SEAWATER FLUX OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

The South China Sea water can be divided according to depth into three boxes by the pycnoclineand a sill.Using a box model with matter balance,the net seawater fluxes were calculated to be317.9×10~4 m~3/s in box Ⅰ for the upper homogeneous layer outflowing to the adjoining oceans;67×10~4 m~3/s in box Ⅲ for the water entering the basin;240×10~4 m~3/s in box Ⅱ for water entering theSouth China Sea.The upward speed of basin water was calculated to be 8.4×10~(-5) cm/s and that ofseawater flowing up along the pycnocline was calculated to be 8.9×10~(-5) cm/s.     

太平洋赤道潜流起源的模式研究

基于一个高分辨率准全球海洋模式HYCOM(HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model),研究了热带西太平洋海域赤道潜流的起源。结果表明:赤道潜流在大约130°E处开始,流核位于225 m、2°N附近,最大流速超过15 cm/s,体积输运约1.6×106 m3/s,其水源来自棉兰老海流;在东部140°E断面,赤道潜流的北部主要是由棉兰老海流提供(9.7×106 m3/s),其南部主要是来自新几内亚沿岸潜流(9.1×106 m3/s)。     

山东省南四湖湿地植被及其生物量初步研究

通过对南四湖湿地野外实地调查并结合已有资料,对南四湖湿地范围进行了重新界定,分析了湿地的植被状况。并对2006年6月的SPOT 5影像进行解译,绘制了湿地景观格局图并统计各种景观类型的面积。使用湿地植被生物量密度数据计算出整个南四湖湿地植被的生物量为623.37×103t,并与1983年资料对比发现南四湖湿地植被生物量已减少了4/5,表明南四湖湿地植被的初级生产能力已经明显减退。     

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN,NUTRIENTS AND CARBONATES BY THE KUROSHIO CURRENT

Measured concentrations of dissolved oxygen,phosphate,silicate,total alkalinity and calculated totalCO_2 in a section between 121°E and 125°E across the Kuroshio near 22°N off Taiwan and thegeostrophic velocity were used to estimate the gross transport of oxygen,nutrients and carbonates. The flux of dissolved oxygen is 6.7×10~6 mol/s northward and 0.9×10~6 mol/s southward.The netflux equals 5.8×10~6 mol/s down-stream.The northward flux of phosphate is 22.6×10~3 mol/s;the south-ward flux is 1.4×10~3 mol/s.The net phosphate flux is 21.2×10~3 mol/s northward.The flux of silicateis 967×10~3 northward and 59×10~3 mol/s southward;the net transport is 908×10~3 mol/s down-stream.The flux of alkalinity is 75.5×10~6 mol/s northward,and 10.8×10~6 mol/s southward,the net flux is64.7×10~6 mol/s northward.For total CO_2 the transport is 73.4×10~6 mol/s northward and 10.8×10~6 mol/ssouthward,or a net transport of 62.6×10~6 mol/s northward.     

凤城白云金矿早前寒武纪变质岩系应变的环境条件分析

根据辽宁凤城白云金矿地区辽河群岩石的变质相,运用金属物理学和流变学的理论,以数学方法分析了早前寒武纪角闪岩相为主条件下岩石的流变行为。有关计算结果表明,变形的比温度值(T/Tm)较高,普遍达0.7以上,差异应力值较低,为(7—20)×10~6Pa,应变率小,一般小于10~(-13)/s,这是一种稳态流变过程。数学推导表明,这种流变体服从于牛顿定律,并由此计算了本区变形岩石的等效粘滞度。     

高位池养殖凡纳滨对虾生长的研究

用高位池养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)进行生长研究。凡纳滨对虾养殖密度为135~165万尾/hm2,养殖海水盐度10.0~16.0,温度28.1~34.2℃,pH值7.6~8.8,DO5.0~6.0 mg/L。结果表明:凡纳滨对虾体长(L)与体重(W)的对应关系为:W=0.01 955L2.784;体长生长方程:Lt=13.82(1-е-0.012 01(t-0.699 4));体重生长方程:Wt=29.250 7×(1-е-0.012 01×(t-0.699 4))3;体长生长速率方程:dl/dt=13.823 1×0.012 01×е-0.01 20 1×(t-0.699 4);体重生长速率方程:dw/dt=3×29.250 7×0.012 01×е-0.012 01×(t-0.699 4)×(1-е-0.01201(t-0.699 4)2);高位池养殖凡纳滨对虾拐点年龄为91.36 d,拐点年龄前体长增长较快,拐点年龄后体长增长相对较慢,而拐点年龄前体重增长较慢,拐点年龄后体重增长较快。     

SEAWATER FLUX THROUGH TAIWAN STRAIT

After the winter and summer current structures on two or three latitudinal sections in Taiwan Strait were obtained from the measured current data, the seawater flux through the sections were cal -culated. In summer, the currents in the central and northern part of Taiwan Strait normally flow northward at a net flux of 3.32×l06m3 /s. In winter, the high temperature and salinity Kuroshio and South China Sea water enter Taiwan Strait from the southern section at 1.69× 106m3/s and 0.59×10 m3/s respectively, while the East China Sea water enters Taiwan Strait from the northern section at 1.02×106m3/s. About 0.40×106m3/s of the seawater enters the South China Sea along the coast of Fujian and Guangdong; the other 0.62×106m3/s of the seawater is mixed with the Kuroshio water and the South China Sea water in the northern sea area . The net northward flux is 1.74×106m3/s in winter.     

GPS实时单站测速和相对测速的误差比较与精度分析

基于GPS多普勒测速原理,结合广播星历介绍实时单站测速和相对测速的数学模型,分析并对比两者的误差源及其对测速精度的影响,然后采用实测数据进行静态环境下和低动态环境下测速精度的实验验证。结果表明,在基线长度约为600 km的静态环境下,采用原始多普勒观测值相对测速精度和单站测速精度都为cm/s级,且相对测速RMS值大于单站测速RMS值;采用高频相位导出多普勒观测值两种测速模式的精度都为mm/s级,且相对测速RMS值略小于单站测速RMS值。在低动态环境下,采用原始多普勒观测值两种测速模式精度都为dm/s级,采用高频相位导出多普勒观测值两者精度都为cm/s级。     

凡纳滨对虾和斑节对虾对WSSV敏感性的比较

用6.0×104拷贝、1.2×104拷贝和6.0×103拷贝3种剂量白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)对凡纳滨对虾和斑节对虾进行人工注射感染,比较了两种对虾对WSSV敏感性的差异。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾死亡时间随病毒剂量降低而延长,斑节对虾死亡时间没有明显差异;随病毒剂量的降低,凡纳滨对虾人工注射感染后病毒复制高峰时间显著延长,斑节对虾感染后病毒复制高峰时间相同,WSSV在凡纳滨对虾体内比在斑节对虾体内复制慢。对虾携带WSSV数量最低为3.3×107拷贝.g-1,最高为4.3×108拷贝.g-1。凡纳滨对虾比斑节对虾对WSSV的抵抗性更强。     

论我国相对地应力测量动态基线间的比例关系

本文论述并计算了相对地应力测量附加应力值动态基线与观测值动态基线间的动态比例因子Ω值,指出该值的异变可作为震前应力异常的重要指标之一。 计算结果表明:Q值的相对稳定范围通常是5.0×10~(-3)±1.0×10~(-4)bar/μh;若出现Ω值异常时,有可能是附加应力的变化日趋加剧或所积能量急待释放的一种反映。     

Estimation of ecological water requirements based on habitat response to water level in Huanghe River Delta, China

In recent years,wetland ecological water requirements (EWRs) have been estimated by using hydrological and functional approaches,but those approaches have not yet been integrated for a whole ecosystem.This paper presents a new method for calculating wetland EWRs,which is based on the response of habitats to water level,and determines water level threshold through the functional integrity of habitats.Results show that in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta water levels between 5.0 m and 5.5 m are required to maintain the functional integrity of the wetland at a value higher than 0.7.One of the dominant plants in the delta,Phragmites australis,tolerates water level fluctuation of about ± 0.25 m without the change in wetland functional integrity.The minimum,optimum and maximum EWRs for the Huanghe River Delta are 9.42×106 m3,15.56×106 m3 and 24.12×106 m3 with water levels of 5.0 m,5.2 m and 5.5 m,corresponding to functional integrity indices of 0.70,0.84 and 0.72,respectively.A wetland restoration program has been performed,which aims to meet these EWRs in attempt to recover from losses of up to 98% in the delta's former wetland area.     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

Permeability and sedimentation characteristics of pleistocene fluvio-glacial deposits in the Dadu river valley, Southwest China

There exist many fluvio-glacial deposits in the valley of Dadu River,Southwest China,which dates back to the Pleistocene.As some of the deposits are located within the seasonal water fluctuation zone of reservoirs,the seepage of groundwater acts as one of the key factors influencing their stability.Investigation into the sediment properties and permeability is,therefore,crucial for evaluating the sediment stability.In this study,in-situ permeability and sieving tests have been carried out to determine grain size distribution,correlations of permeability and hydraulic gradients,and relations between permeability and sedimentation properties.Test results indicate that the deposits are composed mostly of sands,gravels,cobbles and boulders,and the percentage of fines is less than 5%.The sediments have high densities,low porosities and natural moisture contents.At low hydraulic gradients,the seepage velocity obeys the Darcy’s law,while a nonDarcy permeability is observed with hydraulic gradient exceeding a certain value(about 0.5-0.7).The linear permeability coefficient ranges from 0.003 to 0.009 cm/s.Seepage failure occurs above a threshold between 1.1 and 1.5.The test data fit well with the non-linear permeability equations suggested by Forchheimer and Izbash.The non-Darcy permeability proves to be in accordance with the seepage equation suggested by Izbash with the power ’m’ of about 0.6-0.7.The characteristic grain sizes of the studied deposits are found in a narrow range between 0.024 and 0.031 mm,which is much lower than the effective grain size(d 10).     

Effects of vegetation type on surface elevation change in Liaohe River Delta wetlands facing accelerated sea level rise

Rising sea levels threaten the sustainability of coastal wetlands around the globe. The ability of coastal marshes to maintain their position in the intertidal zone depends on the accumulation of both organic and inorganic materials, and vegetation is important in these processes. To study the effects of vegetation type on surface elevation change, we measured surface accretion and elevation change from 2011 to 2016 using rod surface elevation table and feldspar marker horizon method(RSET-MH) in two Phragmites and two Suaeda marshes in the Liaohe River Delta. The Phragmites marshes exhibited higher rates of surface accretion and elevation change than the Suaeda marshes. The two Phragmites marsh sites had average surface elevation change rates at 8.78 mm/yr and 9.26 mm/yr and surface accretion rates at 17.56 mm/yr and 17.88 mm/yr, respectively. At the same time, the two Suaeda marsh sites had average surface elevation change rates at 5.77 mm/yr and 5.91 mm/yr and surface accretion rates at 13.42 mm/yr and 14.38 mm/yr, respectively. The elevation change rates in both the Phragmites marshes and the Suaeda marshes in the Liaohe River Delta could keep pace and even continue to gain elevation relative to averaged sea level rise in the Bohai Sea reported by the 2016 State Oceanic Administration, People's Republic of China projection(2.4–5.5 mm/yr) in current situations. Our data suggest that vegetation is important in the accretionary processes and vegetation type could regulate the wetland surface elevation. However, the vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the Liaohe River Delta need further assessment considering the accelerated sea level rise, the high rate of subsidence, and the declining sediment delivery, especially for the Suaeda marshes.     

Change in Sediment Provenance Near the Current Estuary of Yellow River Since the Holocene Transgression

Sedimentary sequence and sediment provenance are important factors when it comes to the studies on marine sedimentation. This paper studies grain size distribution, lithological characteristics, major and rare earth elemental compositions, micropaleontological features and ~(14)C ages in order to examine sedimentary sequence and sediment provenance of the core BH6 drilled at the mouth of the Yellow River in Bohai Sea. According to the grain size and the micropaleontological compositions, 4 sedimentary units have been identified. Unit 1(0–8.08 mbsf) is of the delta sedimentary facies, Unit 2(8.08–12.08 mbsf) is of the neritic shelf facies, Unit 3(12.08–23.85 mbsf) is of near-estuary beach-tidal facies, and Unit 4(23.85 mbsf–) is of the continental lake facies. The deposits from Unit 1 to Unit 3 have been found to be marine strata formed after the Holocene transgression at about 10 ka BP, while Unit 4 is continental lacustrine deposit formed before 10 ka BP. The provenances of core BH6 sediments show properties of the continental crust and vary in different sedimentary periods. For Unit 4 sediments, the source regions are dispersed while the main provenance is not clear, although the parent rock characteristics of a few samples are similar to the Luanhe River sediments. For Unit 3, sediments at 21.1–23.85 mbsf have been mainly transported from the Liaohe River, while sediments above 21.1 mbsf are mainly from the Yellow River and partially from the Liaohe River. For Unit 2, the sediments have been mainly transported from the Yellow River, with a small amount from other rivers. For Unit 1, the provenance is mainly the Yellow River catchment. These results help in better understanding the evolution of the Yellow River Delta.     

ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL SERVICE VALUES OF WETLANDS IN SHANGHAI, CHINA

1IN TR O D U CTIO N Wetlandsprovidemany importantservicesto human societ,y butareatthesame timeecologicallsyensitiv andadaptivesystems.Thisexplainswhy inrecentyears much attentiohnasbeenpaidto theformulatioanndop- erationof sustainablmeanagement strategie…     

Sediment consolidation settlement of Chengbei Sea area in the northern Huanghe River subaqueous delta,China

One of the most important factors controlling the morphology of the modern Huanghe(Yellow) River delta is consolidation settlement, which is impacted by fast deposition, high water content, and low density of seafloor sediment. Consolidation settlement of the Huanghe River subaqueous delta was studied based on field data, laboratory experiments on 12 drill holes, and the one-dimensional consolidation theory. Results show that vertical sediment characteristics varied greatly in the rapidly forming sedimentary bodies of the modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta. Sediments in the upper parts of drill holes were coarser than those in the deeper parts, and other physical and mechanical properties changed accordingly. On the basis of the one-dimensional consolidation theory and drilling depth, the final consolidation settlement of drill holes was between 0.6 m and 2.8 m, and the mean settlement of unit depth was at 1.5–3.5 cm/m. It takes about 15–20 years for the consolidation degree to reach 90% and the average sedimentation rate within the overlying 50 m strata was at 5 cm/a to 12 cm/a. This study helps to forecast the final consolidation settlement and settlement rate of the modern Huanghe River subaqueous delta, which provides key geotechnical information for marine engineers.     

基于CLUE-S模型的辽河流域景观格局空间分布模拟

基于CLUE-S模型,以辽河流域为研究区,利用2000年和2010年两期土地利用数据,采用Logistic逐步回归方程ROC曲线,选择高程、距离、土壤等8种驱动因子,对2010年景观格局进行模拟,并依据2010景观格局、相应的辽河流域土地利用规划,设置3种不同情景,进行2010-2020年景观格局模拟。研究表明：(1)模拟的2010年景观格局,kappa精度达到90%以上,表明CLUE-S模型在辽河流域具有良好的景观格局模拟能力。(2)辽河流域在不同情境下,建设用地均出现不同程度的增加,耕地出现不同程度减少。其中,情景2中,森林有所减少,耕地转化幅度较大,建设用地围绕辽河流域城镇带建设逐步扩展,集中在沈阳、抚顺、鞍山等工业发达城市;情景3中,森林、湿地逐步扩大,表现在东部退耕还林,南部紧靠辽海入口湿地增加。研究结论可为未来辽河流域的生态保护建设及景观格局合理规划提供参考依据。     

Evolution characteristics of hydrological connectivity pattern of marsh wetland in Naoli River Basin

As an important indicator of the structural and functional stability of wetland landscapes, hydrological connectivity plays an important role in maintaining the stability of wetland ecosystems. Large-scale human activities have led to significant changes in the hydrological connectivity pattern of wetlands in Naoli River Basin since 1950 s. Combined with the availability of wetland habitat and the spreading capacity of aquatic birds, hydrological connectivity indices of marsh wetlands were calculated in the studied area, and the temporal and spatial changes were analyzed from 1950 s to 2015. The results indicate that:(1) the hydrological connectivity index of the marsh wetlands shows a growth trend with increasing distance threshold. All patches of marsh wetlands linked together when the distance threshold reached 35--40 km;(2) the optimal distance of hydrological connectivity is about 10 km for marsh wetlands of whole Naoli River Basin;(3) the total hydrological connectivity of marsh wetlands decreased in the Naoli River Basin from 1950 s to 2015. Although the hydrological connectivity index increased after 2005, the fragmentation of the landscape has not been improved. The analysis of the wetland hydrological connectivity can provide a scientific basis for the ecological restoration and protection of the wetland in the Naoli River Basin.     

SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF THE HUANGHE RIVER AND ITS EFFECT ON SEDIMENTATION OF THE BOHAI SEA AND THE YELLOW SEA

The Huanghe (Yellow) River, with annual sediment discharge about 11 ×108tons, contributes about 17% of the fluvial sediment discharge of world's 21 major rivers to the ocean because its middle reaches flow across the great Loess Plateau of China. Sediment discharge of the Huanghe River has a widespread and profound effect on sedimentation of the sea. The remarkable shift of its outlet in 1128-1855 A.D. to the South Yellow Sea formed a large subaqueous delta and provided the substrate for an extensive submarine ridge field.The shift of its outlet in the modern delta every 10 years is the main reason why with an extremely heavy sediment input and a micro- tidal environment, the Huanghe River has not succeeded in building a birdfoot delta like the Mississippi. The Huanghe River has consistently brought heavy sediment input to sea at least since 0.7 myr.B.P. Paleochannels, paleosols, cheniers and fossils on the sea bottom indicate that the Yellow Sea was exposed during the late Quaternary glacial low-sea l