A statistical approach for determining the environment impact of surface sediments from the Dongting Lake area,central China

The Dongting Lake, the second biggest freshwater lake in China, consists of three wetlands of national importance, namely the East Dongting Lake, the South Dongting Lake, and the West Dongting Lake. Surface sedi-ments were sampled from 57 locations across the lake. Nutrient concentrations [total organic carbon (TOC), total N (TN) and total P (TP)] and 16 element concentrations (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, K, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti and Zn) in the sediments were measured to investigate the impact of industrialization along the lake's coastline and sev-eral tributaries on the profiles of nutrients and heavy metals in the lake's surface sediments. R-mode cluster analysis (CA) was used to integrate geochemical data. The result showed that euthophication of the Dongting Lake resulted mainly from TN and TOC. The main polluting trace metals are Hg, As, Cd, Zn, Pb and Mn, which are largely ad-sorbed on clay minerals or Fe/Mn oxides, or deposited as carbonates. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the source of micropollutants. The worst affected district by heavy metals is the East Dongting Lake, the pollution sources may originate mainly from the Xiangjiang drainage area. The results demonstrated that multivariate methods are the potentially great tools for the interpretation of the environmental data on lake sediments.     

The chemical composition of surface water in the influence zone of the Severonikel smelter

This paper reports data on the chemical composition of surface waters (predominant ions and trace elements: approximately 40 parameters and elements) in the influence zone of the Severonikel Cu-Ni smelter in the town of Monchegorsk, Murmansk oblast. The long-continued discharge of waste waters has increased the mineralization and changed the proportions of ions in surface waters in the area: water in the sewage pond of the smelter is classed with brackish waters of the S ₄ ^2? class, Na⁺ group. The sequence of major ions in water bodies under aerotechnogenic load retains the natural succession of major cations, but their concentrations slightly increase. The maximum concentration of ions in the surface waters of the Monchegorsk testing area were detected in wintertime, and the minimum contents occur during the high water period. Water bodies under aerotechnogenic load are characterized by average mineralization values much higher than is natural. The highest concentrations of Ni and Cu (two to three orders of magnitude higher than the assumed background values) and practically all trace elements were found in water bodies receiving waste waters from the smelter. The concentrations of Ni and other heavy metals in the Moncha River are much lower than in other water bodies but more than one order of magnitude higher than the assumed background concentrations.     

Hydrochemistry of superficial waters in the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal): environmental implications

The purpose of this work is to characterize the hydrochemical behavior of acid mine drainages (AMD) and superficial waters from the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal). Samples of superficial and mine drainage water were collected for one year, bi-monthly, with pH, temperature, Eh, conductivity and HCO₃ determined in situ with chemical analyses of SO₄, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Ag, As, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd. In the mine, there are acidic waters, with low pH and significant concentrations of SO₄, and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni), while in the superficial natural stream waters outside the mine, the pH is close to neutral, with low conductivity and lower metal concentrations. The stream waters inside the mine influence are intermediate in composition between AMD and natural stream waters outside the mine influence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows a clear separation between AMD galleries and AMD tailings, with tailings having a greater level of contamination.     

Application of multivariate statistical methods to indicate the origin and geochemical behavior of potentially hazardous elements in sediment around the Sarcheshmeh copper mine,SE Iran

Multivariate statistical techniques, i.e., correlation coefficient analysis, principal components analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (CA), were applied to the total and water-soluble concentrations of potentially hazardous metals in sediments associated with the Sarcheshmeh mine, one of the largest Oligo-Miocene porphyry copper deposits in the world. The samples were analyzed for hazardous metal concentration levels by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method. Results indicate that the contaminant metals As, Cd, Cu, Mo, S, Sb, Sn, Se, Pb, and Zn were positively correlated with the total concentrations. These hazardous metals also have strong association in the PCA and CA results. Different anthropic versus natural sources of contaminant metals were distinguished by using CA method. Water-soluble fraction of hazardous metals showed that the hydro-geochemical behavior of these metals in sediments is different considerably. Elements such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, S, and Zn are readily water soluble from contaminated samples, especially from evaporative mineral phases, while the release of As, Mo, Sb, and Pb into the water is limited by adsorption processes. Results obtained from the application of multivariate techniques on the water-soluble fraction data set show that the hazardous metals are categorized into three groups including (1) Ni, S, Co, Cu, Cr, and Fe; (2) Se, Mn, Cd, and Zn; and (3) Sb, As, Mo, and Sn. This classification describes the hydro-geochemical behavior of hazardous metals in water–sediment environments of the Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine and can be used as a basis in remedial and treatment strategies.     

Trace metal speciation in sea and pore water of the Gotland Deep,Baltic Sea, 1994

Studies on the speciation (particulate, colloidal, anionic and cationic forms) of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the water column and in pore waters of the Gotland Deep following the 1993/94 salt-water inflows showed dramatic changes in the total “dissolved” metal concentrations and in the ratios between different metal species in the freshly re-oxygenated waters below 125 m. Changes in concentrations were greatest for those metals for which the solubility differs with the redox state (Fe, Mn, Co) but were also noted for those metals which form insoluble sulphides (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) and/or stable complexes with natural ligands (Cu). Pore water data from segmented surface muds (0–200 mm) indicated that significant redox and related metal speciation changes took place in the surface sediments only a few weeks after the inflow of the oxygenated sea water into the Gotland Deep.     

A 2400-year record of trace metal loading in lake sediments of Lagoa Vermelha, southeastern Brazil

Sediments of the Lagoa Vermelha (Red Lake), situated in the Ribeira Valley, southeastern Brazil, are made of a homogeneous, organic-rich, black clay with no visible sedimentary structures. The inorganic geochemical record (Al, As, Ba, Br, Co,Cs, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Rb, Sc, Sb, V, Zn, Hg and Pb) of the lake sediments was analyzed in a core spanning 2430 years. The largest temporal changes in trace metal contents occurred approximately within the last 180 years. Recent sediments were found to be enriched in Pb, Zn, Hg, Ni, Mn, Br and Sb (more than 2-fold increase with respect to the “natural background level”). The enhanced accumulation of Br, Sb, and Mn was attributed to biogeochemical processes and diagenesis. On the other hand, the anomalous concentrations of Pb, Zn, Hg and Ni were attributed to pollution. As Lagoa Vermelha is located in a relatively pristine area, far removed from direct contamination sources, the increased metal contents of surface sediments most likely resulted from atmospheric fallout. Stable Pb isotopes provided additional evidence for anthropogenic contamination. The shift of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios toward decreasing values in the increasingly younger sediments is consistent with an increasing contribution of airborne anthropogenic lead. In the uppermost sediments (0-10 cm), the lowest values of the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios may reflect the influence of the less radiogenic Pb from the Ribeira Valley District ores (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb between 1.04 and 1.10), emitted during the last 50 years.     

Geochemistry and Modes of Occurrence of Hazardous Trace Elements in the No. 11 Coal Seam, Antaibao Surface Mine, Shanxi Province

Concentrations of seventeen hazardous trace elements including As, Pb, Hg, Se, Cd, Cr, Co, Mo, Mn, Ni, U, V, Th, Be, Sb, Br and Zn in the No.ll coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, Shanxi Province were determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis （INAA）, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry （ICP-AES）, Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （CV-AAS） and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry （GF-AAS）. Comparisons with average concentrations of trace elements in Chinese coal show that the concentrations of Hg and Cd in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine are much higher. They may be harmful to the environment in the process of utilization. The variations of the trace elements contents and pyritic suffur in vertical section indicated that： （a） the concentrations of As, Pb, Mn, and pyritic sulfur decrease from roof to floor; （b） the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Mo are higher in roof, floor and lower in coal seam; （c） the concentration of Br, Sb, and Hg are higher in coal seam and lower in roof and floor; （d） the concentrations of Mo, V, Th and AI vary consistently with the ash yield. Cluster analysis of trace elements, pyritic sulfur, ash yield and major elements, such as AI, Fe, P, Ca shows that： （a） pyritic sulfur, Fe, As, Mn, Ni, Be are closely associated and reflect the influence of pyrite; （b） Mo, Se, Pb, Cr, Th, Co, Ca and A! are related to clay mineral, which is the main source of ash; （c） U, Zn, V, Na, P maybe controlled by phosphate or halite; （d） Hg, Br, Sb and Cd may be mainly organic-associated elements which fall outside the three main groups. The concentration distribution characteristics of trace elements in coal seam and the cluster analysis of major and trace elements showed that the contents of trace elements in the No. 11 coal seam, Antaibao surface mine, are mainly controlled by detrital input and migration from roof and floor.     

Heavy metal contamination in water and sediment of the Port Klang coastal area, Selangor, Malaysia

This investigation presents the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, and Zn), in water and in sediments of Port Klang, Malaysia. Water and sediment samples were collected from 21 stations at 3-month intervals, and contamination factor $ (C_{\text{f}} ) $ and contamination degree $ (C_{\text{d}} ) $ were calculated to estimate the contamination status at the sampling stations. Cluster analysis was used to classify the stations based on the contamination sources. Results show that concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in sediment and As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, and Zn in water were significantly higher than the background values at which these metals are considered hazardous. The main sources of heavy metal contamination in Port Klang were industrial wastewater and port activities.     

Specifics of the elemental composition of waters in environments with operating mining and ore-processing plants in the Kola North

The paper presents data on the specifics of the distributions of chemical elements in natural waters of the Kola North depending on the landscape–geochemical characteristics of the water catchment areas and aerotechnogenic pollution. The territory is subdivided into seven zones with different dominant rock types and typical landscapes. Lakes in the Kola region generally contain elevated concentrations of Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, V, Mo, U, Sb, Bi, Al, Fe, Mn, Sr, Li, Rb, Pb, Zn, Cd, La, and Ce. The waters of lakes in the influence zones of Cu–Ni mines are enriched in La, Ce, Sm, Gd, Pr, and Nd. In waterlogged landscapes, waters are enriched in certain trace elements because of their migration with humic acids. Technogenic acidic precipitation is proved to result in leaching of several elements, first of all Cd, Zn, and As (as well as other elements contained in rocks composing the water catchment areas) and their transfer into the waters.     

Enrichment of heavy metals in coal gangue by puff balls and mechanism research

Coal gangue with/without wild puff balls growing on or covering up were analyzed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES） and atomic fluorescence spectrometry （AFS） to detect the contents of heavy metal elements in the plants. Seven heavy metals were chosen to do the experiments, which showed that the puffballs have strong enrichment capacity for heavy metals （As, Pb, Mn and Ni）. The highest enrichment level was Mn, 220.3 mg/kg （dry weight） for puffball fruiting bodies, and the highest As, Cr and Pb enrichment levels for puffball mycelium were 111,265.3 and 86 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Mn and Ni could transfer from puffball mycelium to its fruiting bodies, while As, Cr, Pb and Co mainly accumulated in the mycelium. The contents of five organic acids （tartaric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, citric acid and malic acid） in puffballs were determined with high performance liquid chromatography. With water, ethanol and ethyl acetate as solvents, the puffball extracts performed dissolution reactions with coal gangue, in which the water extract （containing a large amount of organic acids） was most effective in releasing heavy metals, especially As, Pb, Cr, Mn, Co and Ni from coal gangue. As a pioneer species, puff balls absorbed the hazardous trace elements in coal gangue matrix to reduce its eco-toxicity, on the other hand, it raised the pH value of coal gangue, improving the vegetation growing conditions for coal gangue matrix to a certain extent and laying the foundation for ecological restoration of coal gangue dumps.     

Human Influence on Heavy Metal Distribution in the Upper Lake Nansi Sediments, Shandong Province, China

Core and surface sediment samples were collected from three sub-lakes ( Lake Nanyang, Lake Dushan and Lake Zhaoyang) in the Lake Nansi Basin, Shandong Province. In order to reveal the characteristics of spatial and historical distribution of heavy metals in different sublakes of the Upper Lake Nansi, heavy metal (As, Cr, Cu, Hg, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, Ti and V) concentrations of sediment samples were investigated. Based on the activity of^137Cs in the sediments, the modem accumulation rate of Lake Nansi sediments is 3.5 mm/a. Our results show that the whole Upper Lake Nansi has been already polluted by heavy metals, among which Lake Nanyang has been polluted seriously by mercury, as well as by lead and arsenic, while Lake Dushan has been most seriously polluted by lead and arsenic. Historical variation of heavy metal (Cr, Cu, K, Ni, Zn, A1, Fe, Ti and V) concentrations shows an abrupt shift in 1962, resuiting in a division of two periods: from 1957 to 1962 when metal enrichment increased with time, and from 1962 to 2000 when it decreased with time, while that of some anthropogenic elements such as Hg, Pb and Mn tend to increase toward the surface. However, the variation trend of As in the sediments is different from that of Hg, Pb and Mn, with its maximum value appearing in 1982. Since 1982 the concentrations of As have decreased due to the forbidden use of arsenite pesticides. This variation trend revealed changes in manner of human activity (coal combustion, waste discharges from both industries and urban sewage ) within the catchment during different periods.     

Hydrological and biogeochemical dynamics of the minor and trace elements in the St. Lawrence River

Surface water samples from the St. Lawrence River were collected in order to study the processes controlling minor and trace elements concentrations (Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn), and to construct mass balances allowing estimates of the relative importance of their natural and anthropogenic sources. The two major water inputs, the upper St. Lawrence River, which drains waters originating from the Lake Ontario, and the Ottawa River were collected fortnightly over 18 months. In addition, other tributaries were sampled during the spring floods. The output was monitored near Quebec City at the river mouth weekly between 1995 and 1999. Dissolved metal concentrations in the upper St. Lawrence River carbonated waters were lower than in the acidic waters of the tributaries draining the crystalline rocks of the Canadian shield and the forest cover. Biogeochemical and hydrodynamic processes occurring in Lake Ontario drive the seasonal variations observed in the upper St. Lawrence River. Biogeochemical processes relate to biological uptake, regeneration of organic matter (for Cd and Zn) and oxyhydroxide formation (for Mn and Fe), while hydrodynamic processes mainly concern the seasonal change in vertical stratification (for Cd, Mn, and Zn). In the Ottawa River, the main tributary, oxyhydroxide formation in summer governs seasonal patterns of Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co and Zn. The downstream section of the St. Lawrence River is a transit zone in which seasonal variations are mainly driven by the mixing of the different water masses and the large input of suspended particulate matter from erosion. The budget of all dissolved elements, except Fe and Zn, was balanced, as the budget of particulate elements (except Cd and Zn). The main sources of metals to the St. Lawrence River are erosion and inputs from tributaries and Lake Ontario. Direct anthropogenic discharges into the river accounted for less than 5% of the load, except for Cd (10%) and Zn (21%). The fluxes in transfer of dissolved Cd, Co, Cu and Zn species from the river to the lower St. Lawrence estuary were equal to corresponding fluxes calculated for Quebec City since the distributions of dissolved concentrations of these metals versus salinity were conservative. For Fe, the curvature of the dilution line obtained suggests that dissolved species were removed during early mixing.     

南京市大气降尘重金属含量特征及来源研究

文中对南京市大气降尘重金属含量水平进行了研究,从2006年12月起连续收集一年的大气降尘样品,分析了As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se、Zn等11个元素。结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,南京市大气降尘中除Cr、Fe、Mn外的重金属含量总体明显升高。采用相关分析和主成分分析,对降尘重金属元素来源进行解析,认为有三种主要来源:一是As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Se与燃煤活动、汽车尾气排放有关。二是Cd、Ni、Zn、Mo可能与化学工业有关,但Mo还受工业活动、土壤颗粒物的影响。分析还表明,在化工业园附近的样点,这些元素含量普遍较高。三是Mn、Cr主要与土壤颗粒物有关(自然来源)。以Fe作为参考元素计算重金属的富集因子表明,自然来源的Cr、Mn具有较小的富集因子,而受工业活动影响的Cd、Pb、Se、Zn具有较大的富集因子。     

Concentration and distribution of trace elements in some coals from Northern China

The concentration, distribution and modes of occurrence of trace elements in thirty coals, four floors and two roofs from Northern China were studied. The samples were collected from the major coalfields of Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The concentrations of seventeen potential hazardous trace elements, including Hg, As, Se, Pb, Cd, Br, Ni, Cr, Co, Mo, Mn, Be, Sb, Th, V, U, Zn, and five major elements P, Na, Fe, Al, and Ca in coals were determined.Compared with average concentration of trace elements in Chinese coal, the coals from Northern China contain a higher concentration of Hg, Se, Cd, Mn, and Zn. They may be harmful to the environment in the process of combustion and utilization. Vertical variations of trace elements in three coal seams indicated the distributions of most elements in coal seam are heterogeneous. Based on statistical analyses, trace elements including Mo, Cr, Se, Th, Pb, Sb, V, Be and major elements including Al, P shows an affinity to ash content. In contrast, Br is generally associated with organic matter. Elements As, Ni, Be, Mo, and Fe appear to be associated with pyrite. The concentrations of trace elements weakly correlate either to coal rank or to maceral compositions.     

Proton-induced X-ray emission measurements of trace elements in water samples collected from an Indiana coal mining locality

A new method of simultaneous multi-elemental analysis, Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), was used to detect trace elements in waters associated with a coal strip-mining operation in southern Indiana. Stream, pond, and ground water samples were collected and analyzed monthly from, or near, Sulphur Creek in Sullivan County. The concentrations of 26 major and trace elements were determined in samples from eleven locations: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Ba, Hg, Pb, and U. Elemental concentrations fluctuated considerably throughout the 13-month sampling period and also among sampling sites. Nickel, Zn, As, Cd, Mn, Fe, and Ca were highest in the upstream water which was most acidic (pH = 2.9–4.0) because of old unreclaimed mining operations. The highest values recorded were Ni = 1662 ppb, Zn = 4953 ppb, As = 26 ppb, Cd = 93 ppb, Mn = 5063 ppb, Fe = 63 ppm, and Ca = 325 ppm. The concentrations of these elements decreased downstream as the pH of Sulphur Creek increased which was likely due to the influence of the calcareous glacial till cover in the area and the recent mining activity which disturbed overburden containing a high percentage of calcareous materials. Lead, I, Br, and Ti values were highest (661 ppb, 86 ppb, 70 ppb, and 45 ppb, respectively) in the ground water from the coal seam (pH approximately 7). Other elements which were relatively high in the pH 7 waters closest to the current mining operations (pond, stream, and groundwater) included K (17 ppm), Sr (3408 ppb), Ba (173 ppb), As (14 ppb), Rb (16 ppb), Sn (14 ppb), and Cu (3840 ppb). The highest Cu concentration was recorded at the point where drainage water from the mine entered Sulphur Creek. Gallium, U, Hg, and Mo were found in low (< 13 ppb for Ga and Hg; < 205 ppb for Mo and U) concentrations and only in the ponds within the mine.     

Trace metal deposition and mobility in the sediments of two lakes near Sudbury,Ontario

The accumulation and mobility of Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Ni and Pb in the sediments of two lakes (Clearwater, pH 4.5; and McFarlane, pH 7.5) near Sudbury, Ontario have been investigated. The Al, Cu and Ni concentrations are expectedly relatively high in the overlying waters of Clearwater Lake and much lower for Al and Cu in McFarlane Lake. The low trace metal concentrations found in the anoxic porewaters of Clearwater Lake could be explained by a sharp increase in porewater pH concomitant with SO₄² reduction and H₂S production within the first 1–2 cm of the sediments, which has conceivably led to the precipitation of mineral phases such as AL(OH)₃, NiS, and CuS. In both lakes, Fe concentrations in anoxic porewaters appear to be controlled by FeS and/or FeCO₃ formation. Solubility calculations also indicate MnCO₃ precipitation in McFarlane Lake. In Clearwater Lake, however, both porewater and total Mn were relatively low, a possible result of the continuous loss of Mn(II) through the acidic interface. It is suggested that upwardly decreasing total Mn profiles resulting from the removal of Mn from the top sediment layers under acidic conditions may constitute a reliable symptom of recent lake acidification.The downward diffusion of AI, Cu and Ni from the overlying water to the sediments has been estimated from their concentration gradients at the interface and compared to their total accumulation rates in the sediments. In both lakes the diffusion of Al is negligible compared to its accumulation rate. However, diffusion accounts for 24–52% of the accumulation of Cu in the sediments of Clearwater Lake, but appears negligible in McFarlane Lake. The downward diffusive flux of Ni is important and may explain 76–161% of the estimated Ni accumulation rate in Clearwater Lake, and 59% in McFarlane Lake. The porewater Cu and Ni profiles suggest that the subsurface sedimentary trace metal peaks observed in Clearwater Lake (as in other acid lakes) may not be caused by sediment leaching or by a recent reduction in sedimentation but may have a diagenetic origin instead. Diffusion to the sediments thus appears to be an important and previously overlooked trace metal deposition mechanism, particularly in acid lakes.     

吉南地区不同沉积环境原煤微量元素地球化学特征

对吉林南部地区煤矿主采煤层中的As、B、Ba、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、Se、Sr等微量元素的分析结果表明，太原组与山西组由于成煤环境不同，微量元素组成及含量存在一定的差异：太原组原煤中As、B、Hg、Pb、Se、Zn的含量明显高于山西组，山西组原煤中Ba、Cr、Cu、Mn、V的含量明显高于太原组。吉南煤区原煤中As、B、Hg、Pb、Se明显高于地壳元素平均值，呈富集状态，Co、Cd与地壳平均值接近，其他元素均亏损。与全国煤中微量元素相比，该区原煤中As、Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Se、V、Zn的含量高于全国平均值，B、Mn、Sr含量低于全国平均值。微量元素赋存状态及相关分析表明，Fe与亲硫有害元素As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Se具有显著相关关系，说明煤中黄铁矿及其他硫化物是许多有害微量元素的重要载体。     

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region,China

Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals of waters and sediments in the ten shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region were determined to identify their composition and spatial distribution, and to assess the extent of their environmentally detrimental effects by comparison with water and sediment quality guidelines. Results indicated that As and Pb were the main pollutants in lake waters and Mn and Hg the potential ones, while As, Cu and Pb were the main pollutants in lake sediments. Their spatial distribution indicated that Daye Lake was seriously polluted by metals, which was corroborated by cluster analysis. Higher concentrations of trace elements have been found in lakes downstream of the Yangtze River delta, and higher concentrations of metals have been recorded in sediments of upstream lakes, suggesting that metals in water were more sensitive to anthropogenic activities and that metals in sediment were mainly controlled by minerals. Correlation analyses demonstrated that there were stronger associations among metals in lake sediments than those in lake waters, and their good relationships suggested the common sources. Further research on the subject will help develop water quality management with the aim of restoring shallow lakes in the Yangtze River.     

石家庄市大气降尘重金属元素来源分析

本文对石家庄市大气降尘重金属含量水平进行了研究,从2007年11月起连续收集一年的大气降尘样品,分析了As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Mo、Mn、Al2O3、K2O等12项。结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,石家庄市大气降尘中除Al2O3外的重金属含量总体明显升高。采用相关分析和主成分分析,对降尘重金属元素来源进行解析,认为有3种主要来源:一是Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Mo、Cd、Mn与燃煤活动、道路交通有关;二是Ni、Cu、Zn除与燃煤活动有关外,还与工矿企业废气排放有关;三是Al2O3主要与土壤颗粒物有关(自然来源)。以Al作为参考元素计算重金属的富集因子表明,受工业活动影响的Cd、Hg、Zn具有较大的富集因子,大气降尘中的重金属含量高值区与工业区域的分布相吻合。     

The I.A.G.C. interlaboratory water analysis comparison programme

The I.A.G.C. international programme of interlaboratory comparison of water analysis quality involved seven waters, including surface waters, a ground water, an alkaline spring water, a sample ‘spiked’ with heavy metals, and a geothermal water. Forty-eight laboratories in eighteen countries participated.Sample stability was little problem for most major solutes and for minor elements at concentrations greater than tens of ppb. Iron analyses were erratic for some samples, and the stability of nitrogen species was suspect in unsterilized samples. For major constituents in surface waters the results were of reasonable quality but for waters of unusual composition e.g. the geothermal and alkaline spring water, the results were far from satisfactory. Of the common constituents, SO₄, NO₃, F, and SiO₂ showed the greatest range of results. The most consistent results for trace elements at the 10 ppb level were for Be, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Li. Lower quality results (coefficient of variation over 30) were obtained for Fe, As, Mn, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn.