水库的污染负荷,状态指标是TN、TP以及COD_Mn等水质参数,影响指标是水库水质达标率,风险指标则是氮磷比、水温等;(2)岳城水库4、5、6和9月处于较安全状态,但由于受地表径流污染负荷影响,在7、8月处于预警状态。将评价结果与实际水环境安全状况进行比较,吻合程度好,因此该模型可应用于海河流域大型水库饮用水水源地水环境安全评价。     

油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力综合评价方法及其应用

为了研究断裂在下生上储式油气成藏中的作用,在油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力影响研究的基础上,利用油源断裂优势通道本身的发育特征和源岩品质,构建了油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力综合评价参数指标,建立了一套油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力综合评价方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷留楚地区东三段储层10条主要油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力的评价中。结果表明,留楚地区东三段储层10条主要油源断裂共34条优势通道,其中:有8条输导油气能力综合评价等级为强,主要分布在北部留楚背斜区;有15条输导油气能力综合评价等级为中等,主要分布在留楚南背斜区;有11条输导油气能力综合评价为弱,主要分布在南部和东部边部地区。这与目前留楚地区东三段储层只在北部留楚背斜核部找到大量油、中部留楚南背斜找到少量油相吻合,表明该方法用于油源断裂优势通道输导油气能力综合评价是可行的。     

Origin of Crude Oil in the Lunnan Region,Tarim Basin

<正>The oil source of the Tarim Basin has been controversial over a long time.This study characterizes the crude oil and investigates the oil sources in the Lunnan region,Tarim Basin by adopting compound specific isotopes of n-alkanes and biomarkers approaches.Although the crude oil has a good correlation with the Middle-Upper Ordovician(O_(2+3)) source rocks and a poor correlation with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician((?)-O_1) based on biomarkers,theδ~(13)C data of n-alkanes of the Lunnan oils show an intermediate value between(?)-O_1 and O_(2+3) genetic affinity oils,which suggests that the Lunnan oils are actually of an extensively mixed source.A quantification of oil mixing was performed and the results show that the contribution of the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks ranges from 11%to 70%(averaging 36%),slightly less than that of the Tazhong uplift.It is suggested that the inconsistency between the biomarkers andδ~(13)C in determining the oil sources in the Lunnan Region results from multiple petroleum charge episodes with different chemical components in one or more episode(s) and different sources.The widespread marine mixed-source oil in the basin indicates that significant petroleum potential in deep horizons is possible.To unravel hydrocarbons accumulation mechanisms for the Lunnan oils is crucial to further petroleum exploration and exploitation in the region.