岩石物理建模技术在致密砂岩储层预测中的应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地北部H区块为例

岩石物理建模是叠前反演前重要的基础工作。以致密砂岩储层为目标,剖析了岩石物理建模涉及的主要过程。将测井评价与岩石物理建模视为迭代过程,测井评价提供岩石物理建模的输入数据,岩石物理建模控制测井评价参数的质量。在测井参数具有较高质量的情况下,优选岩石物理建模方法,优化关键参数,较为准确地预测了横波速度等弹性参数,为叠前弹性参数反演提供了可靠的基础数据。利用岩石物理解释模板对叠前反演纵横波速度体进行了解释,提高了致密砂岩气层的识别精度,在鄂尔多斯盆地取得了较好的应用效果。     

利用常规测井资料基于岩石物理和多矿物分析反演横波速度

测井横波速度是测井地震联合反演的重要标定参数.为克服大量老井缺少横波速度资料和现有横波速度估算方法的不足, 基于孔隙介质岩石物理理论, 通过常规测井资料求取多矿物组分, 利用VRH模型求得地层的等效弹性模量; 最后利用纵波速度作为约束条件, 根据Biot-Gassmann方程得到地层横波速度.计算结果与实测结果对比表明, 平均相对误差限在5%左右, 与Xu-White模型相比, 该方法物理意义更为明确, 使用更简便, 计算精度提高一倍左右.      

测井曲线构建技术在BMM地区的应用

在地震储层预测中,对于无测井曲线的区域,给储层预测带来了很大的难度.为了解决这个问题,笔者利用不同入射角度的叠加偏移数据和地震速度,结合遗传算法从叠前地震波形上反演弹性参数,用于虚拟测井曲线构建.通过BMM地区的实际应用证明,该方法较好地解决了无井层段虚拟测井曲线重构问题,为地震储层预测提供了比较可靠的虚拟测并资料.     

定量化岩石物理分析技术在莫索湾地区处理解释中地应用

在油气勘探新区开展地震岩石物理研究,制约的因素之一是缺乏各类岩石物理基础资料。利用莫索湾地区侏罗系三工河组储层沉积环境变化不大的有利条件,首先在莫索湾油气田开发区,开展测井环境校正和归一化,横波预测,敏感弹性参数优选以及岩石物理量板制作等定量化岩石物理分析,随后将开发区定量化岩石物理分析成果在莫10井区探区进行研究和应用,为莫10井区三维叠前地震保幅处理质量控制,储层叠前地震反演和油气检测研究提供了依据。     

页岩气地震识别与预测技术

依据页岩气的地质特点及当前地震勘查技术的水平,指出地震在识别和追踪页岩储层空间分布（包括埋深、厚度以及构造形态）方面具有明显的优势;综合利用测井及地质资料,对页岩储层有机质丰度、含气性等参数进行解释及优选敏感的地球物理参数,进而建立储层特征与地震响应的关系,以此反演预测页岩气储层有利区;运用相干与曲率等属性分析技术、宽方位甚至全方位地震各向异性分析技术、叠前反演技术、横波分裂技术等,可解决储层裂缝和岩石力学特征问题,直接为钻井和压裂工程技术服务;与压裂技术配套发展的微地震监测技术,可实时提供压裂过程中产生的裂缝位置、方位、大小以及复杂程度,并对储层改造方案的有效性作出准确评价。     

准噶尔盆地玛西地区致密砂砾岩优质薄储层预测

准噶尔盆地玛湖西斜坡区三叠系百口泉组储层为扇三角洲致密砂砾岩,具有低孔、低渗、储层薄的特征,水下中等孔隙度的灰绿色砂砾岩为优质储层。由于地震资料主频低(25~30 Hz),储层薄(10 m左右),而且优质储层与致密层阻抗叠置,目前常用的叠后波阻抗反演、叠前同时反演等方法都满足不了该地区优质薄储层预测的要求。笔者基于取芯、测井、试油等资料开展岩石物理分析,利用纵波阻抗和纵横波速度比建立岩石物理图版,确定该区的优质储层参数特征。在此基础上,开展叠前地质统计学反演,综合叠前同时反演与地质统计学反演技术的优点,实现砂砾岩优质薄储层的预测。反演结果表明,叠前地质统计学反演结果可以明显提高储层纵向预测的分辨率,较好地解决该地区致密砂砾岩优质薄储层预测的问题,为该区下步勘探开发提供依据。     

一种基于叠前反演的孔隙度预测方法

非线性反演方法在储层预测中得到了广泛地应用,但其通常只采用叠后波阻抗反演结果和叠后属性进行预测,进而忽略了叠前道集中包含的岩性信息。这里提出了一种基于叠前反演的储层预测方法,可以有效地利用叠前信息进行储层预测。首先对叠前道集进行针对性处理,使其满足叠前反演的要求,其次改进横波估算方法获得高精度的横波数据,并针对叠前数据进行子波提取,然后通过叠前反演获得纵波、横波阻抗和密度信息,最后结合叠前属性,采用概率神经网络方法(PNN)来反演储层孔隙度参数,该方法克服了叠后波阻抗反演进行储层预测造成的多解性问题,并提高了储层识别的精度,预测结果与测井一致,证明该方法正确有效。     

开发地震技术在苏里格气田的应用

苏里格气田盒8气藏属低孔低渗气藏,已有的地震预测方法与技术已难以满足当前水平井开发的需求。针对这一现状,形成了以地震属性分析与岩石物理分析技术为基础、以高分辨率叠前反演技术与高精度时深转换技术为核心的开发地震预测技术系列。首先,通过地震属性分析宏观预测主砂带的展布,进行横波速度曲线预测与岩石物理分析;在此基础上,开展高分辨率叠前反演、高精度时深转换,准确落实有效砂层的空间分布及其深度。应用结果表明,均方根振幅属性能宏观反映盒8主砂带的空间展布;Xu-White模型法是预测横波速度曲线的有效方法,泊松比是准确识别砂岩、含气砂岩与泥岩的敏感参数;高分辨率叠前反演技术极大地提高了预测结果的纵向分辨率,有效解决了盒8段砂泥岩薄互层的单砂体地震识别难题;高精度时深转换技术与三维可视化技术相结合,为水平井位的部署、井轨迹的设计提供了直观、可靠的依据。这一技术系列是陆相致密碎屑岩性油气藏进行储层精细描述与高效开发的有效技术系列。     

时移测井曲线重构方法及其在A油田中的应用

时移测井曲线重构是为满足储层时移地震研究需求,根据时移地震基础状态和监测状态的采集时间而对测井曲线进行后推或者前延的处理。以深水扇油藏水驱开发测井曲线重构研究为例,探讨了基于岩石物理研究的时移测井曲线重构的方法。通过分析在地震采集的不同时间点的地层含水饱和度的变化开展岩石物理分析,得到水驱过程中岩石物理参数的变化,重构得到不同时间点的测井曲线,并应用到后续的时移地震反演中。应用效果表明,时移测井曲线重构为后续时移地震反演提供了准确可靠的测井数据。     

AVO叠前反演在中等阻抗储层预测中的应用

新场气田须四下亚段TX94砂体为砂砾岩互层。前期勘探证实,砂岩为有效储层,由于砂岩与作为围岩的泥岩阻抗接近,而砾岩的阻抗又远远大于砂泥岩,常规地震属性及叠后反演无法准确识别砂岩。采用AVO叠前反演技术,综合应用纵波弹性阻抗和纵波、横波速度比,结合岩石物理模板,对砂岩进行了准确刻画。这里阐述了AVO叠前反演的原理,讨论了反演处理中的地震数据分析,岩石物理分析,子波提取,低频趋势模型建立等关键步骤。反演结果表明,AVO叠前反演能很好地识别砂岩,降低了勘探风险。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861