中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究的新进展

国家973项目“中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究”（G2000048700）恢复了过去2 ka来我国北方沙漠化过程、演变、格局和驱动机制;揭示了土壤风蚀和沙尘起动的物理机制,确定了土壤风蚀容忍量、定量评价体系,风沙电场形成机理、分布规律和影响;确定了主要沙尘源区、沙尘暴移动规律和形成机制,建立了沙尘暴监测、预报预警方法和系统;研究了土壤碳、氮衰减规律及其对沙区植被的影响,揭示了沙漠化过程中植物的受损过程、适应对策和植被恢复机理,阐明了我国近50 a沙漠化的过程、成因、现状及其发展趋势,定量给出沙漠化空间变化态势,提出了重点地区防治沙漠化、社会经济与环境协调发展的模式和对策。为国家防沙治沙和干旱地区生态环境和社会经济可持续发展战略决策提供了科学依据。发展和完善了中国沙漠与沙漠化科学。     

论中国北方畜牧业产生与环境的互动关系

畜牧业是从原始农业中分离出来的生产部门,早期的畜牧业属于放养型,依托定居农业而存在,游牧业的产生晚于放养型畜牧业,并与定居农业完全脱离。导致畜牧业从原始农业中分离,并由放养型过渡到游牧型与气候变迁有直接关系。本文以内蒙古朱开沟考古发现为例,论证了畜牧业分离以及游牧业产生与环境变迁的对应关系,并指出草原民族在由原始农业转向畜牧业几乎没有发生空间区域的位移,环境变迁推动人们适应环境放弃农业生产,将生产方式转向畜牧业     

中国北方未来土地利用变化情景模拟

利用系统动力学 (SD) 的原理和方法,发展了区域土地利用情景变化SD模型。在不同系统状态下,模拟了中国北方13省未来50年不同社会经济情景下的区域土地利用结构变化,并初步评价了这些变化的可能生态影响。1990~2001年的模型结果表明该SD模型具有一定的可靠性,能在一定程度上为当前理解土地利用系统的复杂驱动行为,评估脆弱生态区土地系统变化的潜在生态效应提供帮助。2000~2050年的情景仿真结果表明,经济、人口、市场和技术等因素对中国北方13省未来土地利用变化的影响非常明显。     

中国北方沙漠化土地时空演变分析

对2000年中国北方256×10⁴ km²区域内沙漠化土地的遥感监测结果表明:沙漠化土地总面积现已达到38.57×10⁴ km²,其中轻度和潜在沙漠化土地13.93×10⁴ km²,占沙漠化土地面积的36.1%;中度沙漠化土地9.977×10⁴ km²,占25.9%;重度沙漠化土地7.909×10⁴ km²,占20.5%;严重沙漠化土地面积6.756×10⁴ km²,占17.5%。与20世纪50年代后期到70年代中期和80年代后期的沙漠化土地发展状况相比,目前我国沙漠化土地演变趋势具以下特征:(1)沙漠化土地仍在蔓延,面积已由1987年的33.895×10⁴ km²增加到了2000年的38.569×10⁴ km²,13a中净增4.674×10⁴ km²;(2)沙漠化土地继续呈加速发展的趋势,年平均发展速率从20世纪50年代后期到70年代中期的1560 km²、70年代中期到80年代后期的2100 km²发展到90年代的3600 km²;(3)部分旱农区以及农牧交错地区沙漠化土地出现明显逆转,但荒漠草原地区沙漠化土地面积继续扩大,并且程度有所加剧。     

集水农业——河南省旱地农业持续发展的战略选择

介绍了旱地农业、集水、集水农业的基本概念和内容，分析了河南省历史上发生的旱灾及导致旱灾的主要因素，阐述了发展集水农业的必要性和可行性，并通过实例分析说明了集水农业在该省的发展前景，提出旱地农业可持续发展的最佳战略选择是集水农业。     

中国北方沙尘暴出现阈值风速的估计

 提出了沙尘暴阈值风速的概念以及一个使用沙尘暴持续时间和平均风速计算沙尘暴阈值风速的方法,并利用中国北方283个气象台站1991—2000年的月平均风速资料和同期记录的所有沙尘暴持续时间资料,计算了中国北方各个季节沙尘暴阈值风速分布。计算结果有助于沙尘暴的预报工作。     

中国北方沙尘暴现状及对策

中国北方主要包括:甘肃河西走廊及内蒙阿拉善盟;新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区;内蒙阴山北坡及浑善达克沙地毗邻地区和蒙陕宁长城沿线四个主要沙尘暴中心和源区。我国沙尘暴从20世纪50年代以来呈波动减少之势,90年代在减少中有回升,2000年和2001年更是急剧增加,预示着新一轮沙尘暴活跃期已经开始。生态环境恶化和气象条件的变化是我国北方沙尘暴增多的原因。目前人类控制天气的能力还很有限,减缓沙尘暴灾害频度与强度的关键在于搞好地面的生态保护与建设。坚持"预防为主、保护优先、防治并重"的生态保护与建设方针;建立和完善生态保护的法规和政策体系,停止导致生态环境继续恶化的一切生产活动,对于超出生态承载能力的地区可以采取一定的生态移民措施。     

中国北方沙尘暴与地温场的相关分析

利用1954—2003年历年沙尘暴实测资料,分析了沙尘暴与3.2 m深度地温场及降水场的关系。结果表明：强沙尘暴多发年与少发年地温场分布差异明显;多发年地温偏低,少发年地温偏高。4月多雨时,沙尘暴频数少,反之频数多。3.2 m地温具有很好的季际连续性,故可以利用冬季甚至上年秋季的地温场来预测春季沙尘暴频次的多寡。     

中国北方近50年干旱变化特征

根据1950～2000年我国629个站逐月降水资料,采用Z指数作为旱涝等级划分标准,根据计算出的Z指数把各地的旱涝情况划分成7个等级,并在此基础上计算了干旱发生的范围.通过研究干旱范围变化趋势和特征,进而诊断干旱发生严重程度的变化.通过对近半个多世纪来的资料进行分析,发现我国北方主要农业区不同程度的干旱面积均有扩大趋势,在不同季节以及北方区内的其它区域干旱的发生发展还有不同的特征.     

中国北方沙漠化灾害危险度分区评价

沙漠化灾害是影响重大的全球性灾种之一，其危险度分区评价具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文从沙漠化灾害危险度分区评价的依据和原则出发，制定了其评价指标体系，建立了定量评价模型，以此对我国北方的沙漠化灾害危险度进行了分区评价，共区分出１５个沙漠化灾害危险度区，其中包括６个轻度危险度区、５个中度危险度区和４个重度危险度区，并对每个危险度区的基本概况进行了简要说明。     

Modelling scenarios of land use change in northern China in the next 50 years

Modelling scenarios of land use change and their impacts in typical regions are helpful to investigate the mechanism between land use and ecological systems and process the land use allocation under the ecological security. A system dynamics (SD) model with the aim to modelling scenarios of land use change and assessing ecological impact in northern China in the next 50 years is developed here. The accuracy assessment with the historic data from 1990 to 2001 indicated the SD model is robust. After the different "what-if" scenarios controlled by GDP, population, market, and technology advancement were built, the different scenarios of land use change in northern China from 2000 to 2050 were simulated with their ecological impact assessed. The result suggested that such factors as GDP, population, market and technology have a strong relationship with land use structural change in northern China. It also indicated that such measures as strict controlling of population increase, importing some food to keep the supply-demand balance in the region, and improving agricultural technology will be the guarantee of regional sustainable development with fast economic growth and the obvious land use structural improvement at the same time.     

中国北方未来50年土地利用变化模拟

1 IntroductionLand use m odelling is a useful tool to analyze the land use cause, process and result, torecognize the im pact of land use system change on ecological environm ent,and to support theland use planning and policy (IIA SA ,1998;Costanza etal.,…     

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating landscape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tipping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time (MIT) from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.     

Sustainablc agriculture progress and tasks inrecent studies in China

IntroductionTheterm"SUStainaleagricultUre"becamewidelyusedinthebeginningofthenddl98Os.TherearethreeimpohanndlestoneperiodsintheprogressofsustainableaghcultaldevelopmenLFiruly,theraiseoftheconceptandlocaIdiscussions.In1984,thebookAgricoIturalSustainabihtyinaChangingfforldOrdereditedbyGordonK.Douglasscameout.ItcoIhassiXteenPapersonagriculturaldevelopmentanditssustainability.ForthefirSthmeabookintroducesanddefinestheconceptinthreeaSPectSoffoodsffociency,environmentsignificanceandconunta…     

Understanding cultivated land dynamics and its driving forces in northern China during 1983-2001

Based on the long-term serial NOAA/NDVI dataset during 1983-1999 and SPOT/VGT dataset in 2001, the land use/cover change information in the 13 provinces of northern China was extracted based on the analysis of the cultivated landscape characteristics at first, then the effects of human activities on cultivated land process were explored by GIS and the driving forces of cultivated land change were investigated. The conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The constant increase of weak ecological function land as desert and cultivated land and the decrease of the ecological function land of forest and shrub were the main characteristics of the land use/cover change in the 13 provinces from 1983 to 1999, which showed the effects on the ecological adjustment function. However, such situations were changed to some extent in the 2000s because of the eco-construction policy of the government. (2) From 1983 to 2001, the Barycenter of cultivated land tended to move from northeast to southwest with the topography and transportation situations being the main influences on the cultivated land distribution. It is found that the cultivated land use intensity decreased noticably with the increase of distance from the main communication arteries. (3) The improvement of the people's living standard is closely related with the cultivated land change. The structural adjustment in the agricultural land caused by economic development and the improvement of the people's living standard is an important factor affecting the cultivated land change in northern China from 1983 to 2001.     

北方13省土地利用/覆盖动态变化分析

对北方13省1989~1999年的宏观土地利用/覆盖动态变化进行分析。结果表明:研究区草地、水体的退化以及未利用地的不断扩展增加区域生态系统的敏感性和脆弱性,生态环境压力进一步增大;土地利用/覆盖总体破碎度不断增加,土地利用向着多样化和均质化方向发展;10年间,各种土地利用/覆盖类型重心的空间位置均有所变化。水体变化最明显,其次为未利用地、耕地和城建用地;各种土地利用/覆盖类型变化表现出明显的区域差异。     

气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化对中国北方农牧交错带水资源影响研究进展

中国北方农牧交错带对全球变化响应敏感,研究气候变化及土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）背景下北方农牧交错带水资源问题,对变化环境下生态脆弱区的水资源利用与管理具有重要意义。通过对北方农牧交错带气候与LUCC演变特征及其对水资源影响等方面的综合研究,总结得出：（1） 近几十年,该地区气候呈暖干化趋势,气温升高速率与降水减少速率均高于全球平均水平。（2） LUCC以农牧相互转化为主,土地利用结构未发生明显变化。（3） 该地区流域径流、地下水位与气温负相关,与降水量正相关,且降水作用更明显;近几十年来,LUCC成为影响该地区生态水文过程的主导因素,对水资源影响的贡献率越来越大。同时,针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需重点加强的研究方向。     

Land pressure and adaptation in the mountainous region of northern China: An empirical analysis of 21 small watersheds

Land pressure and adaptation are the main factors determining environmental degradation in most of China’s mountainous regions. Little attention so far has been paid to the adaptation strategies based on evaluation of land pressure in these regions. We evaluated the grain production pressure and economic development pressure for 21 small watersheds undergoing soil conservation measures in the northern mountainous region of China, compared the evaluation results with actual production for each of the watersheds, and analyzed the adaptation strategies. The results imply that land pressure was spatially heterogeneous among the sample watersheds, but there was a balancing trend between land pressure and productive capacity for each watershed. Under rising pressure, these watersheds developed a variety of adaptation strategies such as labor migration, increasing fruit and nut production, and expanding rural tourism if possible. These strategies result from evolution of the market economy in China, and persistent development of the national economy determines the variation of environment in these mountainous regions.     

中国北方山区的土地压力及其缓解途径:21个小流域的经验分析(英文)

Land pressure and adaptation are the main factors determining environmental degradation in most of China’s mountainous regions. Little attention so far has been paid to the adaptation strategies based on evaluation of land pressure in these regions. We evaluated the grain production pressure and economic development pressure for 21 small watersheds undergoing soil conservation measures in the northern mountainous region of China, compared the evaluation results with actual production for each of the watersheds, and analyzed the adaptation strategies. The results imply that land pressure was spatially heterogeneous among the sample watersheds, but there was a balancing trend between land pressure and productive capacity for each watershed. Under rising pressure, these watersheds developed a variety of adaptation strategies such as labor migration, increasing fruit and nut production, and expanding rural tourism if possible. These strategies result from evolution of the market economy in China, and persistent development of the national economy determines the variation of environment in these mountainous regions.