西南极利文斯顿岛火山岩地质

本文综合近年研究中新获得的资料和证据，对利文斯顿岛火山岩的地质特征和火山作用特点作了综合性的介绍。百耳斯建造是该岛最老的火山岩地层，由晚侏罗世至早白垩世生成的玄武岩、玄武安山岩质熔岩和火山碎屑岩、集块岩以及泥岩、页岩等组成，分布在岛西部的百耳斯半岛。中白垩世的鲍勒斯山组主要出露在岛的中部，是由安山岩质熔岩和火山碎屑岩夹层组成的一套蚀变火山岩系。汉那角剖面的火山碎屑岩和熔岩及史莱夫角的橄榄玄武岩均具有中白垩世的年龄。晚白垩世火山活动的产物以粗玄岩为代表，集中出露在西多斯角一带。伴随着火山活动，始新世英云闪长岩侵入白垩系火山岩地层。更新世至现代则有依诺特角组橄榄玄武岩在岛的东北部产出。上述火山活动随时间演进而自北西向南东不断迁移的特点，与整个南设得兰群岛火山作用的发展趋势相符。岩石化学和地球化学资料表明，百耳斯半岛熔岩、史莱夫角的橄榄玄武岩和西多斯角的粗玄岩等白垩纪火山岩基本属于钙碱性岩系并且具有低钾低镁的特点。早第三纪的英云闪长岩继承了橄榄玄武岩和粗玄岩的成分特点，同是南设得兰群岛岩浆弧中生代－新生代火山作用的产物，在钙碱性岩系岩浆演化的晚期生成。而鲍勒斯山组的熔岩和汉那角的熔岩表现出岩相学和岩石化学性质上的     

西南极利文斯顿岛火山岩多种成因过程的地球化学证据

利文斯顿岛火山岩是南极南设得兰岩浆弧的一部分。对岩石的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成以及８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ与１／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ、Ｋ和ＳｉＯ２关系的研究表明,利文斯顿岛火山岩具有不同的源区特征。百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩、西多斯角的粗玄岩和第三纪的英云闪长岩显示出同成因的特点,和依诺特角第四纪橄榄玄武岩一样,它们均具有原生地幔的同位素组分,源区岩浆可能直接来自上地幔。汉那角和中利文斯顿岛火山岩岩浆则受到地壳成分的混染。不相容元素对Ｌａ／Ｓｍ－Ｌａ和Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ－Ｃｅ的研究进一步显示出,上述不同产地的岩石分别为不同源岩浆不同程度部分熔融的产物。结合岩相学和岩石化学特征的研究,提出百耳斯半岛和史莱夫角的火山岩以及西多斯角的粗玄岩是上地幔发生部分熔融所生成的玄武岩岩浆从深部岩浆囊沿构造薄弱带直接喷出形成的。古生代基底岩系的存在对中利文斯顿岛和汉那角火山岩的成因过程有重要的影响,即来自深部岩浆囊的原始岩浆在上地壳中的浅部岩浆囊受到了壳源物质混染。更新世－现代火山岩的源区岩浆直接自上地幔部分熔融生成,火山作用与晚新生代时该区的拉张构造有关。     

Palaeomagnetism of the Macaronesian Insular Region: The Cape Verde Islands

Palaeomagnetic pole positions have been determined for a collection of igneous rocks, comprising nearly five hundred samples, from the Cape Verde Islands of Santa Antao, Sao Vicente, Sao Nicolao and Sao Tiago. Limited data from the islands of Sal, Maio and Fogo are also presented. Stratigraphic control suggusts that the lavas are overwhelmingly Miocene in age on Sao Tiago and Sao Nicolao. Similarity in the palaeomagnetic pole positions indicates that Miocene lavas are also dominant on Santa Antao and Sao Vicente.
Substantial areas within two of the islands are of reversed polarity only, suggesting either a rapid extrusion rate, or the existence of a long reversed polarity epoch during the Miocene period. The palaeomagnetic pole positions for each island are close to the present geographic pole, excluding the possibility of Post-Miocene differential crustal spreading (or rotation about a vertical axis) in this part of the Atlantic. The palaeomagnetic pole position for the entire survey is consistent with the Miocene geographic pole being removed from, but close to, the present geographic pole; and is in harmony with the European polar wandering curve.     

The current status ofAtriplexon the Cape Verde Islands

Extensive areas of low lying coastal plains on Santiago Island, Republic of Cape Verde, are virtually devoid of natural vegetation. Of many introduced trees and shrubs, onlyAtriplexspecies have been found to thrive. Several plantations have been established during the past 15 years by the Cape Verde Government, FAO and other agricultural development groups. Results from these, together with local perceptions, indicate that although growth and survival are good, the primary objective of providing forage is not being met, owing to the unpalatability ofAtriplexto local stock. In recent field trials, severalAtriplexspecies showed good growth, but none were browsed and survival was quite poor, with onlyA. undulata(65%) andA. canescens(100%) exceeding 60% survival. Forage analysis identified high salt content in all species tested, and the highest protein content was found inA. glauca(16%),A. vesicaria(17%) andA. canescens(20%), which also had the lowest salt levels.Atriptex canescenswas identified as worthy of further introduction. An establishedA. halimusplantation that was observed to be browsed was compared to unbrowsed stands in terms of forage, soil and local drinking water analyses. Possible reasons for the unpalatability ofAtriplexto local stock and its resolution are discussed, along with the potential future ofAtriplexon the Cape Verde Islands.     

西南极利文斯顿岛中部中生代－新生代火山岩岩石化学研究

出露在利文斯顿岛中部的白垩纪火山岩为玄武岩－玄武安山岩－安山岩－英安岩组合，基本属于钙碱性系列，但具有低钾拉斑玄武岩的某些特点。岩石富集Ｒｂ、Ｔｈ、Ｂａ，轻度亏损Ｚｒ、Ｔｉ、Ｈｆ、Ｎｂ，较强亏损Ｃｒ和Ｎｉ，而且随着岩浆从基性向酸性成分的演化，富集（或亏损）程度加大。岩石的轻稀土元素中度富集，岩石的（Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ）ＣＮ比值较低。白垩纪火山岩形成在一个造山环境，是南设得兰岩浆弧的一部分。然而，在利文斯顿岛不同地区出露的岩石其化学性质有所区别，因此认为它们可能源于不同的岩浆体系。在晚古生代至早中生代，利文斯顿岛中部处于一个独特的浊积扇的构造环境。主要产在利文斯顿岛中部和汉那角的鲍勒斯山组火山岩与其它地点的中生代火山岩相比，无论岩相学特征还是岩石化学性质均有所不同。因此认为它们的产生同时受到太平洋板块的俯冲作用和该地构造位置所控制。史莱夫角的橄榄玄武岩成分中碱高硅低，并且通常表现出高铝的特点，这些性质与百耳斯半岛的玄武岩极为相似。区域上火山活动不断发展，活动中心逐渐向北东迁移，导致粗玄岩岩颈和岩席生成，最后是英云闪长岩的侵入。更新世至现代的依诺特角组橄榄玄武岩以化学成分中的低硅高碱含量区别于中生代火山岩。岩石的高Ｍ值     

南极罗斯岛及泰勒谷新生代火山岩微量元素特征及岩石成因

本文对采自南极罗斯岛及泰勒谷的新生代火山岩（包括鸟角碱玄岩、伊万思角歪长粗面响岩、罗德角碱玄响岩、克雷特山碱玄岩、碧玄岩博尼湖南岸碧玄岩）中的微量元素、稀土元素及同位素进行了系统的研究。查明研究区的火山岩未遭受地壳混染；证实它们可能来自两种不同的地幔源区。在岩浆演化方式上两套岩石也有所不同，碱玄岩和碧玄岩以地幔平衡部分熔融作用为主，而粗面响岩、碱玄响岩则以分离结晶作用为主。地幔部分熔融度为１．４６～３．５７％。最后对该区地幔的性质进行了初步讨论     

VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN TAIWAN

I.MesozoicEraVolcanicAchvityDlepre-Tertlalyl11etal11olphicbase111entisOnlyexposedalongtheeastemflankoftheBackboneRangeoftl1eCentraIRangeinTaiwan(Figurel).Overlpngthebasen1e11t,tl1estratumofTertiarytoQuaten1alysysten11sexposed(Flgure2).Deposltlonofthepre-TertlaryrocksprobablybopninPen1llanperiodandextendedintoMesozoic.Theserockswerelatertectonizedandlnotal1lorPhosedinlateMesozoictil11earldtl1el11aJororogenic111ovelnentisnamedYenshanlllovelnent(t1ieNanaoorogenylnTaiwan).A:lthe111eta11…     

西南极乔治王岛北海岸第三纪火山岩的岩石化学和地球化学研究

乔治王岛北海岸的第三纪火山岩包括菲尔德斯半岛组（ＦＰＧ）熔岩、Ａｄｍｉｒａｌｔｙ湾组（ＡＢＧ）岩颈和Ｗｅｇｇｅｒ峰组（ＷＰＧ）侵入岩。大多数中基性熔岩为斑状结构，斜长石和普通辉石是岩石中最主要的斑晶相。安山岩中尚含有少量斜方辉石，英安岩质熔岩则为细晶质结构。岩颈相岩石的物质组成与熔岩相似，但斑晶含量往往较少。岩石化学成分表明，所有岩石均富铝，为亚碱性火山岩，属于钙碱性岩石系列。岩石富集大离子亲石元素，轻稀土元素略为富集，稀土元素总含量落在钙碱性岩石的含量范围之内并基本随硅含量的增加而增加。岩石具有很低的８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ比值（０．７０３４左右）和较高的１４３Ｎｄ／１４４Ｎｄ比值（０．５１２７８－０．５１２８８），εＮｄ平均值在＋６左右。８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ比值与Ｓｉ、Ｋ、Ｒｂ、１／Ｓｒ等元素呈水平线性关系。在Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ－Ｃｅ和Ｔｈ／Ｔａ－Ｔｈ图解上所有岩石的投影点分布趋势相同，趋势线的斜率＞０。上述特征表明，乔治王岛北海岸第三纪火山岩均由上地幔物质直接生成而未受壳源物质的混染。推测在古太平洋板块向南极板块下俯冲的过程中，上地幔发生的不同程度部分熔融所生成的玄武岩岩浆从深部岩浆囊沿构造薄弱带穿过地壳直接喷出形成     

Evolution and Morphodynamics of a Prograded Beach‐Ridge Foreland,Northern Baffin Island,Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Landward retreat (marine transgression) is a common response of coastal systems to rising relative sea level. However, given sufficient sediment supply, the coast may advance seaward. The latter response of gravel barriers has been recorded in parts of southeastern and northwestern Canada, where seaward‐rising sets of beach ridges are observed in areas of Holocene RSL rise. Cape Charles Yorke, northern Baffin Island, is a 5 km long gravel foreland characterized by seaward‐rising beach‐ridge crest elevations. The prograded morphology of the Cape Charles Yorke foreland is a prime example of coastal response to a combination of rising RSL and abundant sediment supply, an unusual and little‐documented pattern in the Canadian Arctic. The main gravel supply to Cape Charles Yorke is likely from eroding bedrock and raised marine deposits southwest of the foreland. Although not the dominant sediment source, the Cape Charles Yorke delta contributed to the formation of the foreland by sheltering it from easterly storm waves and providing an anchor point for the prograding ridges. The truncation of relict ridges by the modern shoreline suggests a recent regime shift from continuous deposition to predominant erosion. The cause and timing of this shift are unknown but could result from a recent dwindling in sediment supply, increased accommodation space, increased wave energy, and/or an accelerated rise of relative sea level.     

Cooling of the Sverdrup Basin during Tertiary basin inversion: implications for hydrocarbon exploration

ABSTRACT The regional thermal history of the north‐eastern Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, has been assessed using apatite fission‐track thermochronology and vitrinite reflectance data. Fission‐track data for 27 samples from six wells through the Mesozoic section on Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere Islands reveal significant Palaeocene cooling associated with basin inversion during the Eurekan Orogeny. Fission‐track data for 29 outcrop samples, ranging in stratigraphic age from Cambrian to Tertiary, also reveal significant Palaeocene cooling. Vitrinite reflectance data from carbonaceous shales and coal seams in well and outcrop samples are consistent with these conclusions. The degree of Palaeocene cooling observed is greatest for well and outcrop samples in the cores of anticlines or the hanging walls of thrust faults, such as the Fosheim anticline, and faults, such as the Lake Hazen fault system, and the East Cape and Vesle Fiord thrust faults. Palaeocene cooling is largely attributed to the denudation of structures during the Eurekan Orogeny. At one locality on north‐western Ellesmere Island, which is on the northern flank of the Sverdrup Basin, the underlying Franklinian basement rocks yield Early Cretaceous fission track ages with relatively long mean track lengths. This indicates that this part of the basin was uplifted at this time and that subsequent sedimentation and subsidence in the Cretaceous and early Tertiary were modest. This locality thus appears to be on the rift shoulder, which developed along the flank of the Amerasia Basin in the Lower Cretaceous. At a locality on western Axel Heiberg Island, which is downflank from the rift shoulder, the Upper Jurassic Awingak sandstone has a Late Cretaceous fission track age. This is best explained by heating above the total annealing temperature for fission‐tracks in apatite by extensive Lower Cretaceous intrusions and subsequent heat dissipation and cooling in the Late Cretaceous followed by further substantial cooling due to Tertiary denudation. These results indicate that maximum burial temperatures occurred in the presently exposed Mesozoic section prior to basin inversion during the Eurekan Orogeny. It can therefore be inferred that peak hydrocarbon generation and primary migration predated the formation of structural traps during the Tertiary at shallow depths within the northern Sverdrup Basin.     

西南极乔治王岛北海岸火山岩的~（40）Ar／~（39）Ar和K-Ar年龄测定

本文采用４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ、Ｋ－Ａｒ和激光微区等时线方法，对乔治王岛北海岸的火山岩进行了系统的年龄测定。实验结果表明，该区的火山活动从晚白垩世延续到始新世末期，主要喷发时代为始新世。岩石的年龄由南西向北东依次变新，表明乔治王岛的火山活动中心在不断迁移，与整个南设得兰群岛火山岩的时、空分布规律相符。侵入岩比火山岩生成晚而岩石化学成分更偏酸性，说明侵入岩可能是火山岩同源岩浆分异演化的产物。这批高质量数据的获得，将为区域火山岩地层时代的厘定和构造岩浆演化过程的研究提供有力的依据。     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛几个地层划分命名问题之商榷

本文对菲尔德斯半岛群的划分提出了一个新的方案 ,时代从晚白垩世一直延续到中新世早期 ;新建立的半三角组系湖相沉积 ,孢粉及同位素年龄数据 (71 .3 +0 .3 Ma)均指示属晚白垩世后期 ,是目前所知菲尔德斯半岛出露最早的岩层 ,也是南极仅知的晚白垩世陆相沉积地层 ;据岩层区域分布、岩相及含古生物组分的差别 ,始新统化石山组可进而划分为上、下两部分 ,层型剖面仅代表该组下部地层 ,上部在别林斯高晋站油库附近出露较好 ;文中命名“苏菲尔角火山岩”以表示菲尔德斯半岛更新时代的火山活动 ,但尚需深入研究。     

西南极纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛火山岩地质特征初论

纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛被玄武质、玄武安山质熔岩和火山碎屑岩以及沉积火山碎屑岩所覆盖。区域火山岩地层对比证明其是在形成长城站地区火山岩的同一火山作用下发育起来的。据地质接触关系和岩石组合特点,初步认为该半岛火山岩地层可以进一步划分为三个岩性段,分别形成于两期火山作用。该半岛的主要构造线方向平行于菲尔德斯海峡,这在地貌特征及次火山岩的分布上得到了证实。     

西南极纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛火山岩地质和岩石学基本特征

西南极纳尔逊岛Stansbury半岛基本被玄武质、玄武安山质熔岩以及火山角砾岩和含植物化石的火山-碎屑沉积岩所覆盖。地层接触关系和火山岩岩石组合显示,该半岛的熔岩和火山角砾岩主要形成于第一阶段的火山活动,可与菲尔德斯半岛的碧玉山段以及玛瑙滩段地层对比;含化石的火山-碎屑沉积岩和角砾熔岩、火山角砾岩分别相当于长城站地区的化石山段和岩块山段的岩层,它们是晚期火山作用的产物。stansbury半岛和菲尔德斯半岛发育有基本相同的火山岩地层,并且都在化石山段地层中发现了植物化石,这表明两个半岛上的火山岩可能是早第三纪区域火山作用的共同产物。 半岛所出露的断裂大致平行菲尔德斯海峡并且控制了次火山岩的分布。 岩石学特征说明,Stansbury半岛的熔岩和次火山岩主要为玄武质和玄武安山质,岩石中的斑晶矿物包括偏基性的斜长石、单斜辉石。岩石化学成分中,随着SiO_2含量增高,Al_2O_3、CaO、MgO和铁含量下降,碱质则升高。和菲尔德斯半岛的火山岩一样,这个半岛的火山岩也基本沿着钙碱趋势演化。微量元素和稀土元素的丰度以及配分模式证明,这套岩石具有同源岩浆的亲缘关系并且可能经历了分离结晶作用过程。     

The architecture of submarine monogenetic volcanoes – insights from 3D seismic data

Many prospective sedimentary basins contain a variety of extrusive volcanic products that are ultimately sourced from volcanoes. However, seismic reflection‐based studies of magmatic rift basins have tended to focus on the underlying magma plumbing system, meaning that the seismic characteristics of volcanoes are not well understood. Additionally, volcanoes have similar morphologies to hydrothermal vents, which are also linked to underlying magmatic intrusions. In this study, we use high resolution 3D seismic and well data from the Bass Basin, offshore southern Australia, to document 34 cone‐ and crater‐type vents of Miocene age. The vents overlie magmatic intrusions and have seismic properties indicative of a volcanic origin: their moderate–high amplitude upper reflections and zones of “wash‐out” and velocity pull‐up beneath. The internal reflections of the vents are similar to those found in lava deltas, suggesting they are composed of volcaniclastic material. This interpretation is corroborated by data from exploration wells which penetrated the flanks of several vents. We infer that the vents we describe are composed of hyaloclastite and pyroclasts produced during submarine volcanic eruptions. The morphology of the vents is typical of monogenetic volcanoes, consistent with the onshore record of volcanism on the southern Australian margin. Based on temporal, spatial and volumetric relationships, we propose that submarine volcanoes can evolve from maars to tuff cones as a result of varying magma‐water interaction efficiency. The morphologies of the volcanoes and their links to the underlying feeder systems are superficially similar to hydrothermal vents. This highlights the need for careful seismic interpretation and characterization of vent structures linked to magmatic intrusions within sedimentary basins.     

Contrasting the effects of climatic, nutrient, and oxygen dynamics on subfossil chironomid assemblages: a paleolimnological experiment from eutrophic High Arctic ponds

Nutrients from the waste products of large seabird colonies can enter freshwater ecosystems, markedly altering water quality and biotic assemblages, especially in nutrient-poor regions like the Canadian High Arctic. Here, we investigate the influence of nutrient-rich seabird wastes on freshwater larval chironomid assemblages from two distinct seabird colonies. The study sites include four ponds dominated by northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) at Cape Vera, Devon Island, as well as one pond near a large group of common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima borealis) on Tern Island (unofficial name) near Cornwallis Island, Nunavut. The rare combination of nutrient-enriched and well-oxygenated waters allowed us to contrast the effects of nutrients, oxygen, and temperature on chironomid community structure in shallow Arctic ponds using sediment cores. Despite highly elevated nutrient levels, the subfossil assemblages were dominated by cold stenotherms typical of oligotrophic waters. Although nutrient inputs appear to have increased chironomid head capsule numbers due to enhanced food availability, the fertilization had little direct effect on assemblage composition, at least at the taxonomic level achievable based on fossil material. The presence of low abundances of eutrophic/anoxic taxa, such as Chironomus plumosus-type, suggests that biogeographic barriers to dispersal are not influencing the assemblages. These data demonstrate that, in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nutrient enrichment had little direct effect on chironomid community composition in shallow Arctic ponds.     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰芯火山喷发记录

矿物和结构分析揭示了南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽一支 80 .2 m冰芯中的 9层深褐色沉积物的火山灰特征。本文从冰川处于稳定状态的假定出发 ,根据 Dansgaard- Johnsen流动模式断代结果 ,建立了南设得兰群岛火山喷发序列。依冰芯记录判断 ,该区 1 650年以来的 340年间 ,共有 7轮火山喷发。1 875～ 1 92 5年间似为火山活跃期 ,喷发地点可能主要在欺骗岛 ;1 650～ 1 80 0年间为一相对平静期 ;此后一个世纪不太稳定 ;而过去的 1 0 0年间基本平静 ,只是世纪初和 50～ 70年代间各有一段动荡期。冰芯中记载的大多数火山喷发可在该区有关文献中找到记录。没有记录在案的几例喷发事件需进一步调查。冰芯中缺失 1 967～ 1 970年欺骗岛火山灰层位表明 ,研究得到的火山序列仍未包含所有的喷发事件。但本文展示的该区过去 340年间火山活动基本趋势并不因此而改变。     

Impact of volcanism on the sedimentary record of the Neuquén rift basin,Argentina: towards a cause and effect model

The analysis of volcano‐sedimentary infill in sedimentary basins constitutes a challenge for basin analysis and hydrocarbon exploration worldwide. In order to understand the contribution of volcanism to the sedimentary record in rift basins, we study the Jurassic effusive‐explosive volcanic infill of an inverted extensional depocentre at the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. A cause and effect model that evaluates the relationship between volcanism and sedimentation was devised to develop a conceptual model for the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of this volcanic rift basin. We show how the variations in the volcanism, coupled with the activity of extensional faults, determined the types of volcanic edifices (i.e., composite volcanoes, graben‐calderas, and lava fields). Volcanic edifices controlled the stacking patterns of the volcanic units as well as sedimentary systems. The landform of the volcanic edifices, as well as the styles and scales of the eruptions governed the sedimentary input to the basin, setting the main variables of the sedimentary systems, such as provenance, grain size, transport and deposition and geometry. As a result, the contrasting volcaniclastic input, from higher volcaniclastic input to lower volcaniclastic input, associated with different subsidence patterns, determined the high‐resolution syn‐rift infill patterns of the extensional depocentre. The cause and effect model presented in this study isolates the variables of the volcanic environments that control the sedimentary scenarios. We suggest that, by adjusting the first order input parameters of the model, these cause and effect scenarios could be adapted to similar rift basins, in order to establish predictive facies models with stratigraphic controls, and the impact of volcanism on their stratigraphic records.     

Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Atlantic margin offshore Essaouira (Morocco)

After Mesozoic rifting, the Atlantic margin of Morocco has recorded the consequences of the continental collision between Africa and Europe and the relative northward motion of the African plate over the Canary Island hotspot during Cenozoic times. Interpretation of recently acquired 2D seismic reflection data (MIRROR 2011 experiment) presents new insights into the Late Cretaceous to recent geodynamic evolution of this margin. Crustal uplift presumably started during the Late Cretaceous and triggered regional tilting in the deep‐water margin west of Essaouira and the formation of the Base Tertiary Unconformity (BTU). An associated hiatus in sedimentation is interpreted to have started earlier in the north (presumably in the Cenomanian at well location DSDP 416) and propagated to the south (presumably in the Coniacian at well location DSDP 415). The difference in the total duration of this hiatus is postulated to have controlled the extrusion of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic salt during the Late Cretaceous to Early Palaeocene non‐depositional period, resulting in regional differences in the preservation of salt structures: the Agadir Basin in the south of the study area is dominated by salt diapirs, whereas massive canopies characterised the Ras Tafelnay Plateau farther north and salt‐poor canopies and weld structures the northernmost offshore Essaouira and Safi Basins. Accompanied by volcanic intrusions, a presumably Early Palaeogene reactivation of previously existing basement faults is interpreted to have formed a series of deep‐water anticlines with associated gravity deformation of shallow‐seated sediments. The orientation of the fold axes is roughly perpendicular to the present day coast and the extensional fault direction; therefore, not a coast‐line parallel pattern of extensional faults, related to the rifting and break‐up of the margin, but rather a coast‐line perpendicular oceanic fracture zone might have caused the basement faults associated with the deep‐water folds. Both the volcanic intrusions and the formation of the deep‐water anticlines show a comparable age trend which gets progressively younger towards the south. A potential tempo‐spatial relationship of the BTU and the reactivation of basement faults can be explained by the relative northward motion of the African plate over the Canary Island hotspot. Regional uplift producing the BTU could have been the precursor of the approaching hotspot during the Late Cretaceous, followed during the Early Palaeogene by a locally more pronounced uplift above the hotspot centre.     

THE NATURE‐CULTURE BOUNDARY AND OCEAN POLICY: GREAT BARRIER ISLAND,NEW ZEALAND*

ABSTRACT. This article analyzes New Zealand's rights‐based system of fisheries management from the perspective of local stakeholders on northern Great Barrier Island. The research identified differing perspectives through use of the concept of “boundary construction,” not only in terms of society and nature but also among societal institutions. Great Barrier Island participants exhibited significant differences, especially between staff of the local Department of Conservation and local Maori, both of whom were engaged in negotiating policy implementation at the local level. These differences expressed themselves in conceptions of both societal boundaries—the scale at which community was envisioned—and conceptions of the boundary between nature and culture. The findings confirm the need for the continued development of models of community‐based resource management as well as for the conceptual integration of society and nature in the realm of policy construction.