土壤中铅铜锌镉的吸附特性

以徐州王庄矿（WZK）、奎河（KH）、背景-1（BG-1）和背景-2（BG-2）等4个土壤样品为供试对象，加入不同浓度梯度的铅、铜、锌、镉离子，通过静态实验研究了铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附特性。结果表明，土壤对4个重金属的吸附量与加入到土壤中的重金属离子浓度呈正相关性，它们之间大部分满足线性相关关系。在4个土壤样品中加入铅、铜、锌、镉离子的初始浓度比为10：10：10：1时，平衡浓度为Czn〉Ccu〉CPh〉Ccd，吸附量为Scd〉SPh〉Scu〉Szn，4个土壤样品对铅、铜、锌、镉离子的吸附能力依次为WZK〉KH〉BG-2〉BG-1。在所选实验条件下，土壤对铅、铜、锌、镉的吸附能力受土壤中铅、铜、锌、镉的含量、土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水量和土壤的pH值影响较大。     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

母岩特征对上犹复式岩体中风化壳离子吸附型重稀土矿形成的制约

近年,在赣南加里东期上犹复式花岗岩体风化壳中首次发现了离子吸附型重稀土矿,这一找矿突破受到广泛关注,但其成因机制尚不清楚.本文对上犹复式岩体中产出重稀土的剖面中的基岩开展了岩相学、矿物学、元素地球化学及锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年研究.结果显示,重稀土矿的风化母岩为中细粒黑云母花岗岩?强绢云母化黑云母花岗岩,(...     

微分脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定岩石和土壤中痕量铟

应用方波极谱,催化波测定矿石中微量铟已有报导,但仅限以测定0.Xppm以上样品中铟,而对岩石、土壤中测定0.0Xppm铟尚不多见。虽然用阳极溶出伏安法测定铟有一些文献报导,但却只能用于某些基体较为简单的样品如锌、铝及其合金水质中铟的测定。 本文应用微分脉冲阳极溶出技术,在1.65N.KBr—0.05N-HCl—0.02％NH_2OH.HCl介质中,应用悬汞电极富集2分钟后,Cd~(2+),In~(3+),Pb~(2+)的溶出峰分别为-0.64,-0.52,及-0.41伏(Vs Ag/AgCl电     

Origin of the Anorthosite-Mangerite Rocks in Southern Quebec

Rocks of the anorthosite-mangerite suite were intruded in manyplaces in the southern part of the Grenville province of theCanadian Shield. These rocks, known as the Morin series in southernQuebec, are described from two contrasted areas, one in whichthere has been intense deformation during the emplacement ofthese rocks and in the other only mild deformation. Differencesin the mineralogy and chemistry of these rocks in the two areascan be related to the degree of deformation. Although many of the rocks of the series still retain theirigneous textures, others, especially the mangerites, are largelyrecrystallized and commonly exhibit a gneissic foliation. Thefeldspars and pyroxenes which are by far the most abundant mineralsof the Morin series are dealt with in detail. From a study ofthe coexisting pyroxenes and the amount of iron in the plagioclases,evidence is given for a difference in the degree of metamorphismbetween the two areas. All of the pyroxenes from the more highlydeformed area contain considerably more alumina than those fromthe other area. Coexisting lime-rich and lime-poor pyroxenesare characteristic of almost all of the rocks of the series.The coexistence of subcalcic ferro-augite and inverted pigeoniteas iron-rich as Ca_25.6Mg_22.4Fe_52.0 and Ca₉Mg₂₃Fe₆₃, respectively,in the unmetamorphosed rocks suggests very high temperaturesof crystallization. Analyses of the rocks are compared with those from other anorthositeassemblages. Variation diagrams indicate that the anorthosite-mangeriterocks form a very definite series which is not exactly comparablewith any other known rock series. Although the anorthosite-mangeritesuite shows strong iron enrichment and is therefore similarto many tholeiitic suites, the basic members of the series aremore akin to calc-alkaline rocks. It is concluded that the anorthosite-mangerite rocks are derivedfrom a calc-alkaline parental magma that underwent differentiationin a very dry environment and hence gave rise to the strongiron enrichment trend that is characteristic of tholeiitic suites.Early accumulation of plagioclase from the parental magma toform anorthosites may be due to a probable increase in the sizeof the field of crystallization of intermediate and sodic plagioclasesunder high pressures. The fact that intrusion took place duringan orogenic period is of great importance, for the rocks inthe more deformed area are more differentiated than those inthe less deformed area.     

Sources and Typomorphism of Platinum in Carbonaceous Rocks in Far East Russia

Results of the study of carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks in the northern part of the Khanka and eastern part of the Bureya massifs (Primorye and Khabarovsk territories, JAR) and associated platinum mineralization are presented. It is shown that platinum minerals are represented by microparticle dispersion in shales of the greenschist-facies metamorphism (Sutyr and Kimkan sequences, Mitrofanovo Formation) and by Pt and PtO₂ nanoparticles associated closely with graphite in shales of the amphibolite facies (Turgenev and Soyuznoe graphite deposits). The studied carbonaceous sequences were likely formed in the hemipelagic setting in a suprasubduction trench during the intense input of terrigenous material into basin. Carbon was derived from the marine biogenic material and superimposed graphitization related to a lower crustal material. Iron ores in the carbonaceous shales are hydrothermal formations. Platinum mineralization was likely related to two sources: (i) sedimentary-chemogenic source that made up the protolith of graphite–sericite–quartz shales of the Sutyr and Kimkan sequences (Mitrofanovo Formation); (ii) graphitizing fluid generated in deep magma chambers. Mineralization produced from these sources is transformed during the hydrothermal activity (coarsening of microparticles) and/or regional metamorphism (disintegration of microparticles and remobilization of Pt into graphite).     

岩石土壤中痕量金泡塑富集光谱测定

关于泡塑对金的捕集特性研究,1976年国内已用于金的测定,而泡塑富集光谱测定微量金的方法,作者已有报导。分析实践表明:从0.01—65.0克/吨的范围内方法是可靠的。几年来,由于方法的不断完善,1克/吨金样的测定相对标准偏差由最初的18.5％下降至11.8％。 化探的发展,使ppb级痕量金分析成为紧迫需要。文献为解决上述课题取得了关键性的突破。资料号称具有了纳克检出限,但方法繁琐。作者设计了一个简便的     

Palynomorphs from Metamorphic Rocks in Southern Anhui and Their Geological Significance

The southern Anhui metamorphic terrane is traditionally regarded as a part of middle-lateProterozoic "Jiangnan Old Land". Based on the occurrence of palynomorphsAsperatopsophosphaera sp., Trachysphaeridium sp. and Nucellosphaeridium sp. (late     

利用气体吸附法和压汞法研究烃源岩孔隙分布特征

烃源岩中微观孔隙空间是油气初次运移的重要通道,同时也是残留烃主要的储集空间。本文对烃源岩中不同尺度的孔隙分别使用气体吸附法和压汞法进行测定,进而对孔隙分布进行系统分析。实验结果表明,青山口组一段烃源岩孔隙度较低,分布于12%～387%之间,平均为217%,主要以微孔和介孔为主,孔容分布于18～30 mL/mg之间,平均为949 mL/mg;比表面积分布于091～3102m2/g之间,平均为702 m2/g。同时本文探讨了不同岩石组成对烃源岩内孔隙发育与分布的影响,发现有机质、伊利石及黄铁矿含量与孔容之间具有较好的正相关关系,孔隙的大小及数量随其含量的增高而增加,而粘土矿物中的绿泥石以及非粘土矿物中石英、方解石、斜长石含量与孔容之间呈负相关关系,烃源岩中的孔隙可能会随其含量的增高而减少,高岭石含量与孔容之间相关性较差,表明烃源岩孔隙可能不受其影响。此外,烃源岩中孔隙发育及分布还受有机质类型、丰度、热演化程度、粘土矿物排列形式、非粘土矿物的次生变化等因素的影响     

北京地区潮土对土霉素的吸附特性研究

北京近1/4区域土壤属于潮土,潮土对四环素类抗生素的吸附特性还鲜有报道。采用OECD Guideline 106的方法,研究土霉素在北京地区潮土上的吸附特性。结果表明,土霉素在潮土中的吸附动力学过程符合Elovich方程,土霉素初始浓度会影响吸附速率,2 mg/L时最大,10 mg/L时最小。吸附百分比随着初始浓度的升高,先增大后减小。温度和平均吸附速率呈负相关。实验浓度下,吸附等温线符合线性等温方程和Freundlich方程,吸附是自发的吸热反应。潮土对土霉素的吸附量和粉粒及黏粒含量之和呈正相关。土霉素在潮土中的吸附受初始浓度、温度、土壤性质等因素的影响,深入了解其作用机理,有助于防治土霉素污染,保护土壤安全。     

封闭酸溶-盐酸羟胺还原ICP-MS法测定土壤沉积物岩石中的痕量碘

碘是活跃元素,价态多,各价态间易相互转化,化学性质不稳定,使用ICP-MS测定土壤、沉积物和岩石样品中的痕量碘,样品前处理和测定结果的稳定性是主要问题。本文采用磷酸-高氯酸高压密闭消解处理样品,提高了样品分解效率,也避免了碘的挥发损失,通过加入0.5mL 20g/L盐酸羟胺溶液将碘还原为I~-,提高了碘的稳定性,再于100℃烘箱中保温至少20min,以稀氨水作介质,降低了ICP-MS测定过程中的记忆效应。方法相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.88%～9.19%,相对误差为-6.90%～8.33%,回收率为92.5%～109.6%,检出限(3s)为0.012μg/g。本方法的测定数据与半熔法一致,解决了当前方法存在的分析流程长、空白高、岩石样品提取不完全、提取装置繁多等问题,可以作为土壤、沉积物、岩石中痕量碘测定方法的一种补充,适合批量样品分析。     

鄂北—豫南地区榴辉岩相岩石变质作用演化特征

鄂北－豫南地区榴辉岩相变质岩石类型多样,其野外产状和岩石化学特征反映了原地变质成因。根据区域地质及榴辉岩相变质岩石的野外产状,结合榴辉岩中石榴石绿辉石的Ｆｅ２＋－Ｍｇ互换温度计所计算出的峰期变质温度,将本区榴辉岩分为两类,一类为中温榴辉岩,产于晚太古界—早元古界大别群,为Ｂ类榴辉岩,由绿帘角闪岩相岩石进变质形成。榴辉岩相变质作用分为两阶段,首先为柯石英榴辉岩相阶段,其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝６００℃～７００℃,Ｐ＝２．７～３．０ＧＰａ,然后近等温降压,出现蓝闪石等含水矿物,为蓝闪石榴辉岩相阶段,此时水活度在榴辉岩相变质过程中起着重要作用;另一类为低温榴辉岩,产于中元古界七角山组,为Ｃ类榴辉岩,由蓝片岩相岩石进变质形成,其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝４９０℃～５６０℃,Ｐ＜１．５ＧＰａ。中温榴辉岩与低温榴辉岩具有不同的变质作用特征。最后讨论了本区高压变质带的成因演化。     

中国南方典型富硒区土壤硒有效性调控与评价

多目标区域地球化学调查发现中国南方酸性土壤的硒含量普遍较高,但其生物有效性一般较低,土壤硒有效性直接关系到富硒土地资源的可利用性,而土壤酸碱度是影响土壤硒生物有效性的重要因素。本文选取福建、海南富硒红壤(pH为3.91~4.98)、富硒水稻土(pH为4.33~5.75),以生石灰、燃煤炉渣为改良剂,分别设置6个实验处理以调控土壤硒生物有效性。结果表明:添加生石灰和燃煤炉渣均能提升南方酸性土壤的pH,上升幅度在1~2个pH单位,从而有利于土壤中硒元素的活化,显著提高了土壤中硒元素的生物有效性;燃煤炉渣用量与其10倍的生石灰对提升土壤硒有效度的效果相当,而燃煤炉渣作为调控物料更为经济、实用,既可以实现炉渣的有效利用,又可以改善土壤结构、提高土壤硒有效度。     

Biosensor-based comparison of the ecotoxicological contamination of the wastewaters of Southern Russia and Southern Germany

To assess the ecotoxicological and sanitary situation in two European metropolis, Rostov-on-Don (Southern Russia) and Munich (Southern Germany), wastewaters of the two cities were examined with a panel of bacterial lux-biosensors: Vibrio aquamarinus VKPM B-11245, Escherichia coli MG1655 (pXen7), E. coli MG1655 (pRecA-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pSoxS-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pKatG-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pIbpA-lux), E. coli MG1655 (GrpE-lux), E. coli MG1655 (pFabA-lux). The presence of different genotoxic compounds and substances with the oxidative and membrane-damaging effects was revealed in contaminated wastewater with the applied panel of the lux-biosensors. The integral toxicity was approximately the same in both cities but demonstrated opposite trends. The presence of genotoxicants and peroxides was higher in the majority of the Munich wastewater samples. There were also differences in the presence of individual toxicants. The presence of the genotoxic compounds might also promote development and dissemination of several antibiotic resistance traits found in microorganisms, a feature more pronounced in Rostov-on-Don wastewaters. By means of polymerase chain reaction assay, antibiotic resistance genes to such antibiotics as ermB, vim and vanB were revealed in two Munich samples. Antibiotic resistance genes were present at all Rostov samples, and genes ndm, vanA, vanB and ermB were found. Taken together, the proposed analytical approach with the application of the constructed panel of biosensors can be applied for monitoring of the ecotoxicological contamination in the wastewaters of large cities.     

氢化物—石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定岩石土壤及水样中的微量锡

本文针对地质样品中的微量锡,汇集了氢化物、石墨炉二种方法的优点,对仪器及操作作了改进,将发生的气相氢化物通过干燥,用液氮冷凝使之富集,最后导入石墨炉原子化,从而使原子吸收分光光度法测定锡的灵敏度有很大的提高。分析方法的     

不同粒级土壤中镉铅汞的吸附特性

将3种不同质地的土壤样品分为3种不同的粒级:自然状态、砂粒和粉黏粒,分别研究了这3种不同土壤在3种不同粒级时对镉、铅、汞的吸附特点。结果表明,镉、铅在粉黏粒土壤中的吸附大于在自然土壤和砂粒土壤中的吸附,而汞却表现出相反的结果,其在砂粒土壤中的吸附远远大于在粉黏粒土壤和自然土壤中的吸附。3种不同质地的土壤对镉、铅、汞的吸附与分粒级土壤的吸附表现出了相似的吸附特性。同时,镉在3种不同土壤不同粒级中的吸附符合Langmuir方程,铅在3种不同土壤不同粒级中的吸附符合Henry方程,而汞在3种不同土壤不同粒级中的吸附符合Freundlich方程。     

福建地壳各岩类铜元素丰度及铜的矿源层（岩）讨论

根据福建省最新岩石测量成果得出的各岩类铜元素丰度,讨论和初步确定了福建铜的矿源层（岩）。提出可按照丰度值高低,铜的初始赋存状态与被解离的难易,有无矿床（点）及具找矿意义的异常产出这３项因素,进一步将矿源层（岩）划分为较可靠的、可能的和潜在的３个级别。