长江宜昌-武汉河段泥沙年冲淤量对水沙变化的响应

运用泥沙收支平衡 (Sediment budget) 的概念确定长江中游宜昌-武汉河段的泥沙冲淤量,并运用数理统计方法,研究了泥沙冲淤过程对水沙变化的响应。研究表明,所研究河段的输沙具有“多来多排”的特性,在平均的意义上,年输入沙量为年输出沙量的1.1345倍,由此求得总净来沙中有11.85%淤积在河道中。河段出口输出沙量随时间而增大,大致在1980年达到峰值,然后再减小。1980年以前河段出口输出沙量的增大,与3口分沙减少 (等价于河段净来沙增多) 和下荆江人工裁弯 (使河道输沙能力增大,因而可以将更多的泥沙输送到河段出口以下) 有关,1980年以后的减少,则与宜昌站来沙量的显著减少有关。建立了1980~1997年间宜昌-汉口#河段年冲淤量与宜昌站年来沙量之间的回归方程,通过该方程估算出使宜昌-汉口河段不淤的宜昌站临界来沙量为3亿t/a。为了定量评价宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对于河段冲淤量的相对贡献,我们以1980~1997年和1955~1997年两个时间系列的数据分别建立了多元回归方程。1980~1997年间的方程表明,宜昌站的来水量和来沙量以及3口分水比和分沙比、宜昌站洪峰流量的变化对宜昌-汉口河段年冲淤量的贡献率分别为6.23%、31.56%、25.77%、32.71%和3.73%。     

陕西河流泥沙输移比问题

通过分析陕西南河流泥沙的输移 比现状,输移比的时空变化及发展趋势,指出在特定的自然地理条件下,泥沙中推移质比例较大,致使该区泥输移经远小于１,这是陕南河流泥沙运移的重要特征;输移比在空间上有明显差异并且沿程逐渐增大。     

黄河下游河道泥沙存贮-释放及其临界条件

确定了黄河下游河道处于泥沙存贮-释放临界状态的水沙临界条件。当场次洪水平均含沙量小于31.68 kg/m³,或者来自中游多沙粗沙区场次洪水来沙量小于4 543×10⁴ t,下游河道将由泥沙存贮状态变为泥沙释放状态。当河口镇以上清水区径流占场次洪水总径流量比率大于0.70时,也会由泥沙存贮状态变为泥沙释放状态。场次洪水泥沙输移比随洪水平均流量的增到而增大,流量为4 000 m³/s(相当于平滩流量)时达到峰值,此后有所减少。这表明,平滩流量时泥沙存贮最少,低于平滩流量和高于平滩流量时泥沙存贮均增大。     

无定河流域的人工沉积汇及其 对泥沙输移比的影响

依据1956~1996年的资料,计算出了无定河流域历年的人工沉积汇、侵蚀量、泥沙输移比,进行了时间序列分析,并运用回归分析方法,建立了统计关系,揭示了无定河流域人工沉积汇对泥沙输移比的影响。研究表明,无定河流域侵蚀量和产沙量有明显的减小趋势;人工沉积汇先是增大,达到峰值后再减小;泥沙输移比先减小而后增大。这说明,无定河泥沙输移比的时间变化趋势,主要受人工沉积汇的控制。建立的多元回归方程表明,坝地面积增大对流域泥沙输移比减小的贡献最大;地表径流系数减小对流域泥沙输移比减小的贡献居第二位;在3个降水因子中,最大30日降水的贡献最大,汛期降水次之,最大1日降水再次之。在坡面措施和沟道措施中,沟道措施对流域泥沙输移比减小的影响要大于坡面措施。     

长江干流河道对流域输沙的调节作用

利用长江干流和主要支流上测站1956~2004年的输沙量资料,对干流未测区域的来沙进行了估计。根据泥沙平衡 (Sediment budget) 概念,对长江干流河道的冲淤对来水来沙的响应以及对入海泥沙的影响进行研究发现,长江干流屏山至大通河道平均淤积速率为88.58×10⁶ t/a,河道淤积占总的来沙量及大通站输沙量比例分别为14%与21%。由于河道淤积,大通站输沙量减少了17.5%。总体来说上游淤积较轻,宜昌至汉口区间淤积严重,汉口至大通区间为微冲。长江干流的河道冲淤与流域总的来沙具有显著的相关关系,但各段河道的冲淤对流域来沙的响应各不一样。上游的冲淤与流域的径流量和来沙量均没有很好的相关性,宜昌-汉口段河道冲淤的变化与宜昌站的来沙具有显著的相关性;影响汉口-大通间河道的冲淤变化的主要因素是流域的来水量,河道的冲淤与大通站径流量的存在显著的负相关关系。三峡水库蓄水后整个长江干流的冲淤形势发生了根本的变化。三峡水库的蓄水运用有效地减轻了洞庭湖的泥沙淤积,同时也降低了洞庭湖的对长江干流泥沙的调节作用;长江上游干流河道淤积增强,中下游河道出现冲刷,但不同的河段表现不一;中下游河道冲刷量小于预测值,三峡水库的蓄水运用直接导致了长江入海泥沙的减少。     

陕南河流泥沙输移比问题

通过分析陕南河流泥沙的输移比现状、输移比的时空变化及发展趋势,指出在特定的自然地理条件下,泥沙中推移质比例较大,致使该区泥沙输移比远小于１,这是陕南河流泥沙运移的重要特征;输移比在空间上有明显差异并且沿程逐渐增大。从时间上看,自５０年代以来,输移比有不断减小的趋势,今后一段时间,随着区内河流径流量的减少和人为侵蚀作用的加剧,泥沙输移比仍会减小。     

泥沙输移比影响因子及其关系模型 研究现状与评述

泥沙输移比是目前预测流域产沙量的一种较实用的方法,本文介绍了国内外泥沙输移比研究的主要成果。分析并总结了泥沙输移比与流域面积、降雨／径流、地质地貌及泥沙颗粒因子之间的影响关系及其关系模型。最后,结合我国泥沙输移比研究的实际情况,提出了我国今后一定时期内在泥沙输移比研究方面的发展设想。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区人类活动对流域系统[2]侵蚀、输移和沉积的影响

从长期来看 ,在治理度达到 70 %条件下与治理前相比泥沙输移比减小 50 %左右 ,治理的效益是十分显著的。在治理的过程中 ,与治理前相比泥沙输移比变幅明显减小 ,但在短期内由于暴雨洪水侵蚀力大于工程设计标准而发生毁、垮坝或淤平后 ,仍可以将前期滞留的泥沙重新搬运而出现泥沙输移比大于 1的情况。在黄土高原地区治理前后流域系统次暴雨泥沙输移比均可用径流深度比来定量计算获得 ,泥沙输移比变化的动力机制可用径流深度增与减时水流剪切力的变化来解释     

黄土丘陵沟壑区人类活动对流域系统侵蚀、输移和沉积的影响

从长期来看,在治理度达到70%条件下与治理前相比泥沙输移比减小50%左右,治理的效益是十分显著的。在治理的过程中,与治理前相比泥沙输移比变幅明显减小,但在短期内由于暴雨洪水侵蚀力大于工程设计标准而发生毁、垮坝或淤平后,仍可以将前期滞留的泥沙重新搬运而出现泥沙输移比大于1的情况。在黄土高原地区治理前后流域系统次暴雨泥沙输移比均可用径流深度比来定量计算获得,泥沙输移比变化的动力机制可用径流深度增与减时水流剪切力的变化来解释     

长江三峡水坝下游河道悬沙恢复和床沙补给机制

流域水库工程的修建,将改变坝下游原有的水沙输移过程,三峡水库蓄水作用对坝下游水沙输移的影响已初步显现。具体表现为：① 三峡水库坝下游洪水持续时间和流量被削减,下泄沙量大幅减少,沿程上输沙量虽得到一定恢复,但总量仍未超过蓄水前多年均值;② 2003-2014年d > 0.125 mm（粗）输沙量得到一定恢复,至监利站恢复程度最大,基本达到蓄水前均值,在恢复后其下游该组分泥沙冲淤特性与蓄水前一致,其中2008-2014年恢复程度弱于2003-2007年;③ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d < 0.125 mm（细）输沙量沿程上得到一定程度恢复,但总量仍小于蓄水前均值;④ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d > 0.125 mm泥沙输移量因河床补给作用,沿程上得到恢复,但补给量将不超过0.44亿t/y,主要受制于洪水持续时间及流量均值,而上游干流、河段间支流和湖泊分汇作用占次要地位,而d < 0.125 mm悬沙恢复受上游干流、区间支流和湖泊分汇及河床补给控制,因河床粗化使得床沙对细颗粒悬沙的补给作用减弱;⑤ 2003-2007年和2008-2014年两时段间宜昌至枝城、上荆江为粗细均冲,下荆江为淤粗冲细,汉口至大通河段为淤粗冲细,城陵矶至汉口河段2003-2007年为淤粗冲细,2008-2014年为粗细均冲,这一差异受控于螺山站洪水流量持续时间和量值。     

Sediment Facies of a Low-Energy, Meso-Tidal, Fringing Reef, Singapore

Pulau (P.) Semakau comprises a narrow, low-lying island, surrounded by a wide fringing coral reef of late-Holocene age. The modern reef flat comprises a gently sloping surface related to modern mean low water neap tide level. Six sediment facies are recognised below the line of high water of which three, adjacent to the island, are composed of terrigenous minerals and rock fragments and three are autochthonous carbonates sediments developed since local sea-level still stand (c. 6,500 years BP). The fringing reefs of P. Semakau and Singapore differ from many of the reef forms recorded from Peninsular Malaysia waters and the Gulf of Thailand. The Singapore reefs have wide, well-developed intertidal reef flats, lack lagoons and reef crests, and have a very steep reef slope. In contrast to most other fringing reefs of the region, the Singapore reefs have developed in a low wave energy, meso-tidal environment lacking strong environmental gradients.     

Sediment Transport in a Proglacial Valley,Sermilik, East Greenland

Hasholt, Bent: Sediment Transport in a Proglacial Valley, Sermilik, East Greenland, Geografisk Tidsskrift 92:105–110, Copenhagen 1992.

Detailed investigations of sediment transport have been carried out in a proglacial valley at the Mitdluagkat Glacier in East Greenland. The results from 1989, 1990 and 1991 have been compared with earlier measurements of sediment transport. The hydrologie regime will be described and the effect of the development of an icing on the fluvial transport will be discussed.     

Chronology of Sediment Deposition in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

A combination of tephrochronology and ¹⁴C, ²¹⁰Pb, and ¹³⁷Cs measurements provides a robust chronology for sedimentation in Upper Klamath Lake during the last 45 000 years. Mixing of surficial sediments and possible mobility of the radio-isotopes limit the usefulness of the ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb data, but ²¹⁰Pb profiles provide reasonable average sediment accumulation rates for the last 100–150 years. Radiocarbon ages near the top of the core are somewhat erratic and are too old, probably as a result of detrital organic carbon, which may have become a more common component in recent times as surrounding marshes were drained. Below the tops of the cores, radiocarbon ages in the center of the basin appear to be about 400 years too old, while those on the margin appear to be accurate, based on comparisons with tephra layers of known age.Taken together, the data can be combined into reasonable age models for each site. Sediments have accumulated at site K1, near the center of the basin, about 2 times faster than at site CM2, on the margin of the lake. The rates are about 0.10 and 0.05 cm/yr, respectively. The chronological data also indicate that accumulation rates were slower during the early to middle Holocene than during the late Holocene, consistent with increasing wetness in the late Holocene.     

Sediment flux from the Zhoushan Archipelago,eastern China

Knowledge of the sediment flux derived from different sources is critical for interpreting the sedimentary records associated with large river sedimentary systems. For the Changjiang River system, previous studies hardly focused on the sediment load from the adjacent Zhoushan Archipelago (ZA). Based on four prediction models, aiming to improve the understanding of the sediment load from the ZA during the Holocene, we show that the predicted sediment flux of the ZA ranges from ~0.7 to 26.5 Mt·yr^-1, with an average value of 10.7 Mt·yr^-1, and the islands with a relatively large area or high relief contribute greatly to the total flux. This sediment load is an order of magnitude lower than that of the Changjiang River, but it is similar to those of the local small rivers. Located in the core area of the southward dispersal path of the Changjiang River plume, the ZA also influences the sediment transport into Hangzhou Bay and over the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal seas. On the Holocene temporal scale, e.g., for the period from 6 ka BP to 2 ka BP, the sediments discharged from the ZA had a considerable effect on the shelf sedimentary system. This study provides evidence for an important role an archipelago can play in terms of sediment supply and transport in coastal and inner continental shelf regions.     

赣江下游地区的风成沉积物

经C¹⁴测年,认为赣江下游广泛分布的"莲塘组"和"湖口组"沙质沉积物,并不是分别形成于晚更新世早期和晚期,而是不早于30kaBP,一直沿用的关于"莲塘组"和"湖口组"的划分方案值得商榷。以新建县厚田地区为工作重点,通过对沉积物的沉积结构、形组分析、电镜扫描等室内分析和野外沉积构造调查,将"莲塘组"划分为上下两段,确认"莲塘组"上段和"湖口组"均为风成沉积,并指出风成沉积与河流沉积在沉积结构和构造方面的重大差异。     

Paraglacial Modification of Glacigenic Sediment

The sedimentological characteristics of in situ and paraglacially reworked till are compared at recently deglaciated sites in Norway. Glacigenic deposits reworked by debris flows are shown to retain many of the characteristics of the parent sediments, and cannot readily be distinguished from in situ till in terms of fabric strength or type, clast imbrication, shape, angularity or texture, matrix granulometry or packing. Paraglacially re-worked sediments appear to differ from in situ tills only in terms of preferred clast orientation (down flow rather than downvalley) and their structural and lithofacies characteristics. These criteria are employed to differentiate paraglacial sediments from unre-worked tills exposed in valley-side sections. The stratigraphic relations between these indicate glacial reworking of earlier paraglacial sediments as well as paraglacial remobilisation of glacigenic deposits, indicating cyclic alternation of glacial and paraglacial sediment transport.     

黄土坡面产流产沙过程及微地形变化特征

坡面土壤侵蚀过程不仅可以通过坡面的产流产沙过程反映,还可以通过降雨过程中坡面微地形变化特征来反映。对9°、12°、15°、20°、25°坡度下面积较小坡面模拟降雨,获取降雨过程中径流泥沙数据及降雨前后坡面微地形变化数据。结果显示：（1）初始产流时间随着坡度的增加先增加后减小,且初始产流时间较长;（2）15°、20°时的产流率不稳定,18 min后产沙率规则性波动起伏;（3）随着坡度的增大,降雨过程后坡面比表面积值随着坡度的增大而增大,坡面的高程变异系数都有所增大。     

山东荣成月湖潮汐汊道系统的沉积物平衡问题——兼论人类活动的影响

在月湖进行了沉积物采样和潮汐水文观测,分析计算了表层沉积物类型、泥沙输运率、现代沉积速率,讨论了月湖的沉积物平衡。结果显示,月湖的沉积速率较快。按目前的数据和资料估算,月湖每年的沉积通量约为(1.8~2.3)×10⁴ t,而正常情况下的沉积物供应量每年只有(0.5~1.2)×10⁴ t。研究表明,人类活动还改变了月湖的物理与生态过程。由于土地利用的方式及其强度发生了变化,月湖汇水盆地的侵蚀量大为增加,侵蚀模数可能远大于400 t/(km²·a),从而使流域侵蚀量大大超出了正常范围,加剧了月湖的淤积。     

流域系统的泥沙灾害类型及其划分原则

泥沙灾害按驱动力、灾害发生的地貌学系统、灾害的表现形式及具体灾害系统，分层次逐级划分成自然动力与人为动力泥沙灾害2个灾列；流域水质，沟道坡面、河道及平原河口海岸4个泥沙灾害类：侵蚀型、输移（搬运）型、堆积型、复杂型及关联型5种泥沙灾害型；最后分别列出2系列的49个及54个灾种。这是一种比较综合、系统的分类原则和类型划分。从流水地貌、泥沙运动及灾害学相结合来看，泥沙灾害具有自然地理地带性、垂直分带性、群发性、继发性和周期性、渐发性和突发性，以及复杂性和非线性等特征。