上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究

钻爆法是隧道开挖中一种主要的施工方法,爆破开挖不可避免会对围岩产生扰动。以新建走马岗隧道上穿东深供水走马岗引水隧洞工程为背景,开展上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究。选取与交叉段岩性一致的爆破施工开挖区域进行爆破振动监测,得到了现场爆破施工方案条件下走马岗隧道爆破振动规律。对实测数据进行回归分析,计算得出走马岗地区爆破质点峰值振动速度（PPV）的Sadovsk公式,反演得到控制爆破振动的最大掏槽药量及安全距离,制定出交叉段施工的安全控制范围以及相应的爆破方案。通过数值模拟进行了验证并付于交叉段现场施工。现场监测数据表明,提出的振速控制标准及爆破方案符合安全要求,保证了在建隧道的顺利开挖以及既有隧道的安全运行。研究成果可为类似工程爆破开挖及振动控制提供参考。     

隧道开挖施工的爆破振动监测与控制技术

以万松岭隧道工程开挖为研究对象,对隧道工程开挖施工爆破地震波的振动监测方法及控制技术进行了研究。通过对爆破振动监测结果的回归分析,建立了隧道工程开挖爆破振动传播的数学模型;确立了其传播衰减规律。结合工程实际,提出了修正后的爆破地震波衰减经验数学公式;经对比分析,所得爆破地震波衰减规律公式预测的质点振动速度具有较高的精度。同时,结合该隧道工程开挖爆破施工,从选择合理爆破时差、最大装药量、微差起爆、掘进进尺、预裂爆破等5个方面提出了爆破振动控制技术措施使该隧道开挖施工爆破中的地面振动速度值控制在了安全范围以内,从而确保了施工段地面建筑群的安全和该隧道工程开挖爆破作业的安全。其研究对指导隧道工程开挖爆破施工和保证地面建筑物安全起到了重要作用。     

Finite element analysis of vibrations induced by propagating waves generated by tunnel blasting

Summary The excavation of underground tunnels close to existing substructures or the ground surface presents problems especially when blasting is being carried out. The high intensity waves which are generated and propagated through the rock medium, due to the detonation of explosives, may still have large amplitudes when they reach the ground surface. In order to study the vibration effects due to these propagating waves associated with blasting, a finite element simulation of tunnel blasting has been carried out in this paper.An example of a new tunnel excavated below an existing tunnel has been studied. Even though this problem is three dimensional in nature, due to the large computational efforts involved in three dimensional dynamic analysis, a two dimensional finite element analysis has been adopted. A pseudo-plane strain concept has been used since it has been found that the results obtained using such an approach are more realistic than the conventional plane strain analysis.It is concluded that results from such a numerical analysis could compliment the field investigations to produce guidelines for safe and controlled blasting.     

Environmental impacts of ground vibration induced by blasting at different rock units on the Kadikoy–Kartal metro tunnel

This paper presents the results of ground vibration analysis induced by blasting during the construction of the Istanbul Kadıköy–Kartal metro tunnel. Different rock formations in this tunnel route were encountered during the excavation with blasting. As a first stage, the test site is divided into 6 main regions with respect to lithology changes in the rock units and Hoek's Geological Strength Index value of these rock units. During the excavation, a total of 659 events were recorded in 260 shots by vibration monitors. Scaled distance and peak particle velocity data pairs belonging to these shots were carefully recorded and analyzed statistically. As a result of this analysis, empirical relationships between scaled distance and peak particle velocity were established with higher correlation coefficients specific to each region. Finally, the particle velocities and frequency values of all blast events were evaluated according to Turkish Environmental Regulation, the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and the German DIN 4150 Norms in order to predict the influence level to the neighboring buildings and structures.     

Environmental impacts of bench blasting at Hisarcik Boron open pit mine in Turkey

This paper presents the results of ground vibration measurements carried out in Hisarcik Boron open pit mine located on the west side of central Anatolia near Kütahya province in Turkey. Within the scope of this study to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) level for this site, ground vibration components were measured for 304 shots during bench blasting. In blasting operations, ANFO (blasting agent), gelatin dynamite (priming), and delay electric detonators (firing) were used as explosives. Parameters of scaled distance (charge quantity per delay and the distance between the source and the station) were recorded carefully and the ground vibration components were measured for all blast events using two different types of vibration monitors (one White Mini-Seis and one Instantel Minimate Plus Model). The absolute distances between shot points and monitor stations were determined using GPS. The equation of square root scaled distance extensively used in the literature was taken into consideration for the prediction of PPV. Then, the data pairs of scaled distance and particle velocity obtained from the 565 event records were analyzed statistically. At the end of statistical evaluation of the data pairs, an empirical relation which gives 50% prediction line with a reasonable correlation coefficient was established between PPV and scaled distance.     

铁路隧道近距离下穿楼房控制爆破试验研究

结合内水－昆明铁路盐津1号隧道下穿楼房的实际情况,借助试爆和振动监测手段,对铁路隧道近距离下穿楼房应采用的爆破方法进行了研究。结果表明,在现场进行爆破设计所得的爆破参数是合理的,有利于近接隧道工程的成功修建;近接地下工程的修建中,在重难点工程施工前,现场进行爆破试验和振动监测是确保工程成功修建的有效手段;干扰减振爆破技术有着巨大的利用空间,随着爆破技术及爆破器材的发展,在将来的控制爆破中将发挥不可估量的作用。     

硬岩隧道高压气体膨胀破岩开挖试验

为了解决传统钻爆法在隧道工程中振动大的问题,引入一种新型破岩技术--高压气体膨胀破岩技术。通过在某隧道掌子面采用该技术进行现场试验,获得该技术试验时的振动速度值和试验后的破岩效果,将获得的结果与传统钻爆法得到的相应结果进行对比分析,结果表明,高压气体膨胀破岩技术在施工时产生的振动比钻爆法小,证明了将该技术应用在隧道工程中是可行的,解决了该隧道采用钻爆法施工振动风险大的问题,为类似工程破岩提供了一种新途径。     

The Blasting Test and Blasting Vibration Monitoring of Vertical Crater Retreat Mining Method in the Luohe Iron Mine

Because the land requisition and demolishing became difficult more and more, the mining scheme of Luohe iron mine was changed from caving method to filling method. In order to ensure the safety of the residence and the underground tunnel cavern within the mobile belt of the underground mining, the Luohe iron mine did the blasting test on the vertical crater retreat mining method and blasting vibration monitoring. The blasting experiments use common emulsified oil explosives and non-electric initiation system. The way of caved ore adopts the cutting groove and bench side. The NUBOX-6016 intelligent vibration monitor was chosen in the blasting vibration monitoring. Twice experiments on the blasting vibration monitoring were done on the surface or in the underground refuge cavern. The first test select the three monitoring points on the ground and the second select two monitoring points on the ground and a monitoring point in the underground refuge cavern. The blasting vibration monitoring data were conducted by the regression analysis in the Sodev’s empirical formula. The vibration attenuation formula about the underground blasting vibration transmitting in three directions is derived. The blasting test on the vertical crater retreat mining method and the blasting vibration were analyzed. It is estimated if the vibration damage possibly the surface buildings and related facilities of mine.     

超小净距隧道爆破振动现场监测及动力响应分析研究

以南京地铁超小净距隧道为工程背景,结合国内外现有研究成果和规范,研究确保小净距先行隧道安全稳定的后行隧道爆破施工控制技术。以现代信息化施工理论为依据,充分运用现场监控量测,对先行隧道爆破质点振动速度进行监测分析和施工中爆破采用减振和隔振两方面控制技术;最终现场监测结果表明,优化后的循环进尺、段最大装药量与分段爆破差等爆破参数设计合理,该爆破设计在施工中未对先行隧道安全产生较大影响;同时,通过三维数值模拟计算,得到先行隧道壁面的质点振动速度随时间的变化规律,所得最大振速符合规范要求,也再次验证了优化后的爆破设计是合理的。通过数据分析得出隧道边墙的切向和径向振速比拱脚相应振速大,爆破面前方先行洞衬砌受爆破振动的影响稍大于后方衬砌,临近爆破点的左线隧道衬砌表面振动大于远离爆破点的衬砌表面振动。该研究成果为本工程施工提供了科学依据与技术指导,也可为类似隧道工程的爆破掘进工程在理论和施工方法上提供参考借鉴。     

条形药包在隧道爆破中产生的应力场的实测分析

基于条形药包的爆破特性,针对隧道爆破的装药形式,把隧道爆破简化成几个条形药包的微差爆破,在隧道爆破区域的径向应力波为柱形,隧道掘进的轴向应力波为几个并列半圆形。应力波强度分布很不均匀,爆破区域的径向应力强度最大,向爆区端部延伸径向应力强度逐渐减小。进入爆区端部后,应力强度减小更明显。随着与爆区轴线夹角的减小,端部应力强度再次减小,爆区端部轴线方向应力强度最小。     

施工爆破对确定海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚度的影响研究

确定海底隧道的最小岩石覆盖厚度是在确保海底隧道安全的基础上减少工程造价的关键。施工爆破对上覆岩石的振动影响着海底隧道最小岩石覆盖厚度的确定。采用FLAC3D模拟了宁波海底隧道钻爆法施工对上覆岩层的动力学影响,分析了海底隧道的底板标高和装药量对上覆岩层交界面的稳定性影响,得到了振动速度、应力波动历时曲线和塑性区大小。通过与萨道夫斯基公式计算结果的对比,综合经济、安全方面的考虑,建议降低装药量,底板线下降2 m。     

大型基坑内支撑体系爆破拆除技术

阐述了采用控制爆破技术在复杂环境下拆除大型基坑内钢筋混凝土支撑的方法。在特殊的环境条件下进行支撑爆破时,采用预先切断振源、减少单段起爆药量的防震方法以及搭建防护棚的方法,可以有效控制爆破振动、飞石、扬尘对周围的影响。实践证明,采用控制爆破技术拆除大型基坑内钢筋混凝土支撑是安全、高效的。     

爆破振动对双连拱隧道中墙的影响分析

在Ⅱ、Ⅲ级围岩条件下,双连拱隧道常采用双侧全断面法施工。通过对双连拱隧道施工过程中的爆破振动进行三维数值模拟分析,研究了双连拱隧道后行洞爆破施工对中墙的振动影响。结果表明：双连拱隧道后行洞爆破对中墙有较大影响,需采用相应的保护措施,来减小爆破振动对中墙的扰动,而临时支护将会被破坏。     

并设小净距隧道爆破振动响应分析及控爆措施研究

通过大量二维、三维数值模拟计算,分析了围岩、净距、埋深等条件对小净距隧道爆破振动特性的影响,研究了先行隧道不同支护体系、不同中岩墙加固措施及后行隧道不同施工方案等情况下,小净距隧道中后行隧道爆破开挖对先行隧道的影响。根据研究结果,提出了中岩墙加固宜采用注浆加固、先行隧道初期支护宜及时跟进并封闭、掏槽眼宜远离中岩墙以及开挖进尺不宜大于净距的1/3等小净距隧道爆破施工的控爆措施,以供小净距隧道爆破开挖设计、施工借鉴。     

邻近既有隧道的新建大断面隧道施工参数优化分析

结合大帽山隧道Ⅴ级围岩段施工参数优化的试验,通过爆破震动速度、岩体声波波速和围岩内部位移的现场监控量测工作,研究既有隧道旁新建大断面隧道双侧壁导坑法施工时岩体的损伤程度和范围,进而优化导洞的单循环进尺、爆破参数等施工参数。研究表明：推进式往复爆破作业的双侧壁导坑法开挖的隧道必然导致围岩产生一定程度的损伤、破坏,尤其是小净距隧道间的中夹岩岩墙;双侧壁导坑法开挖的大断面隧道,控制岩体的损伤程度和损伤范围是相互矛盾的,通过减少单循环开挖进尺来减少爆破震动速度,只能控制岩体的损伤范围,多次的重复爆破导致损伤岩体的损伤程度更大,极大影响围岩稳定;相反,通过适当加大单循环开挖进尺来控制损伤程度的同时,过大的爆破震动速度导致损伤范围更大,极大影响邻近既有隧道的安全运行。利用现场监测数据,通过在UDEC软件中实现的岩体各向异性爆破损伤模型,计算导洞推进式开挖全过程围岩压力的变化和既有隧道支护结构的状态,综合考虑各种因素,优化得到折中的单循环进尺。     

隧道原位扩建对邻近建筑物影响评估的研究

以重庆机场路渝洲隧道原位车道扩建为8车道工程为背景,通过文献调研、数值分析、监控量测和爆破监测等手段,对隧道原位扩建形式比选、扩建开挖对邻近建筑物变形影响和扩建爆破作业对邻近建构筑物影响等开展研究, 得到如下结论：（1）隧道原位扩建有单侧扩建、两侧扩建和周围扩建3 种形式,从施工力学分析,单侧扩建形式最优;（2）渝州隧道地表最大沉降曲线与小净距隧道类似;（3）地表沉降槽曲线的影响半径为40 m左右;（4）渝州隧道最大地表沉降差距离中线约10 m和30 m,实测临近建筑物沉降满足规范,建筑物安全;（5）爆破振动监测显示临近隧道和建筑物的振速值均远低于规范限制值,说明既有隧道形成的临空面对于吸收和释放爆破振动能量的作用很大。该研究成果为今后类似隧道原位扩建工程的施工方案提供参考借鉴。     

玉环干江栈头公路隧道的爆破开挖技术

根据栈头公路隧道的工程特点及隧道施工的复杂性,阐述了隧道开挖的减振爆破控制技术和隧道开挖的方法,以及施工量测和振速监测技术在隧道开挖过程中的应用。     

近距离下穿在建地铁隧道施工爆破变形及控制方法研究

近距离爆破下穿尚未完成二衬的区间隧道是一种较为特殊的工况,涉及初支破坏、既有隧道下沉等诸多问题。以青岛地铁2号线近距离（250 mm）下穿刚完成初支的3号线隧道工程设计及施工为实例,通过在施工时采用自进式管棚、拱顶部位掏空、辅助中孔掏槽、对既有隧道施加张拉力、限载限行等多项措施,并根据类比给出合理的爆破振速控制指标,控制爆破振速及隧道变形。运用有限元分析软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维模型数值分析,揭示在建隧道爆破施工对既有隧道变形及内力变化规律。经过理论计算与实测分析,采取的各项措施能够达到预期的效果,3号线初支结构未见异常,其研究成果对特殊条件下的爆破下穿设计与施工具有参考价值。     

既有隧道扩建爆破振动数值模拟研究

基于原有隧道改扩建拱顶塌腔段扩建开挖,系统研究了多临空面条件下岩体爆破振动规律。采用完全重启动数值方法和拉格朗日算法分析岩体爆破振动规律,模拟爆破振动对隧道塌腔加固区和既有隧道围岩的影响,并获得了特征点的振动速度和衰减规律。数值模拟的最大振速符合爆破振动安全允许标准的要求,从而验证了爆破设计的可行性,并指导了爆破施工。同时,对隧道塌腔段开挖进行爆破振动监测。通过对比分析现场振动监测数据,数值模拟与现场监测结果吻合。结果表明,采用拉格朗日算法和完全重启动数值模拟方法可以描述隧道多孔毫秒延期爆破破岩和质点振动传播规律。该研究结论对隧道多孔毫秒延时控制爆破工程具有参考和指导意义。     

近距离交叉隧洞爆破对既有隧道的振动影响

结合南山下隧洞下穿温福客运专线钱仓山隧道工程,实时监测近距离交叉隧洞爆破施工对既有隧道的振动影响。实测结果表明,（1）迎爆面位置影响既有隧道断面的爆破振动速度分布;震源距离测点大于30 m时,距离是爆破振动的主要影响因素;震源距离测点小于30 m时,主要影响因素则为装药量与距离。（2）岩体越坚硬完整,爆破振动波传播衰减越慢。采用导洞先行预留光面爆破、导洞爆破掏槽眼和周边眼及底板眼分开起爆、控制最大段装药量等措施,可有效地降低爆破振动影响,控制其对钱仓山隧道的影响,对类似工程有借鉴作用。