清江半峡地区岩溶洞穴发育特征及其旅游资源

半峡是清江流域岩溶洞穴集中发育的地区之一,本文着重介绍该区岩溶洞穴发育的地质背景条件、主要特征及其旅游资源的基本特色,旨在为该区旅游业的发展提供依据      

贵州荔波岩溶洞穴发育特征

荔波位于云贵高原岩溶向广西岩溶丘陵和孤峰岩溶平原过渡的岩溶斜坡地带。区内岩溶洞穴极其发育,岩溶洞穴(在时空分布上受区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出对地层岩性的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性特点,岩溶洞穴的发育规模、方向明显受断裂、裂隙构造的控制,表现出极强的方向性。本文主要依据洞穴的形成条件、洞穴空间展布的控制特征以及洞穴沉积物的特征等,论述了区内岩溶洞穴的发育特征。      

兴文县岩溶洞穴资源分布特征及保护利用研究

兴文县旅游资源丰富,风景奇特优美、得天独厚,尤以喀斯特地貌景观为主体,其中岩溶洞穴资源占据了不可或缺的地位,随着近年来全域旅游思路的提出和开展,摸清兴文县岩溶洞穴资源分布特征规律以及保护利用现状,成为了兴文县旅游发展迫在眉睫的工作任务。通过本次对兴文县276处岩溶洞穴资源的调查,对其中有价值的187处资源进行全面的对比研究,结果表明:兴文县岩溶洞穴发育规模较大,发育方向主要受北西-南东向、南西-北东向构造控制;岩溶洞穴的发育表现出对碳酸盐岩岩组类型的选择性,其中三叠系嘉陵江组与二叠系栖霞组与茅口组最为发育;从岩溶洞穴发育的构造部位来看,主要分布于褶皱构造的前端近翼部;从保护利用现状来看,兴文县岩溶洞穴资源保护利用率相对较低,保护管理意识有待提高。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田岩溶峡谷区海西早期洞穴系统发育模式*

塔河油田岩溶峡谷区发育大型岩溶洞穴型储集层,勘探效果较好。基于三维地震资料、钻井资料,并结合地震属性提取技术,对地下岩溶洞穴系统、古地貌、古水文系统进行精细刻画,探讨洞穴形成机理,进而总结洞穴发育模式。研究结果表明: (1)峡谷上游段地表水垂向侵蚀作用强烈,峡谷失去了排水功能演变为干谷,下游段水动力条件减弱。(2)峡谷区岩溶洞穴类型划分为暗河洞穴、峡谷—断裂双控型洞穴。暗河洞穴主要发育在峡谷上游段,与峡谷呈“映射”关系。峡谷—断裂双控洞穴发育于峡谷两侧,垂向上具有多层性特征。(3)综上探讨峡谷区岩溶洞穴形成机理,认为较充足的水源补给条件以及水流强烈的垂向侵蚀溶蚀作用控制了暗河洞穴发育,多期次排泄基面下降以及断裂系统共同控制峡谷—断裂双控洞穴的发育。结合现代恩施地区洞穴系统特征,提出了峡谷地区洞穴发育模式,为下一步洞穴储集层预测和勘探实践提供理论借鉴。     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶洞穴发育特征及其与油气的关系

溶蚀孔、洞是塔河油田奥陶系油气的主要储集场所。为深入了解奥陶系的油气分布,研究了该区奥陶系岩溶洞穴的发育特征,介绍岩溶洞穴在钻井录井、岩心、测井、地震等资料上的识别标志,并识别了本区14口井的岩溶洞穴;恢复了本区海西早期的岩溶古地貌。研究发现：岩溶斜坡靠近岩溶高地和岩溶谷地一侧是岩溶洞穴发育且保存最好的所在地,岩溶洞穴主要分布在“双峰灰岩”顶面下40~80 m、110~130 m、150~190 m、230~260 m的深度范围内,多数井在岩溶洞穴发育段表现出了极好的油气生产能力。     

岩溶洞穴分类新思考

根据一固定流域范围内相对于岩溶合水层的水流运动方式,将洞穴划分为流入、流出和穿越含水层三种类型;并指出:只要外部环境相对稳定,洞穴在流域中所处位置,所执行功能和拥有水动力条件就会随之保持稳定,形成一定成因类型的洞穴,其发育就会表现出很好的延续性和系统性,并展示出相应的形态特征。      

论岩溶山区的单元流域治理

中国西南地区大面积分布的岩溶山区是我国环境最恶劣，经济最不发达的贫困地区之一，根据其特殊的环境及水文地质条件，本文提出了“岩溶单元流域”的概念，并探讨了它的内涵，研究路线及治理技术方法。由于岩溶发育的不均一性以及地下水分岭和非可溶岩体的存在，岩溶山区形成了很多由地下分水岭或非可溶岩体所圈闭或半圈闭的“岩溶单元流域”。岩溶单元流域是一个由地表水和地下水组成的完整的水文系统，也是岩溶发育的岩溶洞穴－裂     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩油藏古岩溶洞穴层状结构与形成机理

随着岩溶型碳酸盐岩油藏开发实践的不断深入,层状洞穴储层结构特征和流体同层连通特点逐渐被学者重视。层控岩溶结构、形成要素和过程等是本类油藏有效开发的关键。通过原始地层组构对比和野外溶洞特点,认为:塔河奥陶系岩溶层具较好的对比标志层和岩性差异,为层状岩溶洞穴发育奠定了物质基础;野外顺水平层理多层溶洞和受控于层理缝的管道型古暗河等地质现象,证实了层控岩溶普遍存在。在岩溶洞穴单井识别、连井测井对比、单井动态及地震波形特征的基础上,以典型溶洞带为例,识别出3个主要洞穴层,建立了全新的3层洞穴储集体地质结构剖面:第1层洞穴以砂砾岩充填为主要特点,第2层洞穴呈现洞穴规模大且泥质充填严重,第3层规模较小,主要发育于岩溶地貌高地。运用现代岩溶理论,探讨了层控岩溶的形成机制:碳酸盐岩原岩组构差异是岩溶作用的物质基础和主控因素之一;潜流带岩溶水(饱含CO₂)控制着岩溶洞穴的横向发育,岩溶古地貌控制同层洞穴的横向差异;平缓地层条件下的潜水面水位垂向带迁移控制洞穴的岩溶期次及层状结构。基于各岩溶要素认识,构建了层状岩溶储层发育模式。     

轮古西奥陶系潜山洞穴型岩溶储层发育特征与充填规律

洞穴型岩溶储层是塔里木盆地轮古油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的主要储集空间类型,多数高效井均钻遇大型洞穴型岩溶储层。依据轮古西奥陶系潜山大量单井资料分析,洞穴型岩溶储层可分为充填洞穴、半充填洞穴和未充填洞穴三种类型。结合古地貌精细刻画与岩溶垂向分带成果,认为古地貌位置由岩溶台地向岩溶缓坡和岩溶盆地逐渐降低,而洞穴发育和充填程度在逐渐增高。未充填与半充填洞穴主要发育在岩溶台地和岩溶缓坡的溶峰边坡、溶丘边坡及沟槽谷洼地边坡等地貌单元。表层岩溶带、径流溶蚀带洞穴型岩溶储层发育频率最高,其次为垂直渗滤带和潜流溶蚀带。未充填与半充填洞穴型岩溶储层主要发育在表层岩溶带。     

桂林岩溶洞穴发育的古老性及热带岩溶发育历史的探讨

通过不同高程上岩溶洞穴、溶隙、洼地内充填和残存的不同时代的地层实际资料，结合对本区热带岩溶发育历史的研究认为，桂林热带岩溶发育可上推到中三叠世初期的桂西运动就开始了，岩溶洞穴发育最古老者也可上推到中三叠世。在热带岩溶地貌发育上，贡献最大的时期，一是中、晚三叠世，二是第三纪。前者奠定了本区热带岩溶地貌轮廓雏形；后者基本上形成了现代热带岩溶地貌的总形态。岩溶洞穴的发育，最发育时期是中、晚三叠世、第三纪，其它时期主要是利用、改造前期洞穴，只在有利部位发育一些新生小洞穴，在新生大型洞穴方面无重要贡献。现垂向上的岩溶洞穴，是不同时代发育形成的一个混杂体，不存在传统认识上的成层性。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.