地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算方法研究

地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算是土壤源热泵系统设计的核心。为规范地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算,从《地源热泵系统工程技术规范》基本要求出发,以合肥市某土壤源热泵工程为例,进行了地埋管换热器钻孔长度计算和校核模拟计算。研究表明,热干扰对地埋管换热器钻孔长度有较大的影响,不考虑热干扰影响的钻孔长度计算结果偏小;由于热堆积的影响,地埋管换热器流体平均出口温度呈现逐年上升趋势。校核模拟计算结果表明地埋管换热器钻孔计算长度能够满足规范的要求。     

Influence of luminosity bursts on properties of protostellar disks

A (2+ 1)-dimensional numerical model for the formation and evolution of young stellar objects with sub-solar masses is presented. The numerical hydrodynamicall code describing the formation and evolution of a pølar disk in a two-dimensional approximation is supplemented by one-dimensional code for the evolution of the star and an algorithm for establishing the vertical structure of the disk. This code is used to investigate the influence of luminosity bursts with intensities similar to those observed in FU Orionis objects (FUors) on the properties and thermal balance of pølar disks. A model with gravitational instability and fragmentation of the disk, with subsequent migration of the fragments onto the protostar, is used as a basic model for FUors. Typical FUor bursts (L ～ 100 L ^⊙) can appreciably influence the thermal balance of their disks and parent envelopes, leading to an increase in the disk temperature by more than a factor of two. On the other hand, massive fragments in the disk are only weakly perturbed by such bursts, partially due to screening by the disk and partially due to their high temperature brought about by adiabatic heating. Apart from massive fragments, the characteristic thermal time scales are appreciably shorter than the dynamical time scales throughout the radial extent of the disk and envelope; this enables the use of a stationary radiative-transfer equation when determining the vertical structure of the disk.     

云南鹤庆锰矿成矿规律控矿因素新认识

鹤庆锰矿,赋存于印支运动形成的东西向裂陷槽中,成矿时限应早于松桂湖的中、晚北衙期,分出同生沉积型和淋滤充填型。控矿构造为特殊的向斜轴部“锅底凹”,成因属于火山热液同生沉积、后期改造型锰矿床。     

DTA characters of biotites of different genetic types and their implications

A new method is proposed to determine the genetic types of granites. Based on detailed DTA measurements on biotite in granites from South China and the Sanjiang area, characteristic thermal properties are presented for biotites of different origins. Mechanisms are discussed for the differences in thermal behavior of biotite in terms of chemical composition, crystal structure, ordering and polytypism. These characteristic thermal parameters of biotite can be used to shed light on granite genesis with the advantages of rapidness, simplicity and economy. Participated in this work also Wang Liankui, Yang Wenjin, Wang Guanxin, Xie Yingwen and Zhang Yuquan.     

干热岩控热构造系统厘定与类型划分

为了研究干热岩成因机理,综合分析了干热岩形成背景、控热构造系统及尺度.地球中的干热岩具有特殊的形成构造背景,控热构造对干热岩热能的传输与聚敛具有很重要的作用,导致岩石圈不同热结构和热异常.控热构造可划分为生热、导热、储热和释热构造.生热构造包括地幔软流圈底辟,具有大量高放射性元素的岩浆房,活动性的深大断裂等;中、下地壳脆韧性转换带,活动的韧性剪切带是导热构造;中、下地壳的低阻高导体,韧性剪切流变层既是导热层,也是储热构造;火山、地震、浅表层次的活动断裂等为释热构造;控热构造的类型受到构造尺度和构造背景的限定.由于地壳中控热构造分布状态及发育特征差异较大,从而导致干热岩等地热能资源在地壳中的埋深、规模、热量以及分布状态等也有较大差异.      

松山地下热水勘探及成因模式探讨

本文论述了松山地区的地质构造特征及地下热水富集的地质条件;结合详实、可靠的地球物理勘探资料,给出未知区与地电结构相吻合的地质结构,为井位设计提供了科学依据,并提出了该区地下热水的成因模式。     

Anomalous variations of crystal habits and solution properties in the context of the crystallization medium structure

The effect of the real structure of solutions on crystallization is one of the basic issues of crystallogenesis, which is also important for resolving problems of genetic mineralogy. The study of the NaNO₃-H₂O and KNO₃-H₂O model systems yielded new data on anomalous characteristics of crystal-forming systems, including morphological and kinetic properties of crystals, crystal-solution equilibrium, and physical properties of solutions (light scattering, thermal properties, IR parameters, pH), providing information on the structure of solutions. The internally consistent data confirm the previously suggested variations in structural heterogeneity of solutions related to minor (2–4%) variations in their composition, which result in numerous disturbances of monotonicity (thermal-concentration oscillations) in the liquidus curves of salts. It is shown that these variations can be caused by variable size and composition of crystal hydrate clusters. The experimental data indicate that the effect of the real solution structure on crystal morphology and crystal-solution equilibrium is enhanced in multicomponent systems, including natural crystal-forming systems. Anomalous faceting and habit, zoning, a sectorial structure of crystals, and nonuniform entrapment of admixtures cannot be ruled out in these systems.     

岩石本构模型智能辨识方法研究

岩石本构模型是研究岩石力学特征和变形机制的基础,而本构模型或模型中相关参数的识别是本构模型研究中的热点和难点问题。本文基于红板岩室内力学实验数据,分别利用遗传算法、BP神经网络以及遗传规划对红板岩本构模型进行了模式识别,结果表明,遗传算法进行参数识别需要事先假定流变模型的形式,误差较大,而BP神经网络和遗传规划可以一次性同时确定流变模型的结构形式及参数,有效避免模型假定所带来的误差。而遗传规划与BP神经网络相比,具有精度高、收敛快,可视化程度高等特点,为岩石本构参数及模型的智能识别方法的选取提供参考。     

尧山井田韩解村小穹隆构造成因机制初探

根据区域构造背景及井田构造特征分析,认为尧山井田韩解村小穹隆构造的成因机制为底辟式热穹隆构造。其具有中浅成的穹隆构造以及其边缘的放射状构造,同时也具备深部热源相连通的通道。由小穹隆的热液成因机制启示,在本区及附近区域会有大小不等的热穹隆构造存在。根据本区存在广厚的石灰岩沉积层之特点,在穹隆附近深部灰岩层中存在岩盐矿床的可能性很大。     

基于组构组分的变质岩岩相学分类

为建立一个较严密、系统的常见变质岩石的岩相学分类,采用既反映岩石结构构造特征又蕴含岩石基本组成的变质岩组构组分作为岩石分类的一级分类指标,以岩石结构、构造和组构组分的成分依次作为二、三和四级指标,划分了归属于造山区域变质岩、接触热变质岩、断层动力变质岩、蚀变交代变质岩和混合岩这5个大类变质成因的基本岩石.如岩石的地质产...     

重磁反演的群体优生遗传算法

重磁反演常具有众多变量,通常的遗传算法编码方式和搜索模式不能适用。采用０—１ 编码群体优生遗传算法,实现了把遗传算法运用于众多变量的重磁反演,使用进化变异能使运算后期顺利收敛,同时更加接近全局极值,取得了良好的实用效果     

Multi-Region Boundary Element Analysis for Coupled Thermal-Fracturing Processes in Geomaterials

This paper describes a boundary element code development on coupled thermal–mechanical processes of rock fracture propagation. The code development was based on the fracture mechanics code FRACOD that has previously been developed by Shen and Stephansson (Int J Eng Fracture Mech 47:177–189, 1993) and FRACOM (A fracture propagation code—FRACOD, User’s manual. FRACOM Ltd. 2002) and simulates complex fracture propagation in rocks governed by both tensile and shear mechanisms. For the coupled thermal-fracturing analysis, an indirect boundary element method, namely the fictitious heat source method, was implemented in FRACOD to simulate the temperature change and thermal stresses in rocks. This indirect method is particularly suitable for the thermal-fracturing coupling in FRACOD where the displacement discontinuity method is used for mechanical simulation. The coupled code was also extended to simulate multiple region problems in which rock mass, concrete linings and insulation layers with different thermal and mechanical properties were present. Both verification and application cases were presented where a point heat source in a 2D infinite medium and a pilot LNG underground cavern were solved and studied using the coupled code. Good agreement was observed between the simulation results, analytical solutions and in situ measurements which validates an applicability of the developed coupled code.     

热屏障井对地下水源热泵换热影响模拟

对于场地受限的地下水源热泵项目,随着系统运行时间的增加易引发热贯通现象进而降低机组运行效率。地下水源热泵设计中,在抽灌水井连线间布设热屏障井可改变地下水流场,降低热量在抽灌井间的运移速度,有利于延长热贯通发生时间并缓解热贯通程度。通过构建地下水换热模型,模拟计算夏季制冷工况条件下36组热泵运行场景,分析了热屏障井的位置,过滤管长度及回灌量对热贯通和含水层温度场的影响规律。结果表明：热屏障井回灌量的增加有利于提升热屏障效果,但提升幅度随回灌量的增加逐渐减弱;最大水位降深值随着热屏障井回灌量的增加呈线性增长;增加热屏障井滤管长度可提升热屏障效果,提升效果随屏障井回灌量的增加逐渐增强。通过模型多周期、长时间模拟计算发现,热屏障井的运行可促使回灌的冷热量集中在回灌井一侧,对于采用冬夏季抽灌井交换运行模式的热泵系统,可充分利用含水层储能,提升机组运行效率。     

Organic geochemistry of impactites from the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada

Organic matter in impactites from the 24 km wide and 39 Ma old Haughton impact structure, Canadian High Arctic, is a mixture of fossil and modern biological components. The fossil component represents a conventional oil that was generated from Lower Palaeozoic marine source material before impact and permeates bedrock dolomites. Biomarker maturity parameters record the thermal effect of the mid-Tertiary impact. Maturity-influenced sterane, rearranged hopanoid, and triaromatic steroid ratios all increase towards the centre of the impact structure, where thermal alteration was greatest. The heating was probably dominated by an impact-related hydrothermal system, as such systems last long enough for kinetically-based thermal alteration to occur. Kinetically-related biomarker data suggest that the hydrothermal heating lasted for c. 5000 years. Biomarkers are also preserved in dolomite clasts within impact melt breccia, and indicate strong thermal alteration. Modern biological contamination of the rocks is responsible for the superposition of two geochemical signatures (which could be cyanobacteria, non-marine algae, or higher plant matter) onto the fossil component, but they can be recognized and distinguished. The data show that the impact structure system holds a record of both the pre-impact organic signature and the thermal signature of the impact, and thereby indicates that organic geochemistry is a valuable tool in documenting the response of rocks to impacts.     

复杂开挖过程FLAC3D力学仿真代码生成系统研究

针对直接采用FLAC3D编制复杂开挖过程力学仿真程序所遇到的困难,开发了FLAC3D力学仿真程序代码生成系统(generating code system,简称GCS)。介绍了如何利用矿用地质软件Surpac,按空间、次序、结构功能及工程地质体属性对复杂开挖过程进行剖分,形成可编程的组件;着重解决了模型单元质心定位、单元捕捉、重组和应用程序变量到FLAC3D变量、函数、语句、数据结构之间映射等问题;使用VC++开发并给出了一个特定回采开挖过程的FLAC3D力学仿真代码生成系统实例,该应用程序以模型单元数据库为数据源,通过一系列与用户交互的页面,由用户对回采开挖过程所需步骤和参数进行选择和确认,并将这些步骤和参数传递给仿真代码生成系统,由系统自动完成FLAC3D力学仿真代码的生成。FLAC3D力学仿真程序代码生成系统架起了地质三维几何造型软件与三维计算软件之间的桥梁,可大大提高编制FLAC3D三维力学仿真代码的效率,降低程序编制的出错率,有利于应用FLAC3D软件更为深广地解决复杂岩土开挖过程中的力学问题。     

Experiment and validation of numerical simulation of coupled thermal,hydraulic and mechanical behaviour in the engineered buffer materials

Evaluation of the coupled heat transfer, water flow and stress changes in the engineered clay barrier is an important issue in the performance assessment of the high‐level radioactive waste disposal. To demonstrate the function of the engineered barrier system, the large‐scale experiment is conducted, which is called Big Bentonite facility (BIG‐BEN). The facility consists of an electric heater surrounded by glass beads, carbon steel overpack, buffer material and man‐made rock. The buffer is a mixture of bentonite and sand. The heater is operated at 0·8 kW. Water is injected from the interface between the buffer and the man‐made rocks at the pressure of 0·05 MPa. The duration of the experiment is 20 months. The change in temperature and swelling pressure are continuously monitored and gravimetric water content is measured by sampling. The coupled thermal, hydraulic and mechanical processes are simulated with a finite element code THAMES, which can simulate the fully coupled phenomena in the saturated and unsaturated clay under anisothermal condition. To examine the validity of the code, all the parameters used in the model are evaluated from the other laboratory tests. The simulated results are compared with the measured ones without calibration of the parameter values using the results from the BIG‐BEN experiment. It can be concluded that the changes in temperature and gravimetric water content within the buffer can be simulated reasonably well and that the mechanical effect such as swelling pressure is difficult to realize. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

季节冻土区高速铁路防冻胀路基保温强化特性研究

季节冻土区路基的冻胀变形影响高速列车的运行速度、行车安全。以普通级配碎石路基结构为原型,建立轨下基础热-力耦合模型和路基结构外力作用模型,通过温度场和变形场的现场监测数据、力学特性计算的文献资料验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上建立水泥稳定碎石路基、保温强化层+级配碎石路基、保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石路基3种防冻胀路基模型,计算冻胀变形和受力特性。结果表明：保温强化层和水泥稳定碎石填料均有效减小了路基的冻胀变形,其中保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石路基的冻结深度和最大冻胀量最小,分别为0.8 m、1.585 mm;保温强化层可减小基床表层竖向应力,且弹性模量较大的水泥稳定碎石可加速竖向应力的衰减,使得基床底层承受应力减小。保温强化层+水泥稳定碎石基床表层结构可为季节冻土区高速铁路路基结构的选型提供参考。     

大陆俯冲带热结构的数值模拟

俯冲带热结构是控制俯冲板块演化的最主要因素之一.前人通过建立解析模型和数值模型对大洋俯冲带热结构进行了一系列研究,发现俯冲板块年龄和俯冲速度是影响俯冲带热结构的关键因素.为了认识大陆俯冲带热结构,特别是理解数值模型结果与岩石学结果之间的差异,我们建立了二维大陆俯冲带运动学和动力学数值模型研究其热结构演化.模型结果显示,如果大陆俯冲板块的俯冲速度与角度和大洋板块一致的话,较低的大陆俯冲带初始温度导致其板块温度比大洋俯冲带低.但是,当大陆俯冲板块的初始温度较高,俯冲速度超慢并且考虑大陆地壳中的放射性元素生热时,模型得到的大陆俯冲带热结构能够解释通过高压和超高压变质岩得到的较热的俯冲板块温度.另一方面,如果俯冲板块与上覆板块存在动力学解耦作用,也能够得到较热的俯冲温压数据.      

Thermal structure of the gas-and-ash plume during eruption of Koryak volcano

High resolution thermal cameras were used in observations of gas-and-ash plumes during eruption of the Koryak volcano in March 2009. Our results provide the thermal structure of gas-and-ash flows. The structure of the eruption column consists of several individual plumes. The vertical velocity of plume rise was estimated at 5.5–7 m/s. The eruption column or plume can be conventionally divided into three parts: a highly convective region, a buoyant region, and a region of horizontal motion. The temperature of the plume is higher than that of the surrounding atmosphere by 3–5°C for the horizontal motion region and by about 20°C for the buoyant region. The velocity at the buoyant region is 5–7 m/s. For the boundary between highly convective and buoyant regions, where the plume diameter is known, the vapor mass flow and the heat capacity of the thermal jet flow can be determined from the heat balance equation. The mass flow of the overheated vapor, which has a temperature of 450°C and comprises a gas-and-ash eruption plume, was estimated to be Q = 35 kg/s. The total mass of water vapor over the period of eruption (100 days) is estimated at 3 · 10⁵ t. The total thermal energy of the eruption amounted to 10⁹ MJ.     

基于主动加热型分布式温度感测光缆的土体导热系数测量方法

主动加热型分布式温度感测技术（AH-DTS）可通过植入土体中的光缆实现不同层位土体导热系数的分布式连续测量,但AH-DTS光缆导热系数测量方法的准确性和敏感性有待进一步研究。通过室内试验,对比了碳纤维加热感测光缆（CFHC）和铜网加热感测光缆（CMHC）的热响应过程,通过数值模拟验证了光缆结构对导热系数测量结果的影响。研究结果表明：（1）CFHC和CMHC的热响应过程可通过微分法分为光缆内部传热、纤-土过渡以及土体稳定传热3个阶段,光缆结构差异导致传热速率不同,使得CFHC导热系数测量初始时刻比CMHC提前100 s;（2）光缆尺寸与比热容差异下CFHC的升温值更高,相同测温精度CFHC的导热系数测量结果较CMHC更加稳定准确;（3）增大加热功率或延长加热时间均会提高CFHC和CMHC测量土体导热系数的准确性。研究成果为该技术的进一步完善和推广提供了重要依据。