帕米尔东北侧基底结构研究

利用在阿图什-伽师地区完成的两条人工地震测深剖面的Pg波资料,用有限差分方法和时间项方法得到了两条剖面的基底速度结构和基底界面形态．不同地质单元基底深度差异较大．不同地质构造单元的接触带上基底结构有明显变化,可以看作是边界断裂存在的标志.最后讨论了阿图什强震区和伽师强震群区基底的特点及与地震的关系．     

青藏高原北缘基底结构的有限差分研究

拜城-大柴旦综合地球物理剖面横跨了塔里木盆地、阿尔金追山带和柴达木盆地.沿剖面进行了10次各2吨级TNT炸药的人工地震探测工作.本文利用沿剖面的Pg震相,使用有限差分方法对塔里木盆地、阿尔金造山带和柴迭木盆地的基底顶界面埋深及盖层的速度结构进行了反演,结果表明,不同的地质构造单元具有不同的基底结构形态与速度分布特点.塔里木盆地的基底及盖层速度分布相对平稳,表现出整体变形特征,但在库车与轮台之间,盆地的基底埋深及速度分布发生了明显的变化,深度差约2 km,速度差高达0.5 km/s.这种明显的、系统的速度差异,加之其它地质学与深部地球物理学证据表明,塔里木盆地的基底可能由构造特点不同的东西两个部分构成;阿尔金造山带的基底埋深与盖层速度分布变化较大,与造山带的强烈构造变形相联系1;在阿尔金造山带与塔里木盆地和柴达木盆地的接触部位基底及盖层介质均表现为高速异常,可能与深部高密度物质沿断裂向地壳内部迁移有关;柴达木盆地的基底与盖层呈"U"形分布,表现出强烈的内部变形特征.     

帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究

1998年在帕米尔东北侧伽师及其周边地区完成了两条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面. 结果表明,西昆仑、塔里木和天山在地壳速度结构、构造特征上显示出较大差异. 塔里木块体具有稳定地块的地壳结构特征,地壳平均速度较高(6.5km/s). 向南进入西昆仑,地壳明显增厚,厚度可达0km左右,且地壳平均速度偏低(6.0-6.2km/s),偏低的地壳平均速度主要来源于相对低速度的下地壳结构,反映了西昆仑褶皱系下地壳介质的特征. 向北进入天山后,地壳同样明显增厚,但增厚的程度低于西昆仑下,约为50-55km. 天山地壳同样具有明显低的平均速度(6.2km/s),显示了天山地壳相对"软"的特征,但天山地壳偏低的平均速度来源于广泛分布于中地壳的低速度层和速度偏低的下地壳. 在印度块体向北强烈推挤的作用下,该区地壳遭受强烈的不均匀变形,塔里木块体向南插入西昆仑下,向北插入天山下,形成了该区强烈地震频繁发生的深部构造环境.     

帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究

1998年在帕米尔东北侧伽师及其周边地区完成了两条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面. 结果表明,西昆仑、塔里木和天山在地壳速度结构、构造特征上显示出较大差异. 塔里木块体具有稳定地块的地壳结构特征,地壳平均速度较高(6.5km/s). 向南进入西昆仑,地壳明显增厚,厚度可达0km左右,且地壳平均速度偏低(6.0-6.2km/s),偏低的地壳平均速度主要来源于相对低速度的下地壳结构,反映了西昆仑褶皱系下地壳介质的特征. 向北进入天山后,地壳同样明显增厚,但增厚的程度低于西昆仑下,约为50-55km. 天山地壳同样具有明显低的平均速度(6.2km/s),显示了天山地壳相对"软"的特征,但天山地壳偏低的平均速度来源于广泛分布于中地壳的低速度层和速度偏低的下地壳. 在印度块体向北强烈推挤的作用下,该区地壳遭受强烈的不均匀变形,塔里木块体向南插入西昆仑下,向北插入天山下,形成了该区强烈地震频繁发生的深部构造环境.     

基于GPS速度场采用RELSM模型分析青藏块体东北缘的形变—应变特征

利用青藏块体东北缘地区1999～2001年GPS观测获得的地壳水平运动速率场,通过对该地区进行块体划分,将该地区划分为9个块体,应用块体的整体旋转线性应变模型(RELSM)估计了各个块体的旋转与应变参数,以及计算了该地区内143个GPS站点的应变参数,以此分析了该地区的应变场的基本特征,结果表明:①阿拉善块体s较稳定,其旋转角为0.630×10-8,运动速率为0.688 mm/a,②相比其他块体,共和块体旋转角最大达到了6.589×10-8 ,运动速率达到了7.296 mm/a,③应变高值区主要集中在祁连山断裂,海原断裂等,在这些地区最大剪应变率达到了7.5×10-8、面膨胀率达到了-2.5×10-8、主压应变达到了-6×10-8.     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

2000-2010年东北地区湖泊动态变化及驱动力分析

以2000、2005和2010年的Landsat TM和ETM遥感影像为主要数据源,利用面向对象的分类方法,提取3期东北地区湖泊数据;在GIS技术的支持下,分析了过去10年东北地区湖泊的时空变化特征,并对导致湖泊面积变化的自然和人文驱动因素进行分析.结果表明:2000-2010年间,东北地区湖泊面积由12234.02 km²减少至11307.58 km²,其中,2005-2010年间湖泊萎缩剧烈程度大于2000-2005年;湖泊数量先增加后减少,10年间共减少了4092个;10年间天然湖泊面积大幅减少,人工湖泊面积略增加;研究区内西北方向湖泊萎缩程度小于东南方向,质心向西北偏移;湖泊变化受自然因素和人类活动的共同影响,人类活动叠加在自然因素之上,对湖泊变化产生了放大作用.     

山东地区地壳P波三维速度结构及其与地震活动的关系

利用山东及周边区域地震台网1975—2014年1月期间记录到的1369个地震的13781个P波到时数据对山东地区地壳结构进行了层析成像研究.结果表明,山东地区地壳速度结构存在明显的不均匀性.沂沭断裂带介质速度结构复杂,呈现明显的分段特征,两侧块体速度存在差异,具有块体边界的构造特征.鲁西断块20km以下深度处存在大规模的低速异常区,这与该地区始新世发生的大规模滑脱拆离构造有关,可能产生于太平洋板块的西向俯冲导致地幔热物质沿沂沭断裂带向上并向西涌动.历史大震及ML4.0以上中强震大部分为走滑型地震,主要发生于高低速异常过渡带且有深大断裂穿过的地区.震群主要发生于低速体上部或周边,且震源深度优势分布在中上地壳,这与地下介质富含流体并导致应力集中有关.     

三河-平谷8.0级大震区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究

在1679年三河-平谷8.0级大震的震源区布置了两条总长140km，24次覆盖的近垂直深地震反射剖面，剖面穿过夏垫断裂及二十里长山断裂，结果表明，该区以双程走时7.0s(21km)左右和11.0-12.5s(33-37km)左右的两个强反射叠层把地壳分为上地壳，下地壳和壳幔过渡带；地壳结构在纵向上差异较大，浅部成层性较好，层组较多，结构复杂；上地壳总体呈反射“透明”性质，下部地壳表现为明显的反射性质；在横向上也具有明显的差异；深部断裂主要有夏垫断裂下方的地壳深断裂，断层面较陡，近下直立，该断裂可能为三河-平谷8.0级大地震的发震断裂；分别在两条剖面下地壳和上地壳下部存在局部强反射能量团，应为上地幔物质上涌冷却形成的岩墙或岩体；由于该处的岩浆活动造成了局部应力分布的差异。导致了地壳深断裂的形成，这可能是三河8.0级大震的深部构造背景。     

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating from granitoids in southern basement of Songliao basin:Constraints on ages of the basin basement

Seven LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb datings from granitoids in the southern basement of the Songliao basin were done in order to constrain the ages of the basin basement. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images of the zircons from seven granitoids indicate that they are euhedral-subhedral ones with striped ab-sorption and obvious oscillatory zoning rims. The dating results show that a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age is 236±3 Ma for quartz diorite (sample No.T6-1) located in the western slope of the basin,that weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages are 319±1 Ma (2126 m) and 361±2 Ma (1994 m) for diorite (sample No.YC1-1) and granite (sample No.YC1-2) located in northern part of southeastern uplift of the basin,respectively,and that weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages are 161±5 Ma,165±2 Ma,165±1 Ma and 161±4 Ma for samples Q2-1,SN121,SN122,and SN72 granitoids located in southern part of southeastern uplift of the basin,respectively. The statistical results of ages suggest that the middle Jurassic granitoids con-stitute the main part of basement granitoids,and that the Hercynian and Indo-Sino magmatisms also occur in the basin basement. It is implied that the Songliao basin should be a rift one formed in the intracontinent or active continental margin settings in the late Mesozoic after the Middle Jurassic orogeny took place.     

中国陆域磁性基底深度及其特征

前寒武纪变质基底的起伏变化特征和沉积盖层的厚度变化对研究地质构造、能源和资源勘探具有重要意义.而前寒武纪变质基底与沉积盖层之间通常存在一定的磁性差异,这就为利用航磁资料研究磁性基底深度提供了地球物理条件.本文集合了中国国土资源航空物探遥感中心30多年来编制的中国陆域30多个盆地和地区的磁性基底深度图以及补算的部分地区磁性基底深度,经过统一坐标系、统一比例尺之后编制了1/100万比例尺的中国陆域磁性基底深度图(成图比例尺为1/250万).研究结果表明,以E105°线为界,我国西部地区沉积坳陷区盖层厚度大,集中分布在塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、柴达木盆地和西藏地区;东部地区沉积坳陷区盖层厚度整体上相对较薄,主要分布在松辽盆地、二连盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、华北南部盆地、四川盆地、南黄海—苏北盆地等,但最厚处在四川盆地的西南部和鄂尔多斯盆地西缘.这些研究成果展现了我国前寒武纪变质基底和具有一定规模的岩浆岩侵入岩体的深度变化特征,同时反映了沉积盖层的厚度和赋存现状,可直观了解各种类型的沉积盆地和沉积坳陷区的深度和范围,为寻找基底之上油气藏提供了直接依据.     

黄骅坳陷前新生代残留盆地结构与基底性质研究

利用综合地球物理方法研究前新生代残留盆地结构是当前深层油气勘探亟待解决的问题之一.本文基于高精度重力、航磁、地震等综合地球物理资料,通过位场正演剥离和正则化滤波技术对黄骅坳陷前新生代残留盆地结构展开研究,构建黄骅坳陷宏观的盆地立体格架,分析前新生代残留地层的展布及残留厚度特征,探讨盆地基底的三分性问题.研究表明,黄骅坳陷宏观上呈现垂向分层、东西分带、南北分区的盆地结构特征;前新生代残留盆地总体为NNE-NE向展布,但沉积中心与残留地层厚度明显不同于新生代沉积特点,在歧口新生界巨厚区残留厚度较小;盆地基底表现出三分性特征,区内T型交叉的两组隐伏深断裂可能为燕辽基底、鲁西基底和太行基底的拼接线;前新生代盆地结构、残留厚度与基底三分性特征均表现出受深部断裂构造的影响和控制.     

青藏高原东北缘深地震测深震相研究与地壳细结构

通过对青藏高原东北缘不同构造单元深地震测深资料震相的综合分析,利用反射率理论地震图方法对实际记录模拟计算,进一步研究东北缘区域内部不同构造单元地壳细结构.结果显示：西秦岭褶皱造山带分隔了南北不同性质的地壳结构,北侧为相对稳定的临夏—兰州新生代盆地、南侧为强烈改造的松潘—甘孜地块;松潘—甘孜地块在青藏高原东北缘的构造演化过程中改造为萎缩的若尔盖高原盆地和盆地边缘褶皱造山两类不同的地壳结构;青藏高原东北缘中下地壳普遍存在以多层高低速相间、低速度结构为主的破碎松弛结构,这种特征在缝合带和造山带尤为明显,显示为地壳形变增厚、流变滑动的重要场所;结合二维速度结构及GPS研究结果,对青藏高原东北缘地壳形变及动力学过程进行了讨论.     

青藏高原东北缘基底结构研究——玛多-共和-雅布赖剖面上地壳地震折射探测

利用青藏高原东北缘玛多-共和-雅布赖人工地震测深剖面的沉积盖层及上地壳折射波Psed、Pg走时,使用正则化方法反演该剖面基底速度结构,并通过射线数分布、分辨率分析等手段分析反演结果的可靠程度,得到了沿剖面850 km近地表沉积盖层及结晶基底结构性质及构造变化特征,揭示了巴颜喀拉块体中段、东昆仑-西秦岭褶皱带、祁连褶皱带东侧及阿拉善块体等四个一级地质构造单元以及各块体内部若干次级构造沉积盖层介质岩性及厚度,结晶基底性质及被改造特征,在此基础上分析了（沿测线）青藏高原东北缘与外围阿拉善块体、高原内部块体间上部地壳构造耦合以及与地表构造形态关系.     

Seismic,petrologic, and geodetic analyses of the 1999 dome-forming eruption of Guagua Pichincha volcano,Ecuador

Guagua Pichincha, located 14 km west of Quito, Ecuador, is a stratovolcano bisected by a horseshoe-shaped caldera. In 1999, after some months of phreatic activity, Guagua Pichincha entered into an eruptive period characterized by the extrusion of several dacitic domes, vulcanian eruptions, and pyroclastic flows. We estimated the three-dimensional (3-D) P-wave velocity structure beneath Guagua Pichincha using a tomographic inversion method based on finite-difference calculations of first-arrival times. Hypocenters of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and long-period (LP) events were relocated using the 3-D P-wave velocity model. A low-velocity anomaly exists beneath the caldera and may represent an active volcanic conduit. Petrologic analysis of eruptive products indicates a magma storage region beneath the caldera, having a vertical extent of 7–8 km with the upper boundary at about sea level. This zone coincides with the source region of deeper VT earthquakes, indicating that a primary magma body exists in this region. LP swarms occurred in a cyclic pattern synchronous with ground deformation during magma extrusions. The correlation between seismicity and ground deformation suggests that both respond to pressure changes caused by the cyclic eruptive behavior of lava domes.     

Tectonics of Precambrian basement of the Tarim craton

The Altyn Tagh Mountain is the main area where the Precambrian basements of Tarim craton are exposed. There are two ophiolitic belts in Altyn Tagh: one belt is exposed in the northern margin of Altyn Tagh whose formation age is about (829±60) Ma, the other is situated along the southern margin of Altyn Tagh and has a formation age of about (1449±270) Ma. This paper proposes a simple tectonic model for the Precambrian basement of Tarim craton established from ophiolites in Altyn Tagh area. The south Tarim block had amalgamated with Qaidam block during about 1400-1500 Ma along the present Altyn fault, while the south Tarim-Qaidam united block was still separated from the north Tarim block by an ocean. The united block of south Tarim and Qaidam collided with north Tarim block along the zone of high positive anomaly of central Tarim, Hongliugou and Lapeiquan in about 800 Ma. So since the Sinian (beginning at 800 Ma) there has been an integrated basement for Tarim craton.     

Study on Fine Crustal Structure of the Sanhe-Pinggu Earthquake （M8.0） Region by Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling

Two near-vertical deep seismic reflection profiles (140km-long, 24-fold) were completed in the 1679 Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake (M8.0) region. The profiles ran through the Xiadian fault and the Ershilichangshan fault. The profiling result shows that the crust in this region is divided into the upper crust, the lower crust and the crust-mantle transitional zone by two powerful laminated reflectors: one at the two-way travel-time of about 7.0s (21 km), the other at about11.0～12.5s (33～37km). Crustal structure varies significantly in vertical direction. The shallow part is characterized by obvious stratification, multilayers and complexity. The upper crust on the whole features reflection “transparency“, while the lower crust features distinct reflectivity. Crustal structure also varies a lot in the lateral direction. The main fracture in this region is the deep fault under the Xiadian fault. This deep fault is steeply inclined (nearly vertical), and is supposed to be the causative fault of the Sanhe-Pinggu MS.0 earthquake. The two profiles respectively reveal the existence of local strong reflectivity in the lower crust and the lower part of the upper crust, which is assumed to be a dike or rock mass formed by the upwelling and cooling down of materials from the upper mantle. Magmatic activity in this part brought about differences in regional stress distribution, which then gave rise to the formation of the deep fault. That is supposed to be the deep structural setting for the Sanhe-Pinggu M8.0 earthquake.     

倾斜仪基礅影响及零漂分析

通过对常熟地震台形变山洞内3套倾斜仪生命周期内的观测资料的对比分析,表明基礅的持荷作用会使混凝土产生徐变,混凝土厚薄不均其徐变能引起基礅倾斜,这种过程是非线性的,其发展呈指数分布,并贯穿仪器的整个生命周期。     

论宏观震中及其快速估定方法

宏观震中与微观震中不仅是概念上的差别,在实际观测结果中也存在不容忽视的差距。宏观震中还可代表震源区和地震波能量辐射的中心。宏观震中在抗震救灾、震害预测、地震地质和工程地震研究等方面,具有无可替代的重要作用。在灾害性地震发生后,可由余震分布来快速估定重灾区范围和宏观震中,将有助于提高抗震救灾效率。     

Mapping of magnetic basement in Central India from aeromagnetic data for scaling geology

The Central Indian region has a complex geology covering the Godavari Graben, the Bastar Craton (including the Chhattisgarh Basin), the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, the Mahanadi Graben and some part of the Deccan Trap, the northern Singhbhum Orogen and the eastern Dharwar Craton. The region is well covered by reconnaissance‐scale aeromagnetic data, analysed for the estimation of basement and shallow anomalous magnetic sources depth using scaling spectral method. The shallow magnetic anomalies are found to vary from 1 to 3 km, whereas magnetic basement depth values are found to vary from 2 to 7 km. The shallowest basement depth of 2 km corresponds to the Kanker granites, a part of the Bastar Craton, whereas the deepest basement depth of 7 km is for the Godavari Basin and the southeastern part of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt near the Parvatipuram Bobbili fault. The estimated basement depth values correlate well with the values found from earlier geophysical studies. The earlier geophysical studies are limited to few tectonic units, whereas our estimation provides detailed magnetic basement mapping in the region. The magnetic basement and shallow depth values in the region indicate complex tectonic, heterogeneity, and intrusive bodies at different depths, which can be attributed to different thermo‐tectonic processes since Precambrian.