Carbon stock of oil palm plantations and tropical forests in Malaysia: A review

In Malaysia, the main land change process is the establishment of oil palm plantations on logged‐over forests and areas used for shifting cultivation, which is the traditional farming system. While standing carbon stocks of old‐growth forest have been the focus of many studies, this is less the case for Malaysian fallow systems and oil palm plantations. Here, we collate and analyse Malaysian datasets on total carbon stocks for both above‐ and below‐ground biomass. We review the current knowledge on standing carbon stocks of 1) different forest ecosystems, 2) areas subject to shifting cultivation (fallow forests) and 3) oil palm plantations. The forest ecosystems are classified by successional stage and edaphic conditions and represent samples along a forest succession continuum spanning pioneer species in shifting cultivation fallows to climax vegetation in old‐growth forests. Total carbon stocks in tropical forests range from 4 to 384 Mg C/ha, significantly wider than the range of total carbon stocks of oil palm plantations, 2 to 60 Mg C/ha. Conversion of old‐growth forest areas to oil palm plantations leads to substantial reduction in carbon storage, while conversion of forest fallows to oil palm plantations may sustain or even increase the standing carbon stock.     

热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析

以我国云南省西双版纳的热带森林为例,对热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性进行了分析。首先,利用森林资源连续清查的林业固定样地数据计算出各样地的森林植被生物量,并建立其GIS数据库。然后,对遥感图像进行几何校正,并对遥感图像进行主成分变换、缨帽变换以及植被指数的计算来产生其派生数据。其次,将样地数据、遥感数据及其派生数据,地形和气象数据转换到统一的坐标系和投影下,并将其内插为30米分辨率的格网数据。最后,进行样地森林植被生物量与其遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析。该分析表明,森林植被的生物量与年降雨量和第二主成分在0·01的水平上相关显著,而与中红外植被指数、LANDSATTM5、缨帽变换的亮度、湿度以及第一主成分在0·05的水平上相关显著。其中,与年降雨量的相关性最高,达到0·308;其次是与第二主成分,达到-0·231;再次是与中红外植被指数和LANDSATTM5,其相关系数分别为0·203和-0·201。     

南方红壤丘陵区采伐变量对森林面积和生物量影响模拟

在优化森林结构的同时保障其木材生产功能和生态功能,实现森林可持续经营,如何采取科学、合理的森林管理措施越来越受到人们的关注.本文选取采伐年龄、采伐斑块大小、采伐频率、采伐面积比例作为变量,以江西省泰和县为研究区,设定多种强度和方式的森林管理方案,耦合生态过程模型(PnET-Ⅱ)和景观模型(LANDIS-Ⅱ)模拟初始年(...     

土地利用和气候变化对森林地上生物量的影响模拟——以江西省泰和县为例

以土地利用变化和气候变化为特征的全球和区域环境变化及其影响已经成为国际社会和公众关注的焦点,同时也是土地科学、全球变化科学和全球生态学关注的关键问题。由于土地、气候和森林生态系统之间存在着复杂而密切的关系,土地利用变化和气候变化将不可避免地对森林结构和功能产生重要影响。如何采用合理的适应措施降低这些变化可能带来的损失,是目前全球变化研究亟待解决的问题之一。因此,研究土地利用和气候变化对森林的单独及综合影响具有重要的科学意义。本文综合利用基于主体的土地利用模型（ABM/LUCC）、生态系统过程模型（PnET-II）以及森林景观动态模型（LANDIS-II）构建了综合模拟研究框架,选择森林类型多样且具有长期观测数据积累的江西省泰和县为研究区,模拟并对比了土地利用和气候变化组合情景下未来森林地上总生物量的变化差异。结果表明：① 土地利用变化对泰和县森林地上总生物量的影响比气候变化所带来的影响更加显著。研究区森林地上总生物量在有土地利用变化干扰的情景下与RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5单独的气候情景下相比分别减少33.13%、32.92%和32.42%;② 尽管未来气候变化可能有利于森林地上总生物量的积累,但土地利用变化将使森林地上总生物量显著减少,并将抵消气候变化带来的正效应;③ 本文提出的综合模拟研究框架可以很好地模拟土地利用和气候变化对森林生态系统的影响,可为提升和优化人工林结构和功能、开展可持续森林管理提供科学建议。     

热带森林覆被的时空动态评价——以印度Malkangiri district of Orissa为例

Tropical forests have been recognized as having global conservation importance. However,they are being rapidly destroyed in many regions of the world. Regular monitoring of forests is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management. The present study analyses the temporal changes in forest ecosystem structure in tribal dominated Malkangiri district of Orissa,India,during 1973-2004 period based on digitized forest cover maps using geographic information system (GIS) and interpretation of satellite data. Three satellite images Landsat MSS (1973),Landsat TM (1990) and IRS P6 LISS III (2004) were used to determine changes. Six land cover types were delineated which includes dense forest,open forest,scrub land,agriculture,barren land and water body. Different forest types were also demarcated within forest class for better understanding the degradation pattern in each forest types. The results showed that there was a net decrease of 475.7 km2 forest cover (rate of deforestation = 2.34) from 1973 to 1990 and 402.3 km2 (rate of deforestation = 2.27) from 1990 to 2004. Forest cover has changed over time depending on a few factors such as large-scale deforestation,shifting cultivation,dam and road construction,unregulated management actions,and social pressure. A significant increase of 1222.8 km2 agriculture area (1973-2004) clearly indicated the conversion of forest cover to agricultural land. These alterations had resulted in significant environmental consequences,including decline in forest cover,soil erosion,and loss of biodiversity. There is an urgent need for rational management of the remaining forest for it to be able to survive beyond next decades. Particular attention must be paid to tropical forests,which are rapidly being deforested.     

Assessment of spatial and temporal dynamics of tropical forest cover: A case study in Malkangiri district of Orissa, India

Tropical forests have been recognized as having global conservation importance. However, they are being rapidly destroyed in many regions of the world. Regular monitoring of forests is necessary for an adaptive management approach and the successful implementation of ecosystem management. The present study analyses the temporal changes in forest ecosystem structure in tribal dominated Malkangiri district of Orissa, India, during 1973–2004 period based on digitized forest cover maps using geographic information system (GIS) and interpretation of satellite data. Three satellite images Landsat MSS (1973), Landsat TM (1990) and IRS P6 LISS III (2004) were used to determine changes. Six land cover types were delineated which includes dense forest, open forest, scrub land, agriculture, barren land and water body. Different forest types were also demarcated within forest class for better understanding the degradation pattern in each forest types. The results showed that there was a net decrease of 475.7 km2 forest cover (rate of deforestation = 2.34) from 1973 to 1990 and 402.3 km2 (rate of deforestation = 2.27) from 1990 to 2004. Forest cover has changed over time depending on a few factors such as large-scale deforestation, shifting cultivation, dam and road construction, unregulated management actions, and social pressure. A significant increase of 1222.8 km2 agriculture area (1973–2004) clearly indicated the conversion of forest cover to agricultural land. These alterations had resulted in significant environmental consequences, including decline in forest cover, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. There is an urgent need for rational management of the remaining forest for it to be able to survive beyond next decades. Particular attention must be paid to tropical forests, which are rapidly being deforested.     

放牧梯度上草原植被土壤系统碳截存特征

放牧强度影响草原植被的固碳能力。本文以呼伦贝尔克鲁伦河流域的半干旱典型草原作为研究区域,开展不同放牧压力下异质性植被-土壤系统中碳截存的特征研究。研究发现:不同放牧梯度下,土壤有机质、地上生物量、地下生物量和土壤微生物生物量碳彼此之间呈一定的相关性。随着放牧强度的加剧及土层深度的加深,土壤碳截存量呈减少趋势。其中,土壤有机质的变化趋势与土壤碳截存量趋势相同;而土壤无机碳含量呈现逐渐增大的特征。过度放牧破坏了土壤的理化性质及土壤质量,加速了土壤有机质的损失。草原群落的根冠比也随着放牧强度的增大而增加。以土壤微生物生物量碳作为土壤固碳能力的指标,不同放牧强度下的草原群落土壤固碳能力为轻牧区>中牧区>重牧区。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的C贮量及其分配格局

利用已有生物量模型（乔木层、木质藤本）和收获法（灌木层、草本层）获得群落生物量,结合土壤、植物样品C含量的实测值。对西双版纳热带季节雨林1hm^2样地的C贮量及其分配格局进行了分析。结果表明：（1）西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统的总C贮量为220．492t／hm^2,其中植物活体部分为128．099t／hm^2、土壤为81．85t／hm^2、粗死木质残体为5．708t／hm^2、凋落物为4．835t／hm^2。（2）群落植物活体C贮量的层次分配以乔木层占绝对优势（97．23％）,其他层次所占的比例很小,层次分配的大小顺序为：乔木层〉灌木层〉木质藤本〉草本层。（3）乔木层的C贮量随径级而变化,并在30cm〈DBH≤40cm、70cm〈DBH≤80cm及DBH〉100cm范围内形成三个C贮量高峰。（4）乔木的总C贮量集中分布于少数优势树种中。其中绒毛番龙眼（Pometia tomentosa）的C贮量占乔木层的24．70％。西双版纳热带季节雨林的植被C贮量远高于全国平均水平。     

省尺度森林植被碳储量空间分布模拟不确定性分析——以江西省为例（英文）

Forest vegetation carbon patterns are significant for evaluating carbon emission and accumulation. Many methods were used to simulate patterns of forest vegetation carbon stock in previous studies, however, uncertainty apparently existed between results of different methods, even estimates of same method in different studies. Three previous methods, including Atmosphere-vegetation interaction model 2(AVIM2), Kriging, Satellite-data Based Approach(SBA), and a new method, High Accuracy Surface Modeling(HASM), were used to simulate forest vegetation carbon stock patterns in Jiangxi Province in China. Cross-validation was used to evaluate methods. The uncertainty and applicability of the four methods on provincial scale were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that HASM had the highest accuracy, which improved by 50.66%, 33.37% and 28.58%, compared with AVIM2, Kriging and SBA, respectively. Uncertainty of simulation of forest biomass carbon stock was mainly derived from modeling error, sampling error and statistical error of forest area. Total forest carbon stock, carbon density and forest area of Jiangxi were 288.62 Tg, 3.06 kg/m~2 and 94.32×109 m~2 simulated by HASM, respectively.     

Spatial modelling of road network development,population pressure and biophysical properties of upland crop and forest conversions in Lop Buri province,Thailand, 1989–2006

Over the past few decades, land use and land cover change has become a global concern. In the Lop Buri province of Thailand, rapid land cover change, specifically conversion of forests to agriculture, has occurred. The purpose of the study is to identify the predictors of land cover change in Lop Buri province for land that has been converted to upland crops or has undergone deforestation between 1989 and 2006. Four logistic regression models were constructed using spatially explicit biophysical and geo‐social data, to account for changes to upland crops and forest loss from1989–98 and 1998–2006. Across the four models, slope, distance to forest edge, distance to towns, distance to roads, population size, and population density in various stand‐alone and interactive forms were found to be the most consistent predictors of land cover change.     

美国俄亥俄州橡树-山毛榉混交林森林碳储量研究

本研究量化了美国俄亥俄州橡树-山毛榉混交林森林碳储量,研究结果表明森林碳密度的增长率与其商品材积和总材积的增长率是一致的。橡树-山毛榉混交林连年增长量（CAI）和年平均增长量（MAI）高峰值分别出现在第23和46年。对于地上碳储量而言,其CAI和MAI最高值分别出现在第26年和53年。对于地上碳密度和地上商品材碳密度,其MAI高峰出现在第30年,与其同时间内总蓄积量和商品材的蓄积量出现的情况一致。了解了森林碳储量的增长和蓄积量的增加模式是相近的道理,有助于我们理解森林蓄积量增长的管理模式过渡到森林碳储量管理的模式。     

The Distribution of Riparian Corridor Plants and the Relations to River Water Salinity along Perai River, Penang, Malaysia

Ecological surveys were carried out to investigate the distribution and characterization of riparian corridor plants along the Perai River,Penang,Malaysia from July 2007 to March 2008.Surveys were design to represent horizon-tal sections of the river starting from the river mouth towards the upper reaches for 20 km.A total of 84 species of plants from 30 families were recorded.They consisted of 28 species of standing plants(plants with height of more than 1 m)and 56 species of weedy plants(plants with heigh...     

Land use/cover, landforms and fragmentation patterns in a tropical dry forest in the southern Pacific region of Mexico

In spite of widely documented studies of deforestation rates and land use/cover changes in tropical dry forests in Mexico, relatively little is known about fragmentation patterns in such forests. This study defines the spatial distribution of landforms and land use/cover types the lower Papagayo River basin and examines their influence on fragmentation patterns and biological diversity in a tropical dry forest in that southern Pacific region. The land use/cover map was constructed from aerial photographs, Landsat TM imagery (2000) and fieldwork. Landform units were defined based on altitude, slope, lithology and morphology. Landscape fragmentation parameters were obtained using FRAGSTATS (version 3.3) considering the numbers of patches, mean, minimum and maximum patch size, edge density, total edge and connectivity. Results show tropical dry forest to be remnant vegetation (~11 per cent), characterized by isolation and low connectivity. Land use/cover types have different effects on fragmentation patterns. Agriculture and cattle raising produce similar numbers of patches, but with a different mean size; and human settlements have a scattered distribution pattern. The abandonment of rural agricultural livelihoods has favoured the expansion of secondary tropical dry forest characterized by continuity and high connectivity, which suggests a high regeneration potential from land abandonment. It can be concluded that tropical dry forest fragmentation and recovery at regional scales depend on such landscape attributes as lithology, slope, geomorphology and management.     

Seismic records of late Pleistocene aridity in Lake Tanganyika,tropical East Africa

New intermediate-resolution, normal-incidence seismic reflection profiles from Lake Tanganyika’s central basin capture dramatic evidence of base-level change during two intervals of the late Pleistocene. Four seismically-defined stratigraphic sequences (A–D) tied to radiocarbon-dated sediment cores provide a chronology for fluctuating environmental conditions along the Kalya Platform. Stacked, oblique clinoforms in Sequence C are interpreted as prograding siliciclastic deltas deposited during a major regression that shifted the paleo-lake shore ∼21 km towards the west prior to ∼106 ka. The topset-to-foreset transitions in these deltas suggest lake level was reduced by ∼435 m during the period of deposition. Mounded reflections in the overlying sequence are interpreted as the backstepping remnants of the delta system, deposited during the termination of the lowstand and the onset of transgressive conditions in the basin. The youngest depositional sequence reflects the onset of profundal sedimentation during the lake level highstand. High amplitude reflections and deeply incised channels suggest a short-lived desiccation event that reduced lake level by ∼260 m, interpreted as a product of Last Glacial Maximum (32–14 ka) aridity. Paleobathymetric maps constructed for the two interpreted regressions reveal that despite the positive lake-floor topography created by the Kavala Island Ridge Accommodation Zone, Lake Tanganyika remained a large, mostly connected water body throughout the late Pleistocene. The results of this analysis further imply that Lake Tanganyika is the most drought resistant water body in the East African tropics, and may have acted as a refuge for local and migrating fauna during periods of prolonged aridity.     

基于HASM的中国森林植被碳储量空间分布模拟

当前区域尺度上森林碳储量估算主要依据森林资源清查数据,整个过程不仅消耗大量人力、物力,而且十分耗时,严重影响了森林碳储量估算的时效性。针对这一问题,本文提出了基于HASM的森林植被碳储量模拟方法,该方法以全球植被动态模型LPJ-Guess 输出的植被碳储量为驱动场,以森林清查样地数据为精度控制点,模拟生成中国陆地森林碳储量分布情况。研究以第7 次中国森林资源清查数据作为精度控制点数据源,同时作为本文模拟方法的精度验证。结果表明,中国森林碳储量为9.2405 Pg,考虑到森林资源清查是基于一定的郁闭度进行的,因此HASM模拟的结果与根据森林资源清查结果计算得出的7.8115 Pg 相比更符合实际情况,西南山区和东北林区是中国森林最主要的碳库,其碳储量分别占中国森林植被碳储量的39.82%和20.46%。同时与之前(1975-1995 年) 相比具有较大幅度的增长,表明近几十年来中国坚持大规模植树造林的碳汇效果显著。同时也表明基于HASM的森林植被碳储量空间分布模拟方法是有效的,模拟结果合理且精度较高,表明该方法在全球尺度上森林植被碳储量模拟及其它生态系统中碳储量模拟中具有应用潜力。     

Forest transition and biogeographic meaning of the current laurel forest landscape in Canary Islands,Spain

This study provides a geographical synthesis of the current natural landscape dynamics of the Canarian laurel forest based on the results of a biogeographic study of its structure, composition, and dynamics. Historical socioeconomic changes and recent environmental conservation strategies have led to natural forest dynamics that make it necessary to change our current scientific conception of the Canarian laurel forest landscape. According to the forest transition theory, in the protected areas of Anaga and Teno Rural Parks (Tenerife) and Garajonay National Park (La Gomera), the forest reaction to the gradual abandonment of economic activity reveals how strongly human activity has shaped the features of the laurel forest, which traditionally has been considered to be relatively untouched by humankind. How natural disturbances have affected this forest over the past few years has also contributed to a better understanding of its dynamics. This study explains the key patterns of spontaneous dynamics in the Canarian laurel forest to enrich our understanding of this forest and its landscape, while highlighting the importance of human activity as the catalyst for its current vigorous dynamics.     

基于森林详查与遥感数据降尺度技术估算中国林龄的空间分布

森林的林龄结构及空间分布是评估区域尺度森林生态系统碳汇潜力的重要参数.以第五次全国森林详查获取的省级优势树种的平均林龄及分布面积为基础,以同期生长季节的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI遥感数据为辅助,在空间降尺度统计技术的支持下,得出了全国8km分辨率下的森林林龄的定量分布.结果表明:中国林龄在空间分布具有很大异质性.东...     

三江平原湿地生态系统固碳功能及其价值评估

固碳是湿地生态系统一项重要的服务功能。以三江平原（不包括完达山以南的穆棱—兴凯平原）为研究区,选取沼泽湿地、水稻田（人工湿地）、旱田为研究对象,通过固碳量及价值量评估方法,对比分析1982年、1995年、2000年和2005年三者固碳功能及其价值的差异。结果表明,随着沼泽湿地面积逐年萎缩,水稻田、旱田面积的增加,沼泽湿地固碳能力有所下降,而水稻田、旱田固碳能力则有不同程度的增加。4个时期沼泽湿地固碳价值均高于水稻田和旱田,除2000年外,水稻田的固碳价值低于旱田。2005年沼泽湿地固碳价值达751．957亿元,而水稻田和旱田固碳价值上限共计为52．945亿元。就固碳价值贡献率而言,历年沼泽湿地固碳价值贡献率高达93％以上;而水稻田单位面积固碳价值高于旱田。研究成果可为协调土地资源的开发利用,维持湿地生态系统碳“汇”功能提供数据参考。     

天然林资源保护一期工程生态成效评估——以甘肃小陇山地区为例

天然林资源保护工程是在中国广泛开展的一项重要生态建设工程。本文在构建生态多元评估指标体系的基础上,评估工程实施的生态成效,对于其进一步决策与管理具有重要的科学意义。通过遥感、生态系统质量等多源数据融合,采用生态系统宏观格局、生态系统质量、生态系统服务等方面指标的现状和时空变化特征,评估小陇山地区天然林保护一期工程(2000-2010年)实施成效。结果表明：①工程实施后,小陇山地区落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶灌木林、草地等生态系统类型的面积大幅度增加,生态系统宏观状况转好,其中黄河流域生态系统宏观状况转好趋势明显好于长江流域。②研究区叶面积指数(LAI)和最大植被覆盖度(FC)在2000-2010年期间的多年变化斜率分别为0.022和0.510,生态系统质量上升趋势明显。其中黄河流域改善程度高于长江流域。③2010年研究区固碳量为700.20 t/hm²,相比工程初期的2000年增加了4.69%;工程实施之后的10年间,研究区水源涵养量呈增长趋势,土壤保持量亦呈增长趋势;就流域而言,黄河流域的生态系统服务的提升程度均更为明显。     

人为干扰对尼泊尔中部丘陵森林物种多样性、更新和碳密度的影响

全球近四分之三的森林正在遭受人为干扰,尼泊尔三分之二以上的森林受到不同类型的干扰。在社区森林中,当地社区在生计的各个方面都依赖于森林提供的生态系统服务,这些服务以各种方式干扰森林的自然条件和生态系统的功能。本研究在尼泊尔中部丘陵区的两个社区管理森林中,研究了对植物物种多样性、更新(幼苗和树苗)、生物量、土壤有机碳(SOC)和总碳密度的主要干扰因子。以树桩数、断苗、砍伐和放牧践踏作为主要人为干扰的衡量指标,从89个随机选取的250 m2的样地中收集了必要的数据,利用广义线性模型(GLM)对人为干扰的响应进行了分析。结果表明,森林砍伐对生物量和总碳密度平衡的影响最大。森林砍伐程度越高,森林碳储量越低。SOC对上述类型的人为干扰均无显著反应。木本物种丰富度和幼树数量随着树桩数量的增加而增加,说明中间干扰是有益的。然而,较高的砍伐强度降低了幼树密度。放牧/践踏是抑制幼苗生长的最显著干扰,在践踏强度较高的森林地区,幼苗和树苗数量较少。这些结果将为尼泊尔多目标森林管理以及如何降低其他地区类似社会经济环境中的人为干扰的影响提供指南。