Temporal and spatial patterns of tenebrionid beetle diversity in NW Patagonia, Argentina

Spatial and temporal variation in abundance, richness and composition of Tenebrionidae beetle assemblages were described for north-western Patagonia. Beetles were collected using 450 pitfall traps arranged in 50 plots across an area of about 22,500 km² representative of the Subantarctic-Patagonian transition of Argentina. The study area included three different habitats: forest, scrub, and steppe. Beetles were trapped at five, eight day sampling periods in spring-summer between November 2004 and March 2006. A total of 30 species and 938 individuals were collected. Total abundance was higher in November and January than in March, and species richness did not change among samplings. Species richness was greater in the steppe than scrub. Assemblages differed between the northern and southern transects. There was little correlation between the measured environmental variables and species composition. Historical factors might explain the observed patterns, but other environmental variables such as soil characteristics may be more informative in explaining the present distribution of tenebrionid species.     

红树林湿地健康评价指标体系

根据红树林湿地健康的内涵及红树林湿地特征,分析红树林湿地结构与功能的关系,阐明影响红树林湿地健康的要素,确定健康评价指标选取的原则。在此基础上应用层次分析法(Analytical Hierarchy Process),构建红树林湿地健康评价指标体系。健康评价指标体系由目标层、要素层、要素亚层和指标层4个层组成,其中要素层包括植物群落结构、生物安全性、生境的完整性与稳定性、生境理化性质、生物因子指标5个方面,指标层包括物种组成、物种丰度、建群种比例郁闭度、龄组结构、更新等级等41个指标。     

闽三角红树林底栖软体动物共存格局及机制

以漳江口国家级红树林自然保护区、九龙江口省级红树林自然保护区和泉州湾省级湿地保护区3个红树林分布区作为研究对象,研究底栖软体动物在中等尺度下的共存格局及机制。利用非度量多维标度分析、基于蒙特卡洛的零模型和网络分析探讨底栖软体动物的共存格局,利用raup-crik零模型识别决定性过程和随机过程测定底栖软体动物的相对重要性。结果显示,漳江口、九龙江口和泉州湾湿地共发现37种底栖软体动物,底栖软体动物的平均密度、物种数及群落物种组成差异显著。软体动物的共存格局呈现非随机分散和模块化,这些格局同时受到决定性过程和随机过程的调控作用,其中,物种竞争起主导作用。     

香港米埔自然保护区保护与管理经验及启示

随着深圳市城市发展步伐的不断加快,福田红树林自然保护区受到水体污染、人为干扰、病虫害及外来物种等各方面影响,导致其生态系统出现不同程度的退化。通过赴香港米埔自然保护区考察与学习,分析了香港米埔自然保护区精细化管理、生态系统日趋稳定及教育宣传等经验,提出了深圳福田乃至全国红树林自然保护区保护与管理对策和建议。     

泉州湾河口湿地红树林区鸟类组成和年变动研究

2011年10月至2012年9月对泉州湾河口湿地红树林区鸟类多样性进行了调查,共记录到79种鸟类,隶属12目27科。其中,冬候鸟40种、留鸟31种和夏候鸟8种。红树林区古北界鸟类41种,东洋界鸟类35种,广布种3种。分析了泉州湾河口湿地红树林区鸟类分布和年变动情况,比较了福建省6个红树林区湿地鸟类季节型的组成,指出泉州湾河口湿地红树林鸟类保护存在的问题,并提出了保护建议。     

Vegetation Pattern in Northern Tibet in Relation to Environmental and Geo-spatial Factors

Environmental and Geo-spatial factors have long been considered as crucial determinants of species composition and distributions. However, quantifying the relative contributions of these factors for the alpine ecosystems is lacking. The Tibetan Plateau has a unique ecological environment and vegetation types. Our objectives are to quantify the spatial distributions of plant communities on the Northern Tibetan Alpine grasslands and to explore the relationships between vegetation composition, Geo-spatial factors and environmental factors. We established 63 field plots along a 1200-km gradient on the Northern Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grassland and employed the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). Fourteen communities of alpine grassland were identifiable along the transect and consisted of three vegetation types: Alpine meadow, Alpine steppe, and desert steppe. Vegetation composition and spatial distribution appeared to be largely determined by mean annual precipitation and less influenced by temperature. A large fraction (73.5%) of the variation in vegetation distribution was explained by environmental variables along this transect, somewhat less by Geo-spatial factors (56.3%). The environmental and Geo-spatial factors explained 29.6% and 12.3% of the total variation, respectively, while their interaction explained 43.9%. Our findings provide strong empirical evidence for explaining biological and environmental synergetic relationships in Northern Tibet.     

东祁连山地次生林演替过程中种群格局动态

在野外实地调查基础上,采用TWINSPAN和DCA对乌鞘岭旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行了数量分类和排序,从植物群系组成、植物群落与环境的生态关系方面,研究石羊河上游封山禁牧区植被群落的分布格局,用以确定该区植被演替序列,并给予合理的环境解释.研究结果表明:(1)采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为7个群落类型;(2)对于特定的研究区域茶树沟,制约群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是水分和热量;(3)DCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,第一轴基本上突出反映了湿度变化,沿第一轴从左到右,湿度逐渐增大;第二轴主要表现了温度梯度,沿第二轴从下到上,温度逐渐降低.(4)次生林的演替序列为山杨树→桦树→青海云杉,其自然演替顶级为青海云杉.     

Combining Decision Trees with Angle Indices to Identify Mangrove Forest at Shenzhen Bay,China

Mangroves are woody plant communities in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coasts that play an important role in these zones. The infrared wave band is one of the key bands in the remote sensing identification of mangrove forest, and ALI (advanced land imagery) has a large number of infrared bands. Two angle indices were proposed based on liquid water absorption at band 5p and band 5 of EO-1 ALI, denoted as β_1.25 and β_1.65 respectively. A decision tree method was adopted to identify mangrove forest using remote sensing techniques for β_1.25-β_1.65 and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) for EO-1 ALI imagery acquired at Shenzhen Bay. The results showed that the reflectance of mangrove forests at band 5p and band 5 was significantly lower than that of terrestrial vegetation due to the characteristics of coastal wetlands of mangrove forests. This resulted in a greater β_1.25-β_1.65 value for mangrove forest than terrestrial vegetation. The decision tree method using β_1.25-β_1.65 and NDVI effectively identifies mangrove forest from other land cover categories. The misclassification and leakage rates were 4.29% and 5.11% respectively. ALI sensors with many infrared bands could play an important role in discriminating mangrove forest.     

深圳湾红树林湿地面临的威胁与保护策略

深圳湾红树林湿地是我国南方地区的重要湿地之一,多年来,一直受到诸多外界因素的干扰和威胁。深入分析了红树林湿地面临的威胁,以及各种环境问题对红树林湿地造成的影响及后果,提出了具体的红树林湿地保护策略与措施。     

Drivers of mangrove ecosystem service change in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh

Mangroves are now well known to provide a range of ecosystem services that benefit local populations, though such ecosystem services are at risk from mangrove deforestation and degradation across much of the tropics. This study aimed to identify the natural and anthropogenic drivers of change that affect ecosystem services of the Sundarbans mangrove forest. Secondary data analysis and primary fieldwork were conducted in three districts in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh to understand ecosystem service usage and the perceptions of local resource users. Time series data for a range of ecosystem services and biophysical, socio‐economic variables were analyzed to identify the range of trends and the significant drivers of change. Also, community perceptions were consulted to elicit how these changes are felt and how they affected the local ecosystem services users. Results show that most of the ecosystem services of the Sundarbans experienced negative changes over the last two decades. Time series analysis and community perceptions held a number of drivers responsible for these changes. Climatic change, rapid environmental change, demand for mangrove products on the global market, major infrastructure development and governance failure were identified as primary drivers leading to the degradation of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans. The study calls for a transformation in the stewardship of ecosystem services of the Sundarbans and other mangroves across the tropics, to escape the situation where negative environmental impacts might be difficult to reverse.     

大庆草甸草原区大型土壤动物功能类群

在中国土壤动物已有的3个功能类群划分研究的基础上,将杂食性动物从原有3类群分类中分离出来,并加以补充与完善,形成了相对完整的腐食性、植食性、捕食性、杂食性四个功能类群。对大庆草甸草原区土壤动物功能类群进行调查,共获大型土壤动物1432只,隶属于3门4纲39类。植食性动物个体数量最多但生物量最小。各功能类群在水平方向的分布上,腐食、植食、捕食性动物在林地和轻度退化草原等相对稳定的环境占优势,而杂食性动物则在不稳定环境占优势,表现出明显的对不稳定环境的适应;垂直分布上,各功能类群的个体数除腐食性动物第二层最多外,均表现为自表层向下逐渐减少;时间变化上,不同群落各功能类群5月、7月、9月的动态变化表现不尽一致,不具有明显的规律性。     

红树林宜林因子研究

综述了温度、盐度、沉积物、潮水浸淹、风浪作用、地貌特征等对红树植物生长的影响。温度是决定着红树植物的纬向分布;盐度、沉积物、潮水浸淹影响着红树植物种类的分布和幼苗的呼吸和发育;风浪和地貌特征影响着红树林幼苗根部的固着。指出滩涂高程和风浪作用是影响红树植物生长的重要因素,直接决定了红树林幼苗存活率。同时认为应该将"3S"技术和野外实地调查相结合,分析宜林因子的临界参数,建立模型,经过实际校验后用于选划红树林宜林地。     

An Investigation of the Role of Social Dynamics in Conversion to Sustainable Integrated Mangrove‐Shrimp Farming in Ben Tre Province,Vietnam

In the coastal area of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, much of the mangrove forest has been cut to make space for expansion of industry and aquaculture. Export‐oriented shrimp farming is a particularly fast‐growing business. Nonetheless, the importance of tropical mangrove forest ecosystems for coastal protection and marine biodiversity is widely recognized. The Vietnamese government, supported by non‐governmental organizations and donors, has sought to restore mangrove forest. To this end, the government has promoted mixed or integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems in which farmers maintain at least 40 per cent of their area under mangrove cover. Since 2012, mangrove reforestation, care and protection has benefited from local authority stimulus as well. Multiple studies have examined the condition of the mangrove forest in Ben Tre and other coastal provinces of the Mekong Delta. However, no research has investigated the role of social dynamics in farmers’ willingness to shift to, or maintain, integrated mangrove‐shrimp systems. Specifically, the influence of information, group dynamics and social learning on farmer decision‐making is poorly understood and, indeed, hardly investigated in Vietnam. This article reports on a study of social processes in three communes in Binh Dai District, Ben Tre Province, Vietnam. We conducted 42 semi‐structured interviews (with 34 farmers and eight local officials) and used secondary data. Our preliminary findings indicate that social dynamics in these communes were issue‐driven and played an important role in farmers’ decisions to adopt, or convert to, the integrated mangrove‐shrimp farming system. Television, radio, the internet, books, neighbours and training courses all had some influence in farmer decision‐making processes. However, our findings suggest that the accessibility, usefulness, relevance and approach of these communication methods must be improved if they are to adequately inform and support local farmers.     

Carbon stock assessment of mangrove ecosystems in Batticaloa Lagoon,Sri Lanka,with different degrees of human disturbances

This article presents a carbon stock assessment to illustrate the organic carbon distribution and storage within mangrove ecosystems in Sri Lanka. The living tree biomass and soil carbon pools were investigated in three sites with varying degree of human disturbance in Batticaloa Lagoon. Soil carbon content was derived by the Walkley Black method from soil samples and mangrove trees were measured for calculations in general allometric equations. The mangroves that were extremely converted into a shrimp farm in Kokkaddicholai recorded a carbon (C) stock of 100.9 kg m‐2. Dominated by the poisonous Excoecaria agallocha stands, the regenerating mangroves in Manmunai Bridge Island hosted the largest C stock measuring 786.4 kg C m‐2. The Kannankudah site—dominated by Avicennia marina, Lumnitzera racemosa and Excoecaria agallocha stands, recorded a C stock of 593.1 kg C m‐2. Cuts and stumps indicated wood harvesting for local livelihoods. The soil C content pool contributed most significantly to the total C stock, with the top 30 cm containing the largest C concentration in all soil profiles. The soil carbon content was highest (5.1 per cent) in Kannankudah, second highest (3.6 per cent) in the disturbed but regenerating forest at Manmunai Bridge Island, and the lowest (0.3 per cent) at the converted site of Kokkaddicholai.     

Uncovering the spatio-temporal dynamics of land cover change and fragmentation of mangroves in the Ca Mau peninsula,Vietnam using multi-temporal SPOT satellite imagery (2004–2013)

Mangrove forests provide vital ecosystem services for millions of people living in coastal communities. The expansion of aquaculture production and urbanization have been identified as major causes of mangrove clearance in South-East Asia. The Ca Mau peninsula in Vietnam is leading the country in shrimp aquaculture and at the same time, the region is home to the largest remaining mangrove forests. This study aims to assess the spatial and temporal mangrove forest dynamics in Ngoc Hien district in Ca Mau. Land cover change and fragmentation are quantified using remote sensing imagery consisting of a series of SPOT5 scenes from 2004, 2009 and 2013. The results indicate a high turnover of land cover change, with close to half of the mangrove forests being affected by land cover changes between 2004 and 2014. Net changes in mangrove forest are found to average −0.34% annually, characterized by deforestation between 2004 and 2009 and afforestation of between 2009 and 2013. Fragmentation remains a plausible threat; approximately 35.4% of the mangrove forests in Ngoc Hien are part of interior ‘core’ forests. Forest zones with different regulation regimes play a significant role in shaping the geographic distribution of mangrove forest changes. The insights into recent mangrove forest dynamics facilitate the informed discussion on improving future protection of the mangrove forests abiding anthropogenic pressures.     

Acacia communities and species responses to soil and climate gradients in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of West Africa

Abiotic environmental factors have a major impact on the distribution and performance of plant species. In order to assess two major species–environmental relations in Sudano-Sahelian Acacia woodlands, we tested the relationship of soil and climate variables on plant diversity as well as on species responses.The indicator species values clustered in five vegetation units characterized by three to ten diagnostic species with woody species richness means varying from three to seven species per 0.09 ha. The NMS ordination explained 65% of the variation in species composition and revealed that soil properties, annual precipitations and temperature range structured the diversity of Acacia communities. Along the annual precipitations gradient, the response of Acacia polyacantha and Acacia hockii showed maxima in the wettest zone of our study area (more than 850 mm/year) whilst Acacia laeta showed a maximum response in the driest zone (below 500 mm/year). The unimodal response of A. hockii, Acacia gourmaensis and Acacia seyal to the soil available water gradient spanned their central borders, respectively from 13 to 18% (optimum 16%), 11–20% (optimum 15%) and 4–12% (optimum 7.5%).The response of Acacia communities and species to soil and climate gradients, makes them performant afforestation species in specific habitats of the Sudano-Sahelian zone.     

森林生态系统健康评价指标在中国的应用

1IntroductionDuring recent two decades, the idea of "health" as an appropriate paradigm to assess the condition of ecosystems, is watchword of contemporary ecosystem management. The phrase "forest ecosystem health" has been used with increasing frequency in the context of forestry and natural resource management. Many scientists give the definitions from socio-economic and ecological perspectives (Rapport, 1992; USDA Forest Service, 1993; O'Laughlin, 1996; Allen, 2001). Forest health is a …     

大青沟国家自然保护区地面苔藓植物分布格局

用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）、除趋势对应分析（DCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）研究了大青沟国家自然保护区32个样地36种地面生苔藓植物分布格局。TWINSPAN和DCA分析结果显示,地面生苔藓植物群落可以分成双色真藓（Bryum bicolor）-小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、西伯利亚瘤冠苔（Mannia sibirica）+小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、密叶绢藓短柄变种（Entodon compressus var.zikaiwiensis）-密叶绢藓（Entodon compressus）+反扭藓（Timmiella anomala）群落、绒叶青藓（Brachythecium velutinum）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）+尖叶匐灯藓（Plagiomnium cuspidatum）群落和地钱（Marchantia polymorpha）+曲肋薄网藓（Leptodictyum humile）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）-柳叶藓（Amblystegium serpens）+平肋提灯藓（Mnium laevinerve）群落5组,对应分布在羊草（Leymus chinensis）草地、西伯利亚杏（Prunus sibirica）灌丛、大果榆（Ulmus macrocarpa）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）林和水曲柳（Fraxinus mandschuria）林。CCA分析结果显示,影响苔藓植物分布的主要因子有土壤水分、乔木盖度、空气湿度、凋落物盖度、草本层盖度等。     

Forest ecosystem health assessment and analysis in China

Based on more than 300 forest sample plots surveying data and forestry statistical data, remote sensing information from the NOAA AVHRR database and the daily meteorological data of 300 stations, we selected vigor, organization and resilience as the indicators to assess large-scale forest ecosystem health in China and analyzed the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health and influencing factors. The results of assessment indicated that the spatial pattern of forest ecosystem health showed a decreasing trend along latitude gradients and longitude gradients. The healthy forests are mainly distributed in natural forests, tropical rainforests and seasonal rainforests; secondarily orderly in northeast national forest zone, subtropical forest zonation and southwest forest zonation; while the unhealthy forests were mainly located in warm temperate zone and Xinjiang-Mongolia forest zone. The coefficient of correction between Forest Ecosystem Health Index (FEHI) and annual average precipitation was 0.58 (p<0.01), while the coefficient of correlation between FEHI and annual mean temperatures was 0.49 (p<0.01), which identified that the precipitation and temperatures affect the pattern of FEHI, and the precipitation's effect was stronger than the temperature's. We also measured the correlation coefficient between FEHI and NPP, biodiversity and resistance, which were 0.64, 0.76 and 0.81 (p<0.01) respectively. The order of effect on forest ecosystem health was vigor, organization and resistance.     

天山-阿尔泰山拟南芥种群分布与环境的关系

中国的天山及其附近山脉是世界拟南芥及其近缘种的主要分布区之一。在对天山—阿尔泰山的浅山地带拟南芥生存分布多年调查的基础上,选取13个代表性样地及18个相关环境因子,研究了拟南芥种群生存分布与环境因子的关系。结果表明:双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)将13个拟南芥样地分为4个群落类型:新疆绢蒿、新疆绢蒿—猪毛菜、新疆绢蒿—刺叶锦鸡儿—草原苔草、勿忘草—密穗雀麦—草原苔草4类,各类型对应的环境因子异质性明显。不同群落类型在去势对应分析(DCA)、主成分分析(PCA)和典范对应分析(CCA)各排序图中区分明显,与物种对应较好,与TWINSPAN分类结果基本一致。环境因子的PCA分析发现,坡向、有机质、电导率、pH、土壤含水量和有效钾(均为2个土层)是导致样地间环境异质的主要因素,且这些因子间多呈显著关联。CCA分析发现坡向、有机质、pH、电导率和土壤含水量(均为2个土层)与排序轴相关性最大,分析认为上述环境因子是决定物种分布及多样性格局的主导因子,与环境因子的PCA分析结果基本一致。研究还发现,坡向、土壤含水量(第2层)、有机质(第1层)和pH(两层)是影响各样地十字花科种数变化的主要因素,电导率(第1层)是影响...