“2011.7.14”沈阳短时强降水多普勒雷达回波特征

为了更好的预报、预警超级风暴单体引起的短时强降水,利用沈阳棋盘山多普勒雷达、营口多普勒雷达和自动站及地面、高空等气象资料,对2011年7月14日沈阳强降水超级单体风暴进行分析。结果表明：地面辐合线和切变线提前于降水2 h产生,而且地面辐合线和切变线的位置与风暴的生成位置重合。强对流风暴具有超级单体风暴特征,风暴出现弓形回波;速度图上存在“v”型入流缺口,相应速度场上出现中气旋,营口雷达基本反射率最大值达到61 dBz,反射率因子垂直剖面出现弱回波区和回波悬垂。当雷达回波发现中气旋,并预计此中气旋能维持1 h左右或者雷达回波发现弓形回波,沈阳棋盘山雷达基本反射率强度超过45 dBz时,可发布短时暴雨或雷雨大风等强对流气象灾害预警。     

2012年盛夏山东西部一次短时强降水天气的形成机制

利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、卫星云图和雷达资料,对2012年7月4日山东省西部一次短时强降水的天气形势、物理量条件、云图和雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：在有利降水的大尺度天气系统背景下,低层冷空气和中尺度天气系统造成了本次短时强降水天气;低层925hPa和1 000 hPa的充沛水汽和辐合上升运动有利于强降水天气的发生,正涡度中心对应强降水中心;地面辐合线和低压环流造成本次短时强降水天气;中尺度对流云团和地面中尺度系统相对应,其位置和维持时间与强降水的落区和时间基本一致。雷达组合反射率因子〉45 dBZ的强回波区与强降水落区基本吻合;雷达平均径向速度产品逆风区中辐合流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的上升对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的形成和维持;逆风区中辐散流场的出现和维持及回波顶高的下降,对应地面中尺度气旋式环流的减弱;短时强降水出现的初期,垂直累积液态水含量出现了一个峰值,峰值出现时间提前于较强降水时段。     

2011年“7·25”山东乳山特大暴雨成因分析

利用常规资料、地面加密资料、多普勒雷达资料和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料等,对2011年7月25日发生在山东省乳山市一次超历史极值的特大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：本次特大暴雨是由高空西风槽、低层切变线与副热带高压边缘的低空急流共同影响所致;由低层前期强盛的低空偏南暖湿气流输送使半岛上空低层高温高湿,形成上干冷下暖湿的对流性不稳定层结;近地面向岸风的侧向辐合产生气旋式切变线,是本次暴雨的启动机制,大暴雨的分布与地面辐合线的走向基本一致。此外,半岛上空超低空偏南急流的加强,使中尺度切变线北抬,进而受乳山倒喇叭口地形影响,发展成了中气旋,产生了强降水超级单体风暴。而强降水超级单体风暴造成的短时强降水,是本次暴雨致灾的重要原因。     

“2010·05”湘中突发性强降水过程雷达回波特征分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站监测资料、多普勒雷达产品对2010年5月5日晚至6日湘中区域性强降水过程进行了分析。结果表明:暴雨发生前不稳定能量有一个加大的过程,K指数和沙氏指数在暴雨发生前有一定的指示意义,东南急流的建立与强降水发生时间几乎同步;雷达产品资料分析表明,强降水发生在风辐合区,地面辐合线和中低层切变线走向基本一致,且位置接近,为强对流的发生提供了动力条件;强回波带内含有超级单体风暴和多单体风暴;本次过程中中尺度地面气象监测站逐时气旋性(反气旋)流场、负变压中心与随后的强降水落区或移向有较好的对应关系,对短时强降水的落区、预警有较好的指示意义。     

“8.13”黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构和触发机制

利用FY-2E卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及4Dvar反演资料、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2010年8月13日黄淮北部暴雨云团的组织结构、发展演变及形成机制进行研究。结果表明:暴雨云团形成发展于低涡切变形势下,低涡切变线、西南急流及边界层扩散南下弱冷空气是主要影响系统;高的对流不稳定能量、强的低层垂直风切变和持续发展的水汽条件是主要环境特征。不同区域云团的形成机制有差别,发展北上的西南急流促使MβCS旺盛发展。随着低涡发展,MβCS发展合并形成圆形MαCS,强暖湿气流强迫、弱冷空气扩散及地面辐合线是圆形MαCS形成发展的重要机制。γ或β中尺度气旋及辐合线在对流初生阶段起动力触发作用,辐合加强及辐合区的向后延伸导致对流云团的自身发展和后向发展;成熟阶段对流单体后部的强出流促使对流单体分裂,气旋式环流外围西南和偏南气流合并造成对流单体合并。MαCS成熟和衰亡期雷达上出现的线状对流系统具有明显强降水特征。     

南疆西部两次短时强降水天气中尺度特征对比分析

利用常规气象探测、FY气象卫星、多普勒天气雷达、地面自动站资料以及NECP、EC高时空分辨率再分析资料,对比分析了2014年8月30日(简称"8.30")和9月8日(简称"9.08")南疆西部两次短时强降水天气中尺度特征。结果表明:"8.30"过程发生在高压脊前西北气流内,"9.08"过程出现在低涡底部平直西风带内,两次过程中地面和低空中尺度辐合线均是短时强降水的重要影响系统;造成短时强降水的β中尺度对流云团发展迅速、移动快,两次短时强降水分别产生在对流云团TBB梯度最大处和发展过程中范围最大时。两次过程在雷达回波特征方面存在明显差异,对流风暴质心高度明显不同,"8.30"过程影响系统为高质心γ中尺度超级单体,最强回波高度6 km,具有中低层辐合、高层辐散、旋转特征;"9.08"过程影响系统为低质心γ中尺度普通单体风暴,最强回波高度2 km,雷达径向速度上两次过程边界层辐合线对对流风暴的产生和加强有重要作用。     

湖南一次暖区极端特大暴雨多尺度特征分析

利用多源资料对2016年6月14—15日发生在湖南株洲的一次极端特大暴雨过程进行了多尺度特征分析。结果表明:强降雨位于地面冷锋南侧的暖区内,阻高崩溃形成的阶梯槽带动冷空气南下与南支槽前暧湿气流在湖南交汇是造成此次强降雨的高空环流背景,稳定维持的地面辐合线为其提供了触发机制;本次极端降雨由对流性降雨和稳定性降雨组成,日雨量与小时雨量创株洲市建站以来极值;强降雨发生在高层正涡度向低层正涡度增强、上升气流发展最强及西南气流加强的过程中,高层辐散强于低层辐合,辐散抽吸作用强;中尺度云团演变特征显示,株洲特大暴雨主要由三个中γ尺度云团发展融合而成,出现在中尺度云团发展到成熟阶段,暴雨落区位于云团西部边缘的TBB梯度大值区;雷达降水回波主要以低质心回波为主,强降水回波在株洲中部地区生消发展造成明显的"列车效应",速度径向剖面可见明显的底层逆风区,在其前部有较强的斜升气流,使对流风暴得以维持和发展。     

登陆台风Rananim(0414)环流内中尺度辐合线的形成和发展研究

0414号台风Rananim不仅在中国沿海引起暴雨灾害,还在中国内陆产生了强烈降水,导致严重的洪水和地质灾害。基于地面、探空和卫星观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°分析资料以及日本气象厅区域谱模式同化资料(20 km×20 km格距),对台风Rananim内陆强降水过程中环流内中尺度辐合线的形成和发展进行研究,结果表明:(1)中纬度冷空气自对流层中低层侵入台风环流,与台风偏东风暖湿气流相遇,激发了中尺度辐合线在其西北象限的生成。(2)这条中尺度辐合线存在于700 hPa以下低层,具有指向冷空气的斜升气流,并形成辐合线上的垂直环流圈。β-中尺度对流云团群在中尺度辐合线附近形成发展,最后并入台风残涡云团,生消过程约12 h。(3)中尺度辐合线上对流不稳定和条件性对称不稳定共同存在,为强对流运动提供有利环境。湿斜压性增强是中尺度辐合线斜升气流上条件性对称不稳定产生的主要原因。(4)中尺度辐合线与台风环流相互作用的诊断表明,中尺度辐合线从台风低层获得动能和垂直涡度而发展,而其发展又为台风环流提供动能和高层正涡度,减缓了台风衰减。中尺度辐合线不仅直接产生暴雨对流云团,还有利于热带气旋的维持,造成内陆持续强降水。     

一次极端短时强降水天气分析

本文利用常规地面及高空观测资料、加密自动站资料及多普勒雷达资料等,从环境条件及雷达特征等方面对2019年鸡西市一次极端短时强降水天气进行分析,结果表明:强降水发生在宽广且深厚的西风槽稳定维持背景下,降水区中层有冷空气入侵,低层位于槽前暖湿气流中,一致的西南风输送水汽至降水区。850 hPa槽线是本次对流天气的触发系统,上冷下暖及午后地面温度迅速升高造成热力不稳定,另外,低层绝对水汽含量较高是本次短时暴雨发生的重要条件。从雷达产品上看,麻山区的降水是由多单体风暴形成的,其中包含有超级单体风暴,单体依次经过降水区,强对流过程持续3 h,一定的"列车效应"使其出现了短时暴雨天气。     

一次强降水超级单体风暴多普勒天气雷达特征

利用盐城多普勒天气雷达和地面自动站等资料,对2006年8月6日下午发生在江苏盐城中北部地区的一次由强降水（high precipitation,HP）超级单体产生的大暴雨和龙卷过程进行详细分析。风暴回波演变的形态可分为＂条状—肾形—弓状＂3个阶段：在条状回波阶段,产生龙卷伴随强降水,中气旋在变粗的中段前侧生成,其内有一个垂直涡度约为8×10^-2s^-1的龙卷式涡旋特征（tor-nadic vortex signature,TVS）,高层悬挂回波下有低小的有界弱回波区（bounded weak echo region,BWER）,位于BWER之上高层17 km风暴顶为强烈辐散,辐散值约为1.2×10^-2s^-1;在肾状回波阶段,产生短时大暴雨,低层前侧有包含一个中气旋V字型入流缺口,其后是粗胖的高反射率因子钩状回波区,速度图上中气旋位于中尺度辐合线之中;在弓状回波阶段,产生短时暴雨,风暴减弱后与另外回波合并前侧又有中气旋生成,其后低层右后侧为较大的高反射率因子回波区。在上述3个阶段,该风暴具有HP超级单体风暴共同特征：中气旋、阵风锋位于前侧,强降水包裹着中气旋,沿着预先存在的东南风速辐合线移动。HP超级单体产生的主要天气背景是副热带高压边缘形势,一个东移的高空槽、强烈的热力不稳定和较大的垂直风切变。盐城中北部地区午后地面风场上形成的,与东南海风有关的一条南北向湿热边界层辐合线,对HP超级单体沿着此辐合线发展并维持长生命史有重要作用。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.