3D seismic response of a 2D hill-valley staggered topography modeled by a 2.5D multi-domain IBEM

A two and a half dimensional(2.5 D) multidomain indirect boundary element method(IBEM) is developed to study the wave scattering of obliquely incident P-, SVand SH-waves by a hill-valley staggered topography in a multi-layered half-space. The IBEM algorithm includes using2.5 D full-space and half-space Green's functions to construct scattered fields in decomposed closed and opened half-space regions, respectively, and using the dynamic stiffness method to solve the free fields. All regions are finally integrated by introducing the compatibility conditions to obtain the total wave fields. The proposed 2.5 D IBEM has the flexibility in dealing with complex boundaries by directly applying the fictitious loads on the regions' boundaries, with a less storage requirement compared to the full 3 D models. Besides, by combining the specific advantages of the two kinds of Green's functions, the method is well suitable for handling coupled topographies with high accuracy. The method is validated by comparison with published results for a single valley as well as a single hill topography. The effects of height-to-width ratio of hill and layering on dynamic responses are further parametrically investigated by numerical implementations in frequency domain. Results show that the interaction between valley and hills can lead to a more significant amplification within the valley region, and dynamic responses are deeply influenced by the height-towidth of hill, simultaneously depending on incident angle and frequency. Besides, the site effects become more complex when the stratification feature is taken into account.     

Generation of a pseudo-2D shear-wave velocity section by inversion of a series of 1D dispersion curves

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves utilizes a multichannel recording system to estimate near-surface shear (S)-wave velocities from high-frequency Rayleigh waves. A pseudo-2D S-wave velocity (v_S) section is constructed by aligning 1D models at the midpoint of each receiver spread and using a spatial interpolation scheme. The horizontal resolution of the section is therefore most influenced by the receiver spread length and the source interval. The receiver spread length sets the theoretical lower limit and any v_S structure with its lateral dimension smaller than this length will not be properly resolved in the final v_S section. A source interval smaller than the spread length will not improve the horizontal resolution because spatial smearing has already been introduced by the receiver spread.In this paper, we first analyze the horizontal resolution of a pair of synthetic traces. Resolution analysis shows that (1) a pair of traces with a smaller receiver spacing achieves higher horizontal resolution of inverted S-wave velocities but results in a larger relative error; (2) the relative error of the phase velocity at a high frequency is smaller than at a low frequency; and (3) a relative error of the inverted S-wave velocity is affected by the signal-to-noise ratio of data. These results provide us with a guideline to balance the trade-off between receiver spacing (horizontal resolution) and accuracy of the inverted S-wave velocity. We then present a scheme to generate a pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with high horizontal resolution using multichannel records by inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves calculated through cross-correlation combined with a phase-shift scanning method. This method chooses only a pair of consecutive traces within a shot gather to calculate a dispersion curve. We finally invert surface-wave dispersion curves of synthetic and real-world data. Inversion results of both synthetic and real-world data demonstrate that inverting high-frequency surface-wave dispersion curves – by a pair of traces through cross-correlation with phase-shift scanning method and with the damped least-square method and the singular-value decomposition technique – can feasibly achieve a reliable pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section with relatively high horizontal resolution.     

Dynamic response of 2D and 3D block foundations on a halfspace with inclusions

The present study aims to demonstrate how the dynamic behaviour of structures is affected by local inhomogeneities inside the soil. Particularly, the influence of block-shaped elastic inclusions directly beneath a vertically vibrating block foundation is considered. Comparisons between a 2D and a 3D modelling of the soil—structure system are made. It can be observed that, depending on the stiffness of the inclusion and especially on the excitation frequency, the dynamic response of the foundation may either increase or decrease.     

Seismic response of a wobbling 3D frame

This paper investigates the 3D response of a slab supported by wobbling columns. The columns are not allowed neither to slide nor to roll out of their initial position. An analytical model is proposed, the equations of motion are derived, and they are solved numerically. The paper concludes that the addition of the slab makes the columns more stable. In fact, the system is almost equivalent to the response of a solitary column with the same aspect ratio yet larger size. However, it is also shown that the system is less stable than its planar counterpart and that planar analysis can only qualitatively describe the behavior of 3D structures. A case study shows that the concept could be used as a seismic isolation technique for bridges. However, more research need to be performed on defining proper intensity measures for uplifting structures, as it is shown that there is large record‐to‐record variability, even when intensity measures developed for rocking structures are used.     

Modified 3D Model of a Facular KNOT

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The paper presents a modified version of a previously published 3D model of the solar facular knot (Solov’ev and Kirichek, 2019), which successfully describes the...     

Ground-roll attenuation using a 2D time-derivative filter

We present a new filtering method for the attenuation of ground-roll. The method is based on the application of a bi-dimensional filter for obtaining the time-derivative of the seismograms. Before convolving the filter with the input data matrix, the normal moveout correction is applied to the seismograms with the purpose of flattening the reflections. The method can locally attenuate the amplitude of data of low frequency (in the ground-roll and stretch normal moveout region) and enhance flat events (reflections). The filtered seismograms can reveal horizontal or sub-horizontal reflections while vertical or sub-vertical events, associated with ground-roll, are attenuated. A regular set of samples around each neighbourhood data sample of the seismogram is used to estimate the time-derivative. A numerical approximation of the derivative is computed by taking the difference between the interpolated values calculated in both the positive and the negative neighbourhood of the desired position. The coefficients of the 2D time-derivative filter are obtained by taking the difference between two filters that interpolate at positive and negative times. Numerical results that use real seismic data show that the proposed method is effective and can reveal reflections masked by the ground-roll. Another benefit of the method is that the stretch mute, normally applied after the normal moveout correction, is unnecessary. The new filtering approach provides results of outstanding quality when compared to results obtained from the conventional FK filtering method.     

三维复电阻率模型电磁场正演模拟研究

复电阻率法是上世纪70年代发展起来的一种激电分支方法,自提出伊始就受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.很多学者开展了复电阻率电磁场正演计算,但缺少对正演结果的深入分析.本文采用体积分方程法,进行了复电阻率模型的正演模拟,通过对正演结果分析,得出三维复电阻率体的电磁响应是由累积电荷,电磁感应和激电效应共同产生的,并总结了三种效应的电磁响应规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

Comparing 1D and combined 1D/2D hydraulic simulations using high-resolution topographic data: a case study of the Koiliaris basin,Greece

The development of high spatial resolution digital elevation models takes place via the use of GeoEye-1 stereo-pair imagery, providing highly accurate geometrical representations of complex riverine systems. The combination of geographic information systems with hydraulic models facilitates the exploitation of satellite topographic information throughout the cross-section extraction process. One-dimensional HEC-RAS and combined 1D/2D HEC-RAS models are adjusted by making use of the resulting high-resolution input. Several hydraulic simulations are effectuated in order to test how significantly DEM resolution affects hydraulic modelling results, with regard also to the model dimensionality. The ability of the combined 1D/2D model, based mainly on the high-accuracy input data, provides an accurate estimate of the flood hazard area. Flood-prone areas could take advantage of high-accuracy results and facilitate the effective management of extreme events and sufficient decision making.     

Lake ice simulation using a 3D unstructured grid model

Ocean Dynamics - We develop a single-class ice and snow model embedded inside a 3D hydrodynamic model on unstructured grids and apply it to lake studies using highly variable mesh resolution. The...     

Scattering of elastic waves by a 3D anisotropic basin

Scattering of elastic waves by a three‐dimensional transversely isotropic basin of arbitrary shape embedded in a half‐space is considered using an indirect boundary integral equation approach. The unknown scattered waves are expressed in terms of point sources distributed on the so‐called auxiliary surfaces. The sources are expressed in terms of the full‐space Green's functions with their intensities determined from the requirement that the boundary and the continuity conditions are to be satisfied in the least‐squares sense. Steady‐state results were obtained for incident plane pseudo‐P‐, SH‐, SV‐, and Rayleigh waves. Using the Radon transform the Green's functions are obtained in the form of finite integrals over a unit sphere or a unit circle which can be numerically evaluated very efficiently. Detailed analysis of the method includes the discussion on the shape of the auxiliary surfaces and the distribution of the collocation points and sources. The convergence criteria is defined in terms of transparency tests, isotropic limit test, and minimization of a certain norm. The isotropic limit tests show excellent agreement with the isotropic results available in literature. For anisotropic materials the numerical results are given for a semispherical basin. The results show that presence of an anisotropic basin may result in significant amplification of surface motion atop the basin. While the amplitude of peak surface motion may be similar to the corresponding isotropic results, the difference in the displacement patterns may be quite different between the two. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that material anisotropy may be very important for accurate assessment of surface ground motion amplification atop basins. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling Coastal Salinity in Quasi 2D and 3D Using a DUALEM‐421 and Inversion Software

Rising sea levels, owing to climate change, are a threat to fresh water coastal aquifers. This is because saline intrusions are caused by increases and intensification of medium‐large scale influences including sea level rise, wave climate, tidal cycles, and shifts in beach morphology. Methods are therefore required to understand the dynamics of these interactions. While traditional borehole and galvanic contact resistivity (GCR) techniques have been successful they are time‐consuming. Alternatively, frequency‐domain electromagnetic (FEM) induction is potentially useful as physical contact with the ground is not required. A DUALEM‐421 and EM4Soil inversion software package are used to develop a quasi two‐ (2D) and quasi three‐dimensional (3D) electromagnetic conductivity images (EMCI) across Long Reef Beach located north of Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. The quasi 2D models discern: the dry sand (<10 mS/m) associated with the incipient dune; sand with fresh water (10 to 20 mS/m); mixing of fresh and saline water (20 to 500 mS/m), and; saline sand of varying moisture (more than 500 mS/m). The quasi 3D EMCIs generated for low and high tides suggest that daily tidal cycles do not have a significant effect on local groundwater salinity. Instead, the saline intrusion is most likely influenced by medium‐large scale drivers including local wave climate and morphology along this wave‐dominated beach. Further research is required to elucidate the influence of spring‐neap tidal cycles, contrasting beach morphological states and sea level rise.     

Optimizing a layered and laterally constrained 2D inversion of resistivity data using Broyden's update and 1D derivatives

Dense profile-oriented resistivity data allows for 2D and 3D inversions. However, huge amounts of data make it practically impossible to do full 2D or 3D inversions on a routine basis. Therefore, a number of approximations have been suggested over the years to speed up computations. We suggest using a combination of Broyden's update on the Jacobian matrix with derivatives calculated using a 1D formulation on a parameterized 2D model of locally 1D layered models. The approximations bring down the effective number of 2D forward responses to a minimum, which again gives us the ability to invert very large sections. Broyden's update is not as useful with a parameterized problem as is the case with a smooth minimum structure problem that has been the usual application. 1D derivatives, however, seem to be very effective when initiating a full 2D solution with Broyden's update. We compare the different methods using two different kinds of data on two synthetic models and on two field examples. The most effective and reliable optimization combines 1D derivatives with a full 2D solution and Broyden's update. When using Broyden's update the Jacobian matrix needs to be reset every once in a while. We do this whenever the difference in data residual from the previous iteration is less than 5%. This combined inversion method reduces the computation time approximately a factor of 3 without losing model resolution.     

3D image-based characterization of fluid displacement in a Berea core

Improved network flow models require the incorporation of increasingly accurate geometrical characterization of the microscale pore structure as well as greater information on fluid–fluid interaction (interfaces) at pore scales. We report on three dimensional (3D) pore scale medium characterization, absolute permeability computations for throat structures, and pore scale residual fluid distribution in a Berea core. X-ray computed microtomography combined with X-ray attenuating dopants is used to obtain 3D images of the pore network and to resolve phase distributions in the pore space.     

三维Radon变换的一种快速解析方法

3D Radon变换及其反变换是X-CT三维图像重建理论的核心,它在其他许多学科领域也有广泛应用。3D Radon变换的表达式是一个三重积分,按照定义直接计算相当费时。为此,研究一种新的快速的方法实现3D Radon变换,对X-CT图像重建理论及相关领域的发展有重要意义。本文以算法仿真常用椭球模型为基础,通过求解椭球模型与空间任意平面的面积,实现了用解析的方法快速得到模型的Radon变换,进一步比较了它与传统方法的优缺点,最后根据Radon反变换重建出原物体模型;计算机仿真结果验证了这种方法的正确。     

Estimation and prediction of a 2D lognormal diffusion random field

This paper describes techniques for estimation and prediction of two-parameter lognormal diffusion random fields. The drift and diffusion coefficients, which characterize a two-parameter lognormal diffusion under certain conditions, are estimated by maximum likelihood. For data on a regular grid, an alternative method is proposed to estimate the diffusion coefficient. Both of these estimates are compared in several situations. The kriging predictors are formulated involving the drift and diffusion coefficients and the predictions are obtained using the estimates of these coefficients.     

Formation process of meandering channel by a 2D numerical simulation

A 2D depth-averaged model for hydrodynamic,sediment transport and river morphological adjustment is presented.The sediment transport submodel considers non-uniform sediment,bed surface armoring,impact of secondary flow on the direction of bed-load transport,and transverse slope of river bed.The bank erosion submodel incorporates a simple simulation method for updating bank geometry during either degradational or aggradational bed evolution.The model is applied to a 180°bend with a constant radius under unsteady flow conditions,and to Friedkin’s laboratory meander channels.The results are in acceptable agreement with measurements,confirming the two dimensional model’s potential in predicting the formation of river meandering and improving understanding of patterning processes.Future researches are needed to clarify some simplifications and limitations of the model.     

Seismic ray path variations in a 3D global velocity model

A three-dimensional (3D) ray tracing technique is used to investigate ray path variations of P, PcP, pP and PP phases in a global tomographic model with P wave velocity changing in three dimensions and with lateral depth variations of the Moho, 410 and 660 km discontinuities. The results show that ray paths in the 3D velocity model deviate considerably from those in the average 1D model. For a PcP wave in Western Pacific to East Asia where the high-velocity (1-2%) Pacific slab is subducting beneath the Eurasian continent, the ray path change amounts to 27 km. For a PcP ray in South Pacific where very slow (−2%) velocity anomalies (the Pacific superplume) exist in the whole mantle, the maximum ray path deviation amounts to 77 km. Ray paths of other phases (P, pP, PP) are also displaced by tens of kilometers. Changes in travel time are as large as 3.9 s. These results suggest that although the maximal velocity anomalies of the global tomographic model are only 1-2%, rays passing through regions with strong lateral heterogeneity (in velocity and/or discontinuity topography) can have significant deviations from those in a 1D model because rays have very long trajectories in the global case. If the blocks or grid nodes adopted for inversion are relatively large (3-5°) and only a low-resolution 3D model is estimated, 1D ray tracing may be feasible. But if fine blocks or grid nodes are used to determine a high-resolution model, 3D ray tracing becomes necessary and important for the global tomography.