Impact of fish farming on foraminiferal community, Drvenik Veliki Island, Adriatic Sea, Croatia

This study examined the impact of fish farming on foraminiferal communities in the Adriatic coastal zone. Samples were taken directly beneath the farm, near the edge of the farm, and at a reference station away from the farm. The foraminiferal community near the farm is characterized by Epistominella exigua, Globocassidulina subglobosa, Haynesina germanica and the genera Elphidium, Bulimina and Brizalina. These foraminiferal species are less abundant seaward. Asterigerinata mamilla, Neoconorbina terquemi and genus Cibicides are almost absent below the cages. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in the sediments decrease with distance from the cages. The abundances of E. exigua, G. subglobosa, H. germanica and the genera Elphidium, Bulimina and Brizalina are correlated with TP and TN, indicating their dependence on nutrient input. The absence of A. mamilla, N. terquemi and the genus Cibicides below the cages is a due to a degraded Posidonia community. According to our study, foraminiferal community composition can be used as indicator of organic enrichment caused by fish farm activities.     

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.     

Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium in flowing waters of the Appalachian Mountains (North America): Ecology, distribution and taxonomic notes

Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium are abundant in rivers, streams, and springs of the Appalachian Mountains. They inhabit clean and polluted waters, including those affected by acid mine drainage. The identification of Achnanthidium taxa is difficult due to their small cell size and insufficient information in the diatom floras. We studied the taxonomy and ecology of Achnanthidium in Appalachian rivers by analyzing a data set of benthic diatom samples and corresponding water chemistry data collected during several water-quality surveys from 181 sampling sites. Ten species were identified using scanning electron and light microscopy: A. alpestre (Lowe & Kociolek) Lowe & Kociolek, A. atomus (Hustedt) Monnier, Lange-Bertalot, & Ector, A. deflexum (Reimer) Kingston, A. duthii (Sreenivasa) Edlund, A. eutrophilum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, A. cf. gracillimum (Meister) Lange-Bertalot, A. cf. latecephalum Kobayasi, A. minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki (sensu lato), A. reimeri (Camburn) comb. nov., and A. rivulare Potapova & Ponader. The distribution of common taxa in relation to water chemistry was studied by fitting non-parametric regression models (generalized additive models, GAM, and non-parametric multiplicative regression models, NPMR) to species relative abundances. Studied Achnanthidium species differed considerably in their responses to water chemistry. These results suggest that species-level identifications will lead to more accurate bioassessments.     

Alien aquatic plants in a thermally abnormal river and their assembly to neophyte-dominated macrophyte stands (River Erft, Northrhine-Westphalia)

Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread.     

Hydraulic and geochemical interactions between surface water and sediment pore water in seasonal hypersaline Maharlu Lake,Iran

Study of interactions between surface-water and pore-water in lakes is complicated due to spatio-temporal heterogeneities in flow condition across the sediment–water interface. In this study, seasonal hypersaline Maharlu Lake was investigated by collecting surface-water and pore-water samples from four nests of multilevel piezometers installed at different distances from the inflow of rivers to the lake. The hydraulic heads in the piezometers as well as vertical profiles of Mg⁺², Na/Cl, and Br/Cl were used to investigate both hydraulic and geochemical interactions between surface-water and pore-water in the lake. Depletion of lake surface water and pore water with respect to B, Br, Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and the absence of Mg-K chlorides and sulphates in the lake bed sediments is probably due to leakage of highly evaporated residual brine from the lake. Hydraulic gradients in the multilevel piezometric nests indicate that a general downward flow from surface-water to pore-water occurs across sediment–water interface. Vertical profiles of Br/Cl, Mg²⁺, and Na/Cl showed that the maximum flow rate was more than 1 m/yr close to the mouth of the inflowing rivers. The downward vertical flow was limited in the area far from the inflowing rivers due to the presence of an impermeable confining halite layer which interrupts the hydraulic connection between shallow pore water (less than 50 cm deep) and deeper zones. The hydraulic and geochemical interactions between surface-water and pore-water across sediment–water interface in the Maharlu Lake are of interest to find out the fate of pollutants and their distribution in the lake.     

轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对沉积物-水界面微观剖面理化参数的影响

水生植物是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,沉积物-水界面是湖泊生态系统中营养盐循环的重要界面,因而研究水生植物对沉积物-水界面微观剖面的影响具有重要意义.本文利用轮叶黑藻作为研究对象,研究了来自于香溪河、太湖和东湖3个样点的沉积物及上覆水中N、P等理化性质,并利用微电极研究轮叶黑藻对3种沉积物-水界面微观剖面是否有影响.实验结果表明:轮叶黑藻生长迅速.增长率因沉积物不同而不同,有一定的耐污能力;轮叶黑藻使水体和沉积物中总氮、总磷含量减少,对水体和底泥有一定的净化作用;轮叶黑藻可使水体溶解氧升高,并使沉积物有氧层厚度增加,改变沉积物的氧化还原电位;轮叶黑藻可能改变了根际微环境中微生物的数量和种类,而使沉积物和上覆水中的pH、N₂O和H2S等发生变化.     

青藏高原陆相介形类的分布特征及其对生态环境的响应

统计分析了青藏高原不同区域水体环境表层沉积物陆相介形类的属种分布特征,探讨了介形类在不同水环境下（盐度、pH值及水深）对生态环境的响应.结果显示,青藏高原现生介形类共计21属67种,其中Candona candida、Ilyocypris bradyi、Eucypris inflata、Limnocythere dubiosa、Limnocythere inopinata、Paracypricerus angulata、Leucocytherella sinensis和Leucocythere mirabilis为青藏高原地区的常见种.湖泊、河流、洼地和湿地4类水体环境中,湖泊中介形类最为丰富,达19属62种;青藏高原东北部（祁连山和柴达木盆地）、北部（昆仑山）、西部和南部不同区域的介形类常见种存在较大差异,可能是区域海拔、pH值和盐度综合作用的结果.淡水和微咸水环境介形类属种数量较咸水及盐湖中丰富,分别有17属41种和13属42种,Limnocythere dubiosa （0.52~90.6 g/L）和Leucocythere mirabilis（0.51~174.63 g/L）在淡水、咸水及盐湖中均有出现,适应盐度范围较广;pH值在8.0~10.0范围内介形类属种多样性最丰富,表明大部分介形类具有嗜碱性的特征;青藏高原陆相介形类属种多样性随水深的增加而降低,浅湖（0~15 m）中介形类属种最为丰富,达到17属52种,其中Candona candida（0.2~80 m）和Leucocythere dorsotuberosa（0.3~110 m）从滨湖至深湖区均有分布,二者均具有较大的水深适应范围.     

Geochemical evidence of hydrothermal recharge in Lake Baringo,central Kenya Rift Valley

Lake Baringo, a freshwater lake in the central Kenya Rift Valley, is fed by perennial and ephemeral rivers, direct rainfall, and hot springs on Ol Kokwe Island near the centre of the lake. The lake has no surface outlet, but despite high evaporation rates it maintains dilute waters by subsurface seepage through permeable sediments and faulted lavas. New geochemical analyses (major ions, trace elements) of the river, lake, and hot spring waters and the suspended sediments have been made to determine the main controls of lake water quality. The results show that evaporative concentration and the binary mixing between two end members (rivers and thermal waters) can explain the hydrochemistry of the lake waters. Two zones are recognized from water composition. The southern part of the lake near sites of perennial river inflow is weakly influenced by evaporation, has low total dissolved species (TDS), and has a seasonally variable load of mainly detrital suspended sediments. In contrast, waters of the northern part of the lake show evidence for strong evaporation (TDS of up to eight times inflow). Authigenic clay minerals and calcite may be precipitating from those more concentrated fluids. The subaerial hot‐spring waters have a distinctive chemistry and are enriched in some elements that are also present in the lake water. Comparison of the chemical composition of the inflowing surface waters and lake water shows (1) an enrichment of some species (HCO₃^?, Cl, SO₄^2?, F, Na, B, V, Cr, As, Mo, Ba and U) in the lake, (2) a depletion in SiO₂ in the lake, and (3) a possible hydrothermal origin for most F. The rare earth element distribution and the F/Cl and Na/Cl ratios give valuable information on the rate of mixing of the river and hydrothermal fluids in the lake water. Calculations imply that thermal fluids may be seeping upward locally into the lake through grid‐faulted lavas, particularly south of Ol Kokwe Island. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of eutrophication on molluscan community composition in the Lake Dianchi (China, Yunnan)

In this paper, three historical biodiversity datasets (from 1940s, 1980–1999 and 2000–2004) and results from the recent inventory are used to trace the long-term changes of the mollusks in the eutrophic Lake Dianchi. Comparison of the obtained results with those of earlier investigations performed during the period of 1940s and 1980–1999 as well as 2000–2004 showed that changes have occurred in the interval. There were 31 species and 2 sub-species recorded prior to the 1940s, but the species richness decreased from a high level of 83 species and 7 sub-species to 16 species and one sub-species from 1990s to the early of 21st century in lake body. Species from the genera of Kunmingia, Fenouilia, Paraprygula, Erhaia, Assiminea, Galba, Rhombuniopsis, Unionea and Aforpareysia were not found in Dianchi basin after 2000. The species from the genera Lithoglyphopsis, Tricula, Bithynia, Semisulcospira and Corbicula were only found in the springs and upstream rivers. Anoxia and the changing of substrates and fish species composition could explain why molluscan community composition changed in eutrophic Lake Dianchi. Additionally, the different sampling methods and ignore of the specific groups in earlier studies are cause for Sphaerium and Pisidium first found in our study. This study is first time to enlarge the investigation region to the Dianchi basin. Although some endemic species disappeared in the lake body, they still distribute in the springs and upstream rivers. The springs and upstream rivers are important refuges for mollusks.     

广东流溪河水库异尾轮属(Trichocerca)的分布模式及其影响因素

异尾轮虫是热带亚热带地区轮虫的重要优势类群.为了解其在水库中的分布模式和潜在影响因素,于2013-2014年对广东流溪河水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区的异尾轮虫群落及环境因子进行逐月调查.2年共采集到异尾轮虫11种,其中对棘异尾轮虫(Trichocerca similis)、圆筒异尾轮虫(T.cylindrica)、暗小异尾轮虫(T.pusilla)和刺盖异尾轮虫(T.capucina)为优势种,主要出现在丰水期,具有明显的季节分布模式.2013-2014年河流区、过渡区和湖泊区异尾轮虫丰度平均值分别为142.9、102.5和53.6 ind./L,3个水域的异尾轮虫总丰度在夏季(5-9月)较高.从水库上游到下游,异尾轮属的物种丰富度和Simpson多样性指数呈现递减趋势,体现了群落对环境的分区和稳定性变化的响应.群落丰度组成的主成分分析表明,主要优势种的丰度全年分布差异较大,而多数种类全年分布差异小.冗余分析表明,叶绿素a浓度、晶囊轮虫丰度、水温+磷酸盐浓度分别为影响河流区、过渡区和湖泊区异尾轮虫群落结构的关键变量,而降雨则是影响整个库区异尾轮虫群落结构的潜在变量.     

西藏地区现代沉积物中介形类环境指示意义初探

于2008和2012年先后2次从西藏阿里和那曲地区61个不同水体,包括不同盐度的湖泊、湿地、浅水坑和河流等,共采集了78个水体表层沉积物样品,用以研究该地区现生介形类的生态分布及其环境指示意义.经鉴定,阿里和那曲地区现生介形类共计11属38种.除Ilyocypris neoaspera等5个种外,本次调查的介形类各属种均在湖泊中出现,尤以Limnocythere dubiosa的总壳瓣数最为丰富.Ilyocypris属中除Ilyocypris subdunshanensis和Ilyocypris xizangensis外,其余各种均喜浅水坑的小型浅水环境.Leucocythere dilitata、Limnocythere dubiosa、Limnocytherellina kunlunensis和Eucypris rischtanica为该地区的广盐种.其中Limnocythere dubiosa和Leucocythere dilitata适应盐度范围最广,在不同盐度的各类水体中均有出现.本次研究中的介形类均喜碱性水体,在p H值为8~9的水体中介形类各属种的丰度值达到最大.     

Micro-erosion meter measurements of travertine deposition rates: a case study from Louie Creek,Northwest Queensland,Australia

Although originally designed to measure surface denudation, the micro-erosion meter (MEM) can be adapted easily to measure deposition rates of chemical sediments such as travertines and speleothems. At Louie Creek, northwest Queensland, Australia, travertine deposition rates measured using the MEM average 4·15 mm a⁻¹. However, this figure masks considerable rate variability. Both purely hydraulic and hydraulically related variables appear to be the major mechanisms controlling deposition rates. The most rapid rates occur within relatively high-energy hydraulic regimes (impact and flow zones), whilst deposition rates in pools separating individual travertine barrages (standing water zones) are relatively slow. Dsposition rate variations within spray and impact zones are related directly to discharge. The highest rates in flow zones correlate with the incorporation into the travertine of in situ and allochthonous biogenic material, such as caddis fly larvae, green algal mats and phytoclasts, which proliferate or are entrapped easily under such hydraulic conditions. Considerable spatial variability in deposition rates also prevails. The highest rates for a given set of hydraulic conditions occur at two sites, the Upper Everglades and the Lower Everglades. The MEM also measures net erosion of travertines. At Louie Creek, most of the travertine erosion occurs in the wet season and is confined primarily to standing water zones. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国南方地区桉树叶浸泡对水库沉积物致黑元素分布及迁移转化的影响

我国南方地区桉树种植区周边水库冬季水体泛黑现象频发,桉树砍伐残体(尤其是叶)浸出液中富含的溶解性有机碳(DOC)、单宁酸与铁、锰、硫化物等一系列反应是其主要致黑原因,然而目前致黑物质对水库泛黑的贡献程度和途径仍不清楚.为了模拟桉树叶浸泡对水库黑水形成的影响机制,研究选取夏季水体未泛黑期(水体热分层稳定)进行室内浸泡实验,测定每6 h上覆水体溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、透光度等理化指标,分析DGT有效态铁、锰、硫和DOC、单宁酸浓度分布规律及迁移转化特征,计算沉积物-水界面处Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、S^2-表观扩散通量.结果表明:桉树叶浸泡明显消耗水体中的DO,且显著影响水体Eh与透光度.此外,透光度与DO浓度呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.618~0.978).桉树叶浸泡释放大量DOC和单宁酸,其中单宁酸浓度远超有氧马尾松组,其上覆水中浓度分别达到23.9、26.0和34.0 mg/L,说明桉树浸泡为黑水形成提供了重要的DOC和单宁酸来源.桉树叶浸泡后上覆水和表层沉积物中DGT有效态Fe浓度均明显增加,深层沉积物间隙水中DGT有效态Fe浓度明显下降,且其表观扩散通量均为正值,说明深层沉积物中Fe向沉积物-水界面迁移,为黑水形成提供了重要的Fe来源.研究结果可为解决我国南方地区桉树人工林区水库水体突发性泛黑问题提供科学依据.     

A quantitative investigation into the temporal and spatial variations in the emergence of adult blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Breitenbach, a small upland stream in Germany

As a contribution to the long-term emergence studies carried out as part of the “Breitenbach ecosystem project”, this paper presents the results obtained on emergence patterns and population dynamics of blackflies from 1984 to 1988. The Breitenbach is a small first order stream near Schlitz/Hesse, running into the Fulda river. Adult blackflies were caught in 4 greenhouse emergence traps, each spanning the whole width of the stream for a length of 6 m. A manual and then a partly automated method for collecting trapped insects was applied for three years and one year, respectively. Sixteen blackfly-species of different origin were found in the traps: a) autochthonous species: Prosimulium tomosvaryi, Simulium vernum s.l., S. cryophilum s.l., S. ornatum s.l. (common); S. costatum, S. trifasciatum, S. monticola, S. argyreatum (rare); b) species of doubtful origin: S. lundstromi, S. angustitarse, S. angustipes, S. aureum (very rare); c) allochthonous species: S. lineatum, S. equinum, S. erythrocephalum, S. noelleri. It was shown that the last 4 species had not emerged from the Breitenbach but had flown into the traps as adults. In addition, females of autochthonous species with blood or with mature eggs were trapped, which were also considered to have flown in. Besides revealing a limitation of the trap construction, they supported the detailed interpretation of some intricated patterns of appearance. Variations in emergence patterns and specimen numbers between years and traps were pronounced, but only in a few cases could they be attributed to changes in abiotic factors such as water temperature or discharge. P. tomosvaryi had the most simple and regular life cycle, with one well synchronised emergence peak annually from April to May (or even to June). No gradient of specimen numbers along the stream was evident. The two closely related species S. vernum and S. cryophilum had quite similar emergence patterns: There were two broad peaks per year, extending mainly from March to June and from July to October or November. In some cases the number and separation of consecutive generations was not clear. The abundance of both species clearly decreased downstream, more so for S. cryophilum than for S. vernum. In a trap closest to a tributary spring, S. cryophilum was the dominant species during three of the four years examined. The adults of S. ornatum displayed an intricate pattern of appearance, with very low specimen numbers in spring and medium to very high numbers in July/August and September/October. S. ornatum is the only blackfly species that inhabits both the Breitenbach and the adjacent section of the Fulda river. It was shown that females emerging from the Fulda river regularly invade the Breitenbach valley in greatly varying numbers and oviposit there. This leads to overlapping larval cohorts with corresponding emergence peaks. Although S. ornatum was the most abundant species in one year in the lower traps (60 to 80% of all individuals), it remains uncertain whether it is a long-term, permanent member of the autochthonous blackfly fauna of the Breitenbach. Estimates of total numbers of flown-in adults, actual emergence, dry weight biomass, the ecological separation of the species and their life cycle strategies are discussed.     

A hydrogeochemical model for stream chemistry,Cascade range,Washington, U.S.A.

A simple mixing model demonstrates that chemical variations in Cascade surface waters reflect flow from three general zones: alpine areas, forested colluvial slopes, and seasonally saturated areas. The chemistry of weathering solutions in alpine portions of the Williamson Creek catchment (North Cascade Range) results from alteration of plagioclase, hornblende, and biotite to kaolinitic material and vermiculite. Surface and shallow groundwater in forested portions of the catchment reflect these reactions, dissolution of small quantities of carbonate, and biologic activity. Both at-a-point and downstream chemical variations are explained quantitatively by the volume of water that originates in each of the hydrogeochemical source areas. Water from the forested colluvial slopes is most significant on an annual basis. However, summer low-flow is a mixture of colluvial waters and dilute solutions from the alpine zone, whereas 10 to 30 per cent of peak flow in snowmelt and rainstorms is produced from seasonally saturated areas. Poor concentration/discharge (C/Q) correlations, typical of Cascade rivers, result from mixing of significant C/Q relations for water leaving each source area. Model predictions could be substantially improved by better data for the effects of temperature, water-contact time, and biologic cycling on the chemistry of soil water from forested zones.     

The ecological requirements of Agapetus fuscipes Curtis (Glossosomatidae), a characteristic species in unimpacted streams

Agapetus fuscipes is a caddisfly that only seems to occur in unimpacted streams and therefore can be a suitable indicator species for natural conditions. The species has decreased in the Netherlands because of human activities which caused organic pollution and hydromorphological degradation. Literature was reviewed to study the autecology and life cycle of A. fuscipes in order to reveal the ecological requirements of this species. By taking Agapetus fuscipes as an example, it is shown that the autecology and life cycle of an indicator species can give important clues for its presence in unimpacted and absence in impacted streams. A. fuscipes is very susceptible to organic pollution and to a lesser degree to discharge dynamics (dropping water level and discharge peaks). The species copes with dynamic discharge events by maintaining a high population density and recolonisation of disturbed habitats from refuges. However, the vulnerability of the species strongly depends on the life stage of the animals (e.g., the ability to migrate, the oxygen demand and the habitat requirements differ between instars). Although several adaptations to dynamic conditions, a high frequency of discharge peaks or a long period of drought can cause the population to decline. Once a population has totally disappeared from a stream it will take the species a long time to recolonise the stream because of its low dispersion capacity. To protect this species stream restoration should focus on water quality (avoid organic pollution and agricultural run off) and on stabilising the discharge by taking care of natural infiltration in the catchment area instead of fast removal of rain water by drainage systems.     

不同水体营养盐浓度下沉积物添加镧改性膨润土(Phoslock®)对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生长的影响

轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)是我国浅水湖泊常见的沉水植物,经常用于湖泊生态修复工程.然而在生态修复中后期,轮叶黑藻又往往会过度繁殖,影响其他湖泊功能的发挥.镧改性膨润土(锁磷剂)可以有效地降低沉积物中生物可利用磷含量,近年来被用于控制湖泊沉积物磷释放,其对轮叶黑藻生长和形态的影响还有待阐明.本研究在2种不同上覆水营养盐浓度条件下,设置添加和不添加锁磷剂2种处理,探究沉积物添加锁磷剂对轮叶黑藻生长及形态特征的影响.结果表明:1)沉积物添加锁磷剂之后,铁锰结合态磷、有机磷、铝结合态磷等生物可利用磷浓度显著降低,而生物不可用磷,如钙结合态磷浓度显著升高; 2)沉积物添加锁磷剂显著降低了轮叶黑藻的生物量和生长率.添加锁磷剂的处理组植物的株高、地上部分生物量均明显低于无锁磷剂组;相反,添加锁磷剂显著增加了植物的根长和地下部分生物量,进而提高了植物的根冠比; 3)锁磷剂对轮叶黑藻生长的影响程度与水体营养盐浓度有关,在低营养盐浓度水体中锁磷剂对植物生长和形态特征的影响更为显著.本研究表明,锁磷剂的添加能降低沉积物中生物可利用磷浓度,抑制轮叶黑藻的生长,同时这种影响程度与在水体营养盐浓度有关.     

Eutrophisation et faune benthique de trois lacs de montagne

Zoobenthic communities were used to indicate the trophic state of three mountain lakes of western Switzerland. In these lakes, the macrobenthos was constituted mainly by oligochaetes and chironomid larvae;Tubifex tubifex was the most abundant worm species. In Lakes Lioson and Hongrin, the abundance of zoobenthos did not change or increased slightly with depth andStylodrilus heringianus was present. In Lake Chavonnes, zoobenthos decreased strongly with depth and it consisted mainly ofTubifex tubifex. These data, compared with those from other oligotrophic lakes, indicated that Lake Chavonnes was eutrophic whereas Lakes Lioson and Hongrin were oligotrophic. However, Lake Hongrin—an artificial lake made in 1968—constituted a special case. Its water comes in part from mountain rivers and in part from Lake Geneva. Consequently, some benthic species of Lake Geneva have colonized Lake Hongrin and its water is warmer than in a typical mountain lake.      

Planktonic algae and epiphyton of the littoral in lake Peipsi, Estonia

The littoral plankton of Lake Peipsi (3555 km², mean depth 7.1 m) was studied in summer 1980 and 2000–2002, and the epiphyton was studied on two dominating macrophytes, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L., in 2000. The purpose of the study was to estimate to what extent the littoral phytoplankton and epiphytic algae (their biomass, chlorophyll a content and dominant species) can be used as a criterion for the trophic state of the lake. In wind-open areas, phytoplankton biomass in the littoral is commonly more than ten times higher than in open water due to the presence of the macroscopic cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata (J.S. Smith) P. Richter. This alga is abundant in the moderately eutrophic northern lake's part and rare in the strongly eutrophic southern part; hence also biomass in the southern part is considerably lower. In open water, phytoplankton biomass increases southward with increasing trophy. Algal biomass in the littoral depends on wind direction and can change completely in a few days. Epiphyton biomass and Chla content increased southward with increasing trophic state. They both revealed significant Spearman correlations (P < 0.05) with wind index and transparency (negative), and with abundance of the host plant, both reed and pondweed (positive). The phytoplankton biomass of the littoral of the large and shallow Lake Peipsi can not be used as a criterion of trophic state, however, the species composition of the dominants, particularly cyanobacteria, is well applicable for this purpose. The biomass and Chla content of the epiphyton can be used as a criterion for trophic state.     

The geochemical cycle of 9Be: a reconnaissance

An initial survey has been made of the geochemistry of ⁹Be in natural waters with a view to utilizing the isotope with the cosmogenic species ¹⁰Be (t_1/2 = 1.5 m.y.) in geochronological studies of sedimentary accumulation. The mobility of⁹Be in continental waters is a strong function of pH with acid streams (pH < 6) being strongly enriched as compared to alkaline carbonate rivers. Large-scale scavenging of beryllium occurs in the estuaries of rivers containing more than about 200 pM of the element. In alkaline systems of lower concentration the element appears to behave conservatively. The net flux of beryllium to the ocean is estimated as that equivalent to an average effective river concentration of about 150 pM. Beryllium is strongly enriched in ridge crest hydrothermal solutions over ambient seawater. The flux is approximately 70% of that from the continents. The deep water concentrations of ⁹Be vary by only 20% between the North Atlantic and North Pacific demonstrating that the “chemical saltation” produced by scavenging from the deep water column and release from the sediments predominates over simple advective concentration along flow lines. Isotopic homogenization of ¹⁰Be and ⁹Be is probably achieved in the ocean. The situation in continental waters appears much less promising.