渤海湾盆地孔西潜山构造带碳酸盐岩的成藏史数值模拟

通过碳酸盐岩成藏要素生、储、盖、运、圈、保的数值模拟,建立了成藏史数值模拟系统,并以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷孔西潜山构造带为例说明了这一系统的应用.研究表明,孔西潜山构造带奥陶系烃源岩在印支期开始排烃,一次成藏开始;燕山期进入大量生、排烃阶段,成为本区的主要生烃期和成藏期;之后,一次生烃中止;喜马拉雅期该构造带进一步被埋深,开始二次生烃和第三次成藏,二次生烃的量较小.所以黄骅坳陷下古生界原生油气藏的勘探应注重那些位于生烃区在印支期和燕山期形成且未被后期构造运动破坏的古构造.      

塔里木盆地塔中礁滩体大油气田成藏条件与成藏机制研究

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探近年来进展很快,发现了一批大型油气田。塔中地区是塔里木盆地的重点勘探区和富油气区,奥陶系蕴藏了丰富的油气资源。奥陶系良里塔格组受塔中I号坡折带的控制发育陆棚边缘礁滩体,储层性质为低孔-特低孔、低渗灰岩储层,埋深在4500~6500m。储层的形成和分布受早期高能沉积相带、溶蚀作用和断裂作用等因素的控制,有效储层的空间展布控制了油气的分布与大面积成藏。油源对比认为,塔中良里塔格组礁滩体油气藏的原油主要来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩,并混有寒武系烃源岩成因的原油;天然气主要来自于寒武系油裂解气,沿塔中I号坡折带断裂向内充注。成藏过程分析表明,塔中地区曾存在三期主要成藏期,第一期为加里东晚期成藏,油气来自于寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩,但早海西期的构造运动,对该期油气破坏严重,造成大范围油藏破坏。第二期成藏期是晚海西期,也是塔中地区最重要的油气充成藏期,油气来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩。第三期成藏期是晚喜山期,受库车前陆冲断影响,台盆区快速沉降,埋深急速增大,寒武系原油裂解气形成,沿深部断裂向浅部奥陶系充注,对油藏进行气洗改造,从而形成大面积分布的凝析气藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地海相碳酸盐岩层系天然气成藏研究

鄂尔多斯盆地两套优质烃源岩,即上奥陶统背锅山组泥灰岩和中奥陶统平凉组中下部页岩,是海相碳酸盐岩层系古油藏原油和现今靖边气田油型气的主要来源。两套优质烃源岩主要分布在盆地的西部和西南部,呈"L"型展布,盆地内部缺失;它们累计厚度约50~350m。平凉泥岩TOC介于0.5%~1.2%,平均0.9%,厚度20~50m,而灰岩TOC主要分布在0.2%~0.4%区间,平均0.3%。背锅山组泥岩有机碳相对较高,TOC介于0.22%~3.3%,平均为0.93%。三叠纪末期,两套优质烃源岩生成的大量液态烃类进入中央古隆起控制的斜坡部位,形成古油藏;侏罗纪-早白垩世,地层持续加深和地温梯度升高,烃源岩热演化程度达到高-过成熟阶段,古油藏温度超过180℃,原油开始热裂解生成天然气。油气的热裂解导致气藏压力不断增大,驱使部分气体进一步扩散运移。晚白垩世燕山运动IV幕,盆地东部大规模持续挤压抬升导致了原有油气藏经历了西高东低转变为东高西低的构造反转,形成构造枢纽。中央隆起带聚集油气的优势被改造,裂解形成的天然气向东或东北方向运移。但是运移过程中,东部盐岩、膏盐、致密碳酸盐岩侧向封堵。在靖边气田中心部位,由于奥陶系顶部缺失石炭系铁铝土岩封盖,使得部分石炭-二叠系生成的天然气沿着不整合面进入风化壳,形成从奥陶系来源的原油裂解气与石炭-二叠系生成的煤型气相混合。     

从塔里木盆地看中国海相生油问题

塔里木盆地厚达 5～ 7km的海相寒武、奥陶系 ,可划分出下、中寒武统和中、上奥陶统两套工业性烃源岩。油源对比证实 :盆地目前保存下来的海相成因工业性油藏 ,主要来源于中上奥陶统泥灰岩。正是因为塔里木盆地比四川、鄂尔多斯盆地多了一套中等成熟的中上奥陶统油源岩 ,所以能够找到海相油田。笔者认为 :海相工业性烃源岩不必很厚 ,但w (TOC)应≥0 .5% ,碳酸盐岩要含泥质 ;海相源岩往往并不发育在凹陷中心 ,而发育在 4种有利沉积相带上 ;碳酸盐岩具有“双重母质”的特点 ,浮游藻类偏油 ,底栖藻类偏气。海相源岩的形成模式有“保存模式”和“生产力模式”两种 ,分别对应于塔里木寒武系和中上奥陶统烃源岩。塔里木古生代克拉通早期活动、晚期稳定、持续降温的演化史 ,有利于海相油气的多期成藏和晚期保存。     

四川盆地湄潭组生烃潜力分析及勘探意义

四川盆地油气资源丰富，盆地内发育多套富有机质泥页岩，并形成了多套优质生储盖组合。奥陶系是四川盆地下组合目前勘探关注的重要层系，但尚未取得重要油气勘探突破，该成藏组合是否存在烃源岩是该层系油气勘探关注的核心问题之一。下奥陶统湄潭组主要为一套陆棚相泥页岩沉积，分布广、厚度大，其生烃潜力备受关注。基于地层发育特征，通过岩性组合分析、古生物鉴定和微量元素测试，并结合有机质丰度（TOC）参数，结果显示四川盆地在湄潭组沉积期存在川南和川北两个沉积中心:川南沉积中心厚度大，但砂岩或砂质含量多，不利于烃源岩发育；川北沉积中心湄潭组岩性主要为深灰色-灰黑色泥岩、页岩和粉砂质泥岩；疑源类化石和微量元素组成表明沉积环境利于烃源岩发育，TOC达到一般烃源岩标准，因此认为川北地区存在湄潭组烃源岩沉积中心。通过湄潭组有机地球化学分析和源储匹配成藏解剖，结合烃源岩空间分布预测认为，湄潭组烃源岩能为川北-川东北地区上寒武统-奥陶系油气成藏提供烃源保障；以湄潭组为烃源，可形成上生下储、源储通过不整合相接的"湄潭组生-上寒武统洗象池组储"有利成藏组合和下生上储、源储通过断层相接的"湄潭组生-中奥陶统宝塔组储"的潜在成藏组合。湄潭组生烃潜力的确认和2种成藏组合的建立，扩大了川北-川东北地区勘探空间，对上寒武统-奥陶系实现勘探突破具有重要意义。     

Tectonic fracture and its significance in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation: a case study on middle and lower Ordovician in Tabei Uplift of Tarim Basin,NW China

Middle and lower Ordovician carbonate rock in the Tabei Uplift of the Tarim Basin forms important fractured reservoir beds. Core and log data indicate that tectonic fractures, as the main fractures in the Tabei Uplift, could be mainly classified into two types: oblique fractures and approximately vertical fractures. The fractures are mainly NNW‐trending and NNE‐trending, coincident with the large faults nearby. Fracture abundance was also controlled by lithology, and faults nearby played a significant role. Cores, thin sections and tests show that these carbonate rocks have as much as 2.5% fracture porosity and as much as 150 md fracture permeability. Based on the intersection of fractures in cores, together with fluid inclusion temperature data, and the timing of faulting from seismic profiles, tectonic fractures were considered to be mainly formed in three periods: the late Silurian when the first‐stage oblique fractures were formed, the late Permian when approximately vertical fractures were formed, and the late Tertiary when the second‐stage oblique fractures were formed. Lower Cambrian source rocks started to enter the stage of generous hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the Silurian. Ordovician source rocks started to enter the stage of generous hydrocarbon generation and expulsion in the Permian and enter the over‐mature stage in the late Tertiary when light oil was generated. Timing of tectonic fractures formation and burial history analysis suggest that fractures formation might coincide with oil accumulation when fractures provided the pathway and storage space for the low permeability and low porosity reservoir beds caused by previous compaction and cementation. Considering the presence of a large amount of fracture‐developed dolomite in the deeper Ordovician Penglaiba Formation, the undrilled Penglaiba Formation should be paid more attention. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东濮凹陷潜山构造油气藏特征研究

构造、储层和烃源条件研究表明,东濮凹陷潜山主要为断裂控制的后成潜山,储层条件以下古生界峰峰组风化壳和上马家沟组相对较好,油气源为下第三系源岩和上古生界煤系地层,通过原油生标物对比发现,下第三系源岩对潜山油气藏有一定的贡献     

Middle Ordovician Bioturbation Structures from Southeastern Margin of Ordos Basin and Their Environmentary Interpretation

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鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘岐山地区中奥陶统沉积特征及沉积环境研究

本文通过野外剖面实测、样品采集、薄片鉴定等手段,收集地球化学数据及前人研究材料,对岐山地区岩性组合、沉积构造进行了研究,分析其中奥陶统沉积环境演化过程。结果表明,岐山地区在中奥陶统下马家沟组早期沉积白云岩,为局限海台地环境;下马家沟组中、晚期沉积中厚层状灰岩,为开阔海台地环境;上马家沟组沉积厚层的纹层状灰岩夹碎屑流、浊流等深水沉积建造,水体逐渐加深,并进入台地前缘斜坡沉积环境;峰峰组发育厚层的纹层状灰岩,为台地前缘斜坡环境并向深水海盆靠近。由此判断岐山地区应为南缘凹陷上,除淳化-旬邑次级凹陷以外的另一个水体更深、坡度更大的次级凹陷。     

塔里木盆地古城墟隆起奥陶系多期古流体活动证据及意义

深部热流体活动与碳酸盐岩储层改造及油气成藏具有密切的关系.通过对塔里木盆地古城墟隆起奥陶系的11块样品的成岩观测和流体包裹体系统分析, 识别出3期古流体活动.结合埋藏史, 确定这3期流体活动的发生时间分别为: 第1期以第1世代高角度裂缝及网状裂缝充填方解石为代表, 推测与加里东晚期构造运动有关; 第2期为构造-热液白云岩化流体, 可能与塔里木盆地经历二叠纪末大规模的火山活动有关; 第3期以充填于孔、缝中央的晚期方解石为代表, 记录了晚期天然气充注事件, 发生于喜山期.第1期流体活动伴随的构造运动导致了早期充注的油气沥青化; 第2期流体活动对该区域的储层有建设性改造作用, 所形成的鹰山组内幕储层成为了区内重要的勘探目的层; 第3期流体活动记录了晚期天然气充注事件.因此, 工区应以寻找喜山晚期天然气藏为主要勘探目标.      

渤海湾盆地北部奥陶纪岩相古地理

渤海湾盆地北部主要包括黄骅坳陷、沧县隆起、冀中坳陷和下辽河坳陷,区内奥陶系厚 6 0 0～ 80 0m,主要由石灰岩和白云岩组成。下奥陶统分为冶里组和亮甲山组,中奥陶统分为下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组,上统缺失。其中下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组又进一步划分为下段和上段。早奥陶世冶里期和亮甲山期,本区以局限海环境为主,其内散布着一些潮坪和滩。中奥陶世,本区岩相古地理面貌变化旋回极为明显,下马家沟期早期潮坪广布,晚期以局限海为主;上马家沟期早期又是潮坪广布,晚期以开阔海为主;峰峰期早期潮坪广布,晚期又以开阔海为主。在奥陶纪,本区经历了 4个大的海侵-海退旋回,其中上马家沟期晚期是本区乃至整个华北地台的最大海侵期。     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油系统的成藏特殊性

通过烃源岩条件、储层特征与原油类型分布及其来源、源-储配置关系的系统分析,分析了准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组上、下段致密油系统的自生自储与层控成藏特征。结果表明,芦草沟组咸水湖相沉积中的不同岩性均有不同含量的原始有机质,其中的泥岩有机质丰度和生烃潜力最高,为主力烃源岩,母质类型具倾油特征,处于生油阶段。位于烃源岩层系内的砂岩类与碳酸盐岩类储集层主要为低孔低渗-致密背景,含油性与物性差异存在密切关系。源-储配置表现为互层和泥包砂特征,具有源、储邻近叠置分布的致密油聚集条件。芦草沟组上、下段的原油物性与地化特征存在明显差异,分别主要来自邻近层段烃源岩。综合研究认为吉木萨尔凹陷内芦草沟组具有就近运移、自生自储的层控致密油成藏模式。     

塔里木盆地阿克库勒地区下奥陶统古岩溶及油气分布

下奥陶统碳酸盐岩是阿克库勒地区主要含油气层,岩溶作用是影响奥陶系储层发育的最主要因素。本文详细论述了该区下奥陶统发育多期岩溶,海西早期是主岩溶期,该期岩溶主要形成于表生大气淡水条件下,岩溶作用深度和范围受志留-泥盆系和上奥陶统隔水层限制。指出岩溶斜坡区的地表岩溶带及潜流岩溶带上部是有利的储层发育和油气主要富集区带。     

Petroleum geology and exploration direction of gas province in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin,Australia

North Carnarvon Basin is a gas province with minor oily sweet spots in deepwater area with water depth more than 500 m, which is one of the hot spots of global petroleum exploration for its series of giant hydrocarbon discoveries in recent years. However, the degree of oil and gas exploration in deepwater area is still low, and the conditions for oil and gas accumulation are not clear. Based on the current exploration situation and latest database of fields, applying multidisciplinary analysis of hydrocarbon geology, hydrocarbon accumulation elements and its exploration direction of North Carnarvon Basin in deepwater area are analyzed. The results show that there are three sets of main source rocks in deepwater area of North Carnarvon Basin, which are Triassic marine shale in Locker Formation and delta coal-bearing mudstone with thin carbonaceous mudstone in Mungaroo Formation, Lower –Middle Jurassic paralic carbargilite and coal measure strata in Athol Formation and Murat Formation, Cretaceous delta mudstone in Barrow Group and marine shale in Muderong Formation. Most source rock samples show gas-prone capability. The coarse sandstone of delta facies in Middle–Upper Triassic Mungaroo Formation is the most important reservoir in deepwater area, Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group deep-water gravity flow or underwater fan turbidite sandstone is the secondly main reservoir. Lower Cretaceous marine shale in Muderong Formation is most important regional caprock. Triassic mudstone in Mungaroo Formation is an important interlayer caprock in deepwater area. There are two main reservoir accumulation assemblages in deepwater area, one is Triassic structural-unconformity plane reservoir accumulation assemblage of Locker Formation to Mungaroo Formation, and the other is Lower–Middle Jurassic Athol Formation and Murat Formation–Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic lithology-structural reservoir accumulation assemblage of Barrow Group to Muderong Formation. There are three main control factors of hydrocarbon Accumulation: One is coupling of source and seal control hydrocarbon distribution area, the second is multi-stage large wave dominated deltas dominate accumulation zone, the third is direction of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in hydrocarbon-rich generation depression was controlled by overpressure. The south of Exmouth platform in deepwater area is adjacent to hydrocarbon rich depression zone, reservoir assemblage is characterized by “near source rocks, excellent reservoir facies, high position and excellent caprocks ”, which is the main battlefield of deepwater oil and gas exploration in North Carnarvon Basin at present. There are a lot of fault block traps in the northern structural belt of Exmouth platform, and the favorable sedimentary facies belt at the far end of delta plain in Mungaroo Formation is widely distributed, which is the next favorable exploration zone. The Lower Cretaceous, which is located at the concave edge uplift adjacent to the investigator depression and the Exmouth platform, also has a certain exploration prospect in northwest of deepwater area.     

塔里木盆地塔河奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层埋藏成岩和构造-热流体作用及其有效性

对层状风化壳模式的认识一度支撑着塔里木盆地下古生界深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探,但这类深层碳酸盐岩储层显示出的强烈非均质性使得勘探风险愈来愈大。研究以塔里木盆地塔河地区中—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层为典型实例,重点论述了成岩作用和构造—热流体复合作用对储层的制约,并结合表生岩溶等其它要素开展了储层分布综合解释。研究认识到:①奥陶系碳酸盐岩正常深埋藏成岩作用的主要效应是碳酸盐的沉淀而不是碳酸盐的溶解,建设性改造主要与表生岩溶作用（古喀斯特）或构造—热流体作用有关,并导致了碳酸盐岩储层强烈的非均质性。②从中下奥陶统到上奥陶统,下部碳酸盐岩地层热流体活动迹象明显优于上部地层。③奥陶系碳酸盐岩构造—热流体的建设性改造作用主要发生在中—晚泥盆世与二叠纪叠加改造的断裂构造交汇区,以及中—晚奥陶世、前石炭纪形成的表生岩溶发育区;有效储层与高能沉积相带关系有限。为此,提出了奥陶系碳酸盐岩构造—流体作用与储层形成概念模式,这为进一步认识储层的形成分布规律提供了新的线索。     

新疆塔河油田C区奥陶系油藏一次采收率的确定

塔河油田C区是近年在油气勘探史上的又一重大突破。该区主要储、产油气层为下奥陶统，其储层属于潜山碳酸盐岩储层类型，具有较强的非均质性。塔河油田C区奥陶系油藏正处于开发初期阶段，动态资料尚少，根据油田地质情况、油藏类型及拥有的实际资料特征，笔者采用经验公式法、表格估算法及类比法3种方法对采收率进行评价。     

山西襄汾奥陶系岩石学特征及沉积环境分析

山西襄汾地区奥陶系只有下、中统,主要由碳酸盐岩与蒸发岩组成.燧石及陆源碎屑岩少见。同位素资料表明δ13O较低（平均-5.832‰PDB）,δ13C（平均-1.210‰PDB）变化较小,表示古盐度的指数Z多大于120。微量元素表明碳酸盐岩沉积于近陆环境,受大气淡水影响强烈。沉积环境主要是潮上（膏泻湖）、潮间坪、潮下局限海及开阔海。峰峰期后最大的海退结束了本区海相沉积史。     

Reefs in the Early Paleozoic Taebaek Group, Korea: A Review

Various early Paleozoic (Cambrian Series 3–Middle Ordovician) reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation (middle Cambrian: Cambrian Series 3) contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation (upper Cambrian: Furongian) encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite–Archaeoscyphia–calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower–Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions.     

柴达木盆地德令哈地区下古生界成藏地质条件研究

德令哈地区位于柴达木盆地东北部,油气勘探和研究程度较低。文章在野外地质调查基础上,结合钻井和地震资料解释成果,主要开展下古生界烃源岩、储盖层、储盖组合和输导条件等成藏条件研究,根据构造条件和周边油气发现,对研究区下古生界含油气系统进行推测。研究结果表明,德令哈地区下古生界发育两套烃源岩,即震旦系全吉群红藻山组滨岸潮坪相灰黑色-黑色泥页岩,奥陶系石灰沟组浅海半深海相灰黑色黑色泥页岩。其中,震旦系烃源岩46%达到有效烃源岩标准,有效烃源岩有机质丰度平均为0.72%,奥陶系烃源岩38%达到有效烃源岩标准,且分布于石灰沟组底部,有效烃源岩有机质平均为0.77%;两套烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,热演化程度已进入高成熟-过成熟阶段。研究区发育碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两类储层,三角洲前缘和台缘礁滩相是优势储集相,碳酸盐岩储层的储集空间主要为裂缝和溶蚀孔隙。根据烃源岩特征和周边油气发现,将研究区划分为推测的Z∈(?)油气系统和OO(?)油气系统。     

黔东南凯里—麻江—丹寨地区奥陶系红花园组古岩溶储层特征

黔东南凯里—麻江—丹寨地区(构造上位于黔南坳陷东北部)下奥陶统红花园组为一套生物碎屑灰岩。该区已发现的麻江古油藏尚未取得油气勘探进展。对区内多处露头剖面中—下奥陶统进行了宏观勘查和采样以及岩样微观薄片分析,证实该套地层曾发生古岩溶作用,并可识别出埋藏岩溶和风化壳岩溶两类古岩溶作用。基于这些岩溶剖面的对比分析,发现古风化壳岩溶受早中奥陶世古隆起及剥蚀时间控制,主要发育于古隆起区麻江古油藏一带,而其它地区为埋藏岩溶。认为古风化壳岩溶形成大量溶蚀孔洞缝,为红花园组提供了优质储层条件。此外在中—下奥陶统大湾组碎屑岩覆盖下的红花园组碳酸盐岩也可以发生埋藏岩溶并形成较好的岩溶型储层。红花园组在黔南坳陷东北部的油藏大多有过暴露或破坏。认为在坳陷西南部寻找古隆起区附近的上述两类储层应是油气勘探方向。