西沙海区新近纪碳酸盐岩台地地震响应特征和控制因素

利用西沙海域最新采集的高分辨率二维地震资料及钻井资料,结合前人研究成果,建立了西沙海区高精度层序地层格架;并在西沙海区新近纪识别出点礁、塔礁、台地边缘礁和环礁这4种不同类型生物礁,总结了不同生物礁的地震反射特征.早中新世时,西沙碳酸盐岩台地开始发育,台地数量较少且规模有限;中中新世,随着海平面的持续上升,海平面上升速率...     

下扬子陆域海相中—古生界烃源岩有机质丰度特征及其岩相古地理

通过开展陆地野外地质调查及资料收集发现,下扬子陆域海相中—古生界共发育4套主要烃源岩,从烃源岩有机质丰度角度分析,这4套烃源岩都是较好的烃源岩,具有很好的油气远景。结合烃源岩产出的岩相古地理背景,发现泥质烃源岩主要产出于早古生代深水陆棚—盆地相(下寒武统幕府山组和下志留统高家边组)和晚古生代海陆交互相(上二叠统龙潭组),而碳酸盐岩烃源岩则主要产出于碳酸盐岩台地相(下二叠统栖霞组),尤以局限台地相为优。研究沉积相带平面展布特征可以发现,烃源岩有利沉积相带明显具有向南黄海延伸的趋势,从而证明南黄海盆地海相中—古生界具有较好的油气潜力。     

塔里木盆地中寒武统—下奥陶统泥晶灰岩地球化学与古海洋学

塔里木盆地西部台地沉积区中寒武统—下奥陶统发育少量的泥晶灰岩,选择和4井中寒武统与塔中19井下奥陶统泥晶灰岩作为研究对象,旨在对中寒武世—早奥陶世古海水地球化学组成给予重建。地球化学分析结果表明,和4井泥晶灰岩MgO含量较高(2.76%～10.46%),表明和4井泥晶灰岩已被部分白云岩化,塔中19井泥晶灰岩较纯。两口探井泥晶灰岩δ18OPDB值变化在-8.7‰～-7.3‰之间,且δ18OPDB与MgO含量呈线性相关关系,趋势线在δ18O轴的截距为-8.6‰;泥晶灰岩样品的87Sr/86Sr值稳定,平均值为0.708 918;与和4井稀土元素总量(1.68～2.69)×10-6相比,塔中19井稀土元素含量较高,为(6.72～6.8)×10-6。δ18OPDB与MgO含量之间的线性相关关系,指示白云岩化作用可提高灰岩δ18O值,δ18O轴的截距为-8.6‰代表了灰岩原岩的氧同位素组成,根据同位素分馏规律可计算古海水δ18OSMOW值为-8.9‰。稳定的87Sr/86Sr值0.708 918代表中寒武纪—早奥陶世海水的87Sr/86Sr比值特征,与全球海洋87Sr/86Sr值演化线吻合。虽然各泥晶灰岩样品稀土元素总...     

冀中坳陷奥陶系层序古地理及储层特征

冀中坳陷在奥陶纪为华北陆表海的一部分,形成了一套碳酸盐岩地层.下奥陶统分为冶里组和亮甲山组,中奥陶统仅存马家沟组,可分为6段,上统缺失.旱奥陶世本区以潮坪和局限台地沉积为主,中奥陶世呈现局限台地和开阔台地相间分布的格局.奥陶系储层受岩性、沉积相、成岩作用、断层、裂缝作用等多种因素控制,可分为白云岩晶间(溶)孔型、裂缝型...     

北京西山中寒武统层序发育与控制因素

报道了北京西山下苇甸剖面中寒武统碳、氧同位素特征,并基于下苇甸剖面中寒武统沉积特征和碳、氧同位素地球化学指标进行层序地层划分,将该地区层序发育置于深时格架中,并与全球海平面升降相联系。研究表明,北京西山中寒武统可划分为3个二级层序和8个三级层序,每个三级层序对应于全球海平面变化事件。该时期主要发育的沉积相类型包括蒸发潮坪相、低能内台地相、高能外台地相和低能开阔海相。中寒武世华北地台构造背景稳定且处于温暖的气候背景下,绝对海平面变化为层序发育主控因素。     

华北板块西南缘早古生代构造演化与沉积响应——以段家峡剖面为例

通过分析陇县地区下古生界的沉积物特征,认为其物质响应很好地反映了该地区对构造转型所带来的环境变迁。华北板块西南缘的盆地演化先后经历了震旦纪—中奥陶世的被动大陆边缘和晚奥陶纪—志留纪的活动大陆边缘两个构造期次;前者相应形成走廊被动陆缘盆地和贺兰盆地,该时期发育从碎屑岩潮坪到浅水碳酸盐陆棚的沉积环境;后者形成走廊弧后盆地,中奥陶世晚期至晚奥陶世之间该地区开始发生强烈的凹陷,使得该海域沉积一套深水斜坡相滑塌沉积以及浊积岩。直到晚奥陶世晚期开始,由于受加里东运动的影响,随着海平面逐步下降,华北板块西南缘的沉积环境再次由深水相过渡至以一套碳酸盐岩为主的浅水环境。     

南沙曾母盆地与北巴拉望盆地碳酸盐台地形成演化及其比较沉积学

勘探证实,生物礁-碳酸盐岩是南沙沉积盆地油气勘探主要目的层系,因此,相关研究具有重要的理论实际意义.根据来自该区有关三维地震、钻井岩心精细分析的资料,对南沙上第三系曾母盆地路科尼亚(Luconia)及北巴拉望盆地马拉帕亚(Malampaya)生物礁-碳酸盐岩进行了对比分析,指出二者都形成于南海扩张过程中微陆块断裂、碰撞、拼接的构造背景下,由于发育时期及构造部位的差异,演化进程很不相同.路科尼亚台地始于晚渐新世-早中新世,中中新世-晚中新世期间最为繁盛,演化过程伴有多期进积、退积及台地翼部同沉积断裂导致的阵发性滑塌;台地中最明显的地震反射多与淹没事件有关.马拉帕亚碳酸盐台地发育相对较早,持续时间也较长,始于晚始新世,中中新世末台地发育终止.马拉帕亚碳酸盐台地发育高频米级潮下旋回,常以暴露面为界,而且台地发育明显受同沉积构造变形的影响.     

南海中沙海域表层沉积物浮游有孔虫的分布特征及其指示意义

对南海中部中沙海域海底采集的93个表层沉积物样样品进行浮游有孔虫的鉴定分析,获得13属28种浮游有孔虫,依据其中20个主要浮游有孔虫属种的Q型因子分析结果及其抗溶性和生活的气候地带特征,共划分出3个浮游有孔虫组合（占解释总方差的92.3%）,包括抗溶性不同的2个热带组合和1个温带-亚热带组合。易溶性的热带组合以Trilobatus sacculifer-Globigerinoides ruber为代表,主要分布于碳酸盐岩台地斜坡区和海岭区。抗溶性热带组合主要以Globorotalia menardii-Pulleniatina obliquiloculata为主,主要分布在中沙海槽和南海深水海盆区。温带-亚热带组合以Globigerina rubescens为代表,主要分布在中沙碳酸盐岩台地北部斜坡区。研究发现,本区浮游有孔虫的分布主要受海水深度控制,而不同温盐性质水团的入侵影响也不容忽视,其中,Globigerina rubescens在中沙碳酸盐岩台地北部斜坡区的富集就是响应研究区以北低温高盐水团的佐证之一。同时,浮游有孔虫的相关分布特征（丰度、简单分异度、碎壳率和易溶种/抗溶种）...     

渝南——黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏的生烃条件

渝南--黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组的页岩分布广泛,全区TOC含量>2.0%的页岩厚度总体较大,最厚可达200m,具有有机质丰度高、类型好、成熟度过高的特征.区内的牛蹄塘组烃源岩在早奥陶世进入生烃门限,早--中志留世时进入生油窗并大量生油,中--晚二叠世时二次生烃,中白垩世时进入过成熟阶段.牛蹄塘组页岩中高含量的γ-蜡烷反...     

南海西北深水区中新世碳酸盐台地类型及控制因素

开展西沙海域碳酸盐台地识别及模式总结,不仅具有油气勘探指导意义,而且能丰富碳酸盐岩沉积学理论。基于高分辨率三维、区域二维地震资料,利用古地貌分析,结合碳酸盐岩沉积学类比,确定了南海西北深水区碳酸盐台地类型及展布,分析了其演化过程。认为南海西北深水区中中新世开始发育碳酸盐台地,据构造背景(Ⅰ级)、地理位置(Ⅱ级)将其划分为离岸碳酸盐台地(中中新世)和孤立碳酸盐台地(晚中新世)两大类,据镶边性(III级)和坡度(IV)进一步细分为:离岸台地镶边岛架、离岸台地缓坡、离岸台地陡坡,孤立台地镶边岛架、孤立台地缓坡、孤立台地陡坡等亚类。南海西北部台地经历了由西向东的迁移过程。古地貌和海平面变化是该地区碳酸盐台地生长、持续、消亡的两大主控因素,陆坡隆起控制碳酸盐台地发育范围、规模和迁移方向;凸起控制碳酸盐台地类型、相带和迁移速度;半地堑作为外源容纳空间和输出通道而保证了碳酸盐台地发育的"水清"环境;台地边缘形态决定碳酸盐台地高能相带的分布、类型和规模。海平面上升导致碳酸盐台地由西向东退积,台地面积减小,环礁发育程度趋向成熟。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.